Emerging techniques for submicrometer particle sizing applied to stöber silica

Langmuir

Volumn 28, Issue 29, 2012, Pages 10860-10872

  Bell, Nia C ^a   Minelli, Caterina ^b   Tompkins, Jordan ^b   Stevens, Molly M ^a   Shard, Alexander G ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARITHMETIC MEAN; COMPARATIVE STUDIES; DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGAL SEDIMENTATIONS; DIVERSE APPLICATIONS; MEAN SIZE; NANOMETER-SIZED PARTICLES; NANOPARTICLE TRACKING; PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS; PARTICLE SIZING; PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES; Q-Q PLOT; REFERENCE MATERIAL; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; SCANNING MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZINGS; SILICA PARTICLES; SINGLE-PARTICLE; STANDARD DEVIATION; STATISTICAL UNCERTAINTY; SUBMICROMETER PARTICLE; SUBMICROMETERS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TEM;

BIOSENSORS; CENTRIFUGATION; DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING; SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

SILICA;

NANOPARTICLE; SILICON DIOXIDE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; SURFACE PROPERTY; SYNTHESIS;

CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, ANALYTICAL; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; SILICON DIOXIDE; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 84864346879     PISSN: 07437463     EISSN: 15205827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/la301351k     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Alivisatos, A. P. Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots Science 1996, 271 (5251) 933-937
2. Hassellöv, M.; Readman, J.; Ranville, J.; Tiede, K. Nanoparticle Analysis and Characterization Methodologies in Environmental Risk Assessment of Engineered Nanoparticles Ecotoxicology 2008, 17 (5) 344-361
3. Domingos, R. F.; Baalousha, M. A.; Ju-Nam, Y.; Reid, M. M.; Tufenkji, N.; Lead, J. R.; Leppard, G. G.; Wilkinson, K. J. Characterizing Manufactured Nanoparticles in the Environment: Multimethod Determination of Particle Sizes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (19) 7277-7284
4. Ke, Y. C.; Stroeve, P. Polymer-Layered Silicate and Silica Nanocomposites; Elsevier B.V.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005.
5. Nel, A.; Xia, T.; Mädler, L.; Li, N. Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel Science 2006, 311 (5761) 622-627
6. Pujalte, I.; Passagne, I.; Brouillaud, B.; Treguer, M.; Durand, E.; Ohayon-Courtes, C.; LÙAzou, B. Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Different Metallic Nanoparticles on Human Kidney Cells Part. Fib. Toxicol 2011, 8 (1) 10
7. Dhawan, A.; Sharma, V. Toxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials: Methods and Challenges Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 398 (2) 589-605
8. Powers, K. W.; Brown, S. C.; Krishna, V. B.; Wasdo, S. C.; Moudgil, B. M.; Roberts, S. M. Research Strategies for Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials. Part VI. Characterization of Nanoscale Particles for Toxicological Evaluation Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 90 (2) 296-303
9. Zhang, G.; Yang, Z.; Lu, W.; Zhang, R.; Huang, Q.; Tian, M.; Li, L.; Liang, D.; Li, C. Influence of Anchoring Ligands and Particle Size on the Colloidal Stability and in Vivo Biodistribution of Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Tumor-Xenografted Mice Biomaterials 2009, 30 (10) 1928-1936
10. Lockman, P. R.; Mumper, R. J.; Khan, M. A.; Allen, D. D. Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2002, 28 (1) 1-13
11. Summers, H. D.; Rees, P.; Holton, M. D.; Rowan Brown, M.; Chappell, S. C.; Smith, P. J.; Errington, R. J. Statistical Analysis of Nanoparticle Dosing in a Dynamic Cellular System Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6 (3) 170-174
12. Slowing, I. I.; Trewyn, B. G.; Giri, S.; Lin, V. S. Y. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Biosensing Applications Adv. Funct. Mater 2007, 17 (8) 1225-1236
13. Gaumet, M.; Vargas, A.; Gurny, R.; Delie, F. Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: The Need for Precision in Reporting Particle Size Parameters Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 69 (1) 1-9
14. Roberts, G. S.; Kozak, D.; Anderson, W.; Broom, M. F.; Vogel, R.; Trau, M. Tunable Nano/Micropores for Particle Detection and Discrimination: Scanning Ion Occlusion Spectroscopy Small 2010, 6 (23) 2653-2658
15. Kozak, D.; Anderson, W.; Vogel, R.; Trau, M. Advances in Resistive Pulse Sensors: Devices Bridging the Void between Molecular and Microscopic Detection Nano Today 2011, 6 (5) 531-545
16. Malloy, A.; Carr, B. NanoParticle Tracking Analysis - The Halo System Part. Part. Syst. Char. 2006, 23 (2) 197-204
17. Gallego-Urrea, J. A.; Tuoriniemi, J.; Hassellv, M. Applications of particle-tracking analysis to the determination of size distributions and concentrations of nanoparticles in environmental, biological and food samples TrAC Trend. Anal. Chem 2011, 30 (3) 473-483
18. Slocik, J. M.; Zabinski, J. S.; Phillips, D. M.; Naik, R. R. Colorimetric Response of Peptide-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles to Metal Ions Small 2008, 4 (5) 548-551
19. Orts-Gil, G.; Natte, K.; Drescher, D.; Bresch, H.; Mantion, A.; Kneipp, J.; Österle, W. Characterisation of Silica Nanoparticles Prior to in Vitro Studies: From Primary Particles to Agglomerates J. Nanopart. Res. 2011, 13 (4) 1593-1604
20. Merkus, H. G. Particle Size Measurements: Fundamental, Practice, Quality; Springer Science and Business Media B.V.: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2009.
21. Goertz, V.; Dingenouts, N.; Nirschl, H. Comparison of Nanometric Particle Size Distributions as Determined by SAXS, TEM and Analytical Ultracentrifuge Part. Part. Syst. Char. 2009, 26 (1-2) 17-24
22. Reddy, N. K.; Pérez-Juste, J.; Pastoriza-Santos, I.; Lang, P. R.; Dhont, J. K. G.; Liz-Marzán, L. M.; Vermant, J. Flow Dichroism as a Reliable Method To Measure the Hydrodynamic Aspect Ratio of Gold Nanoparticles ACS Nano 2011, 5 (6) 4935-4944
23. Ito, T.; Sun, L.; Bevan, M. A.; Crooks, R. M. Comparison of Nanoparticle Size and Electrophoretic Mobility Measurements Using a Carbon-Nanotube-Based Coulter Counter, Dynamic Light Scattering, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Phase Analysis Light Scattering Langmuir 2004, 20 (16) 6940-6945
24. Boyd, R. D.; Pichaimuthu, S. K.; Cuenat, A. New Approach to Inter-Technique Comparisons for Nanoparticle Size Measurements: Using Atomic Force Microscopy, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and Dynamic Light Scattering Colloid. Surf. A 2011, 387 (1-3) 35-42
25. ISO/TS 27687:2008: Nanotechnologies - Terminology and Definitions for Nano-objects - Nanoparticle Nanofibre and Nanoplate; International Organization for Standardization; Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
26. Mingard, K.; Morrell, R.; Jackson, P.; Lawson, S.; Patel, S. Good Practice Guide for Improving the Consistency of Particle Size Measurement; National Physical Laboratory: Washington, DC, 2009.
27. Jillavenkatesa, A.; Dapkunas, S. J.; Lum, L.-S. H. Particle Size Characterization; National Institute of Standards and Technology: Maryland, 2001; p 164.
28. Roebben, G.; Ramirez-Garcia, S.; Hackley, V.; Roesslein, M.; Klaessig, F.; Kestens, V.; Lynch, I.; Garner, C.; Rawle, A.; Elder, A.; Colvin, V.; Kreyling, W.; Krug, H.; Lewicka, Z.; McNeil, S.; Nel, A.; Patri, A.; Wick, P.; Wiesner, M.; Xia, T.; Oberdörster, G.; Dawson, K. Interlaboratory comparison of size and surface charge measurements on nanoparticles prior to biological impact assessment J. Nanopart. Res. 2011, 13 (7) 2675-2687
29. Wang, Y.; Chen, L.; Yang, H.; Guo, Q.; Zhou, W.; Tao, M. Spherical antireflection coatings by large-area convective assembly of monolayer silica microspheres Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. C. 2009, 93 (1) 85-91
30. US National Cancer InstituteÙs Nanoparticle Characterization Laboratory Assay Cascade Protocols. http://ncl.cancer.gov/ working-assay-cascade.asp, accessed July 5, 2012.
31. Stöber, W.; Fink, A.; Bohn, E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1968, 26 (1) 62-69
32. Bergna, H. E.; Roberts, W. O. Colloidal Silica: Fundamentals and Applications; CRC Taylor & Francis: Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
33. Nozawa, K.; Delville, M.-H.; Ushiki, H.; Panizza, P.; Delville, J.-P. Growth of monodisperse mesoscopic metal-oxide colloids under constant monomer supply Phy. Rev. E 2005, 72 (1) 011404
34. Pontoni, D.; Narayanan, T.; Rennie, A. R. Time Resolved, SAXS Study of Nucleation and Growth of Silica Colloids Langmuir 2002, 18 (1) 56-59
35. Costa, C. A. R.; Leite, C. A. P.; Galembeck, F. Size Dependence of Stöber Silica Nanoparticle Microchemistry J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107 (20) 4747-4755
36. Baalousha, M.; Motelica-Heino, M.; Galaup, S.; Le Coustumer, P. Supramolecular structure of humic acids by TEM with improved sample preparation and staining Microsc. Res. Tech. 2005, 66 (6) 299-306
37. Arizaga, A.; Ibarz, G.; PińÂol, R. Stimuli-responsive poly(4-vinyl pyridine) hydrogel nanoparticles: Synthesis by nanoprecipitation and swelling behavior J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 348 (2) 668-672
38. Talelli, M.; Iman, M.; Varkouhi, A. K.; Rijcken, C. J. F.; Schiffelers, R. M.; Etrych, T.; Ulbrich, K.; van Nostrum, C. F.; Lammers, T.; Storm, G.; Hennink, W. E. Core-crosslinked polymeric micelles with controlled release of covalently entrapped doxorubicin Biomaterials 2010, 31 (30) 7797-7804
39. Pasqua, L.; Cundari, S.; Ceresa, C.; Cavaletti, G. Recent Development, Applications, and Perspectives of Mesoporous Silica Particles in Medicine and Biotechnology Curr. Med. Chem. 2009, 16 (23) 3054-3063
40. Rigby, S. P.; Fairhead, M.; van der Walle, C. F. Engineering Silica Particles as Oral Drug Delivery Vehicles Curr. Pharm. Des. 2008, 14 (18) 1821-1831
41. Hoefnagels, H. F.; Wu, D.; de With, G.; Ming, W. Biomimetic Superhydrophobic and Highly Oleophobic Cotton Textiles Langmuir 2007, 23 (26) 13158-13163
42. Blute, I.; Pugh, R. J.; van de Pas, J.; Callaghan, I. Silica nanoparticle sols. 1. Surface Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Foam Generation (Foamability) J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 313 (2) 645-655
43. Kim, J. W.; Kim, L. U.; Kim, C. K. Size Control of Silica Nanoparticles and Their Surface Treatment for Fabrication of Dental Nanocomposites Biomacromolecules 2006, 8 (1) 215-222
44. Donnelly, M. K.; Mulholland, G. W.; Winchester, M. R. NIST Calibration Facility for Sizing Spheres Suspended in Liquids AIP Conf. Proc. 2003, 683 (1) 313-317
45. Coll, H.; Oppenheimer, L. E.; Searles, C. G. Determination of Gelatin-Layer Thickness on AgBr by Means of a Disk Centrifuge J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1985, 104 (1) 193-203
46. Wilk, M. B.; Gnanadesikan, R. Probability Plotting Methods for the Analysis for the Analysis of Data Biometrika 1968, 55 (1) 1-17
47. Jennings, B. R.; Parslow, K. Particle Size Measurement: The Equivalent Spherical Diameter P. R. Soc. London A 1988, 419 (1856) 137-149
48. Tantra, R.; Schulze, P.; Quincey, P. Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration on Zeta-Potential Measurement Results and Reproducibility Particuology 2010, 8 (3) 279-285
49. Ketelson, H. A.; Pelton, R.; Brook, M. A. Colloidal Stability of Stöber Silica in Acetone Langmuir 1996, 12 (5) 1134-1140
50. Allen, T. Particle Size Measurement Vol. 1, 5 th ed.; Chapman & Hall: London, 1997.
51. Matteucci, M. E.; Hotze, M. A.; Johnston, K. P.; Williams, R. O. Drug Nanoparticles by Antisolvent Precipitation: Mixing Energy versus Surfactant Stabilization Langmuir 2006, 22 (21) 8951-8959
52. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995 with minor corrections; Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (or JCGM): 2008; http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM-100-2008-E.pdf, accessed July 5, 2012.
53. Martchenko, I.; Dietsch, H.; Moitzi, C.; Schurtenberger, P. Hydrodynamic Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Tunable Shape Anisotropy: Prediction and Experimental Verification J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115 (49) 14838-14845
54. Hoffmann, M.; Wagner, C. S.; Harnau, L.; Wittemann, A. 3D Brownian Diffusion of Submicron-Sized Particle Clusters ACS Nano 2009, 3 (10) 3326-3334
55. Pyrz, W. D.; Buttrey, D. J. Particle Size Determination Using TEM: A Discussion of Image Acquisition and Analysis for the Novice Microscopist Langmuir 2008, 24 (20) 11350-11360
56. McDonald, S. A.; Daniels, C. A.; Davidson, J. A. Determination of the true size of poly(vinyl chloride) latices by electron microscopy using a vertical shadowing technique J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1977, 59 (2) 342-349
57. Methods for determination of particle size distribution-Part 4: Guide to microscope and image analysis methods; Standard number: BS 3406-4:1993; The British Standards Institution (BSi): 1993.
58. Kohjiya, S.; Katoh, A.; Shimanuki, J.; Hasegawa, T.; Ikeda, Y. Three-Dimensional Nano-Structure of in Situ Silica in Natural Rubber As Revealed by 3D-TEM/Electron Tomography Polymer 2005, 46 (12) 4440-4446
59. Koh, A. L.; Bao, K.; Khan, I.; Smith, W. E.; Kothleitner, G.; Nordlander, P.; Maier, S. A.; McComb, D. W. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) of Surface Plasmons in Single Silver Nanoparticles and Dimers: Influence of Beam Damage and Mapping of Dark Modes ACS Nano 2009, 3 (10) 3015-3022
60. Jones, A. M.; Harrison, R. M.; Barratt, B.; Fuller, G. A large Reduction in Airborne Particle Number Concentrations at the Time of the Introduction of "ÂÂœSulphur Free" Diesel and the London Low Emission Zone Atmos. Environ. 2012, 50 (0) 129-138
61. Ma-Hock, L.; Treumann, S.; Strauss, V.; Brill, S.; Luizi, F.; Mertler, M.; Wiench, K.; Gamer, A. O.; van Ravenzwaay, B.; Landsiedel, R. Inhalation Toxicity of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Rats Exposed for 3 Months Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 112 (2) 468-481
62. Kensei, E.; Hiromu, S. Metrology of Airborne and Liquid-Borne Nanoparticles: Current Status and Future Needs Metrologia 2010, 47 (2) S83
63. Murdock, R. C.; Braydich-Stolle, L.; Schrand, A. M.; Schlager, J. J.; Hussain, S. M. Characterization of Nanomaterial Dispersion in Solution Prior to In Vitro Exposure Using Dynamic Light Scattering Technique Toxicol. Sci. 2008, 101 (2) 239-253
64. Bailey, J. R.; McGuire, M. M. ATR-FTIR Observations of Water Structure in Colloidal Silica: Implications for the Hydration Force Mechanism Langmuir 2007, 23 (22) 10995-10999
65. Filella, M.; Zhang, J.; Newman, M. E.; Buffle, J. Analytical Applications of Photon Correlation Spectroscopy for Size Distribution Measurements of Natural Colloidal Suspensions: Capabilities and Limitations Colloid. Surface. A 1997, 120 (1-3) 27-46
66. Roig, A. R.; Alessandrini, J. L. Particle Size Distributions from Static Light Scattering with Regularized Non-Negative Least Squares Constraints Part. Part. Syst. Char 2006, 23 (6) 431-437
67. Provencher, S. W. A Constrained Regularization Method for Inverting Data Represented by Linear Algebraic or Integral Equations Comput. Phys. Commun. 1982, 27 (3) 213-227
68. Finsy, R.; Deriemaeker, L.; De Jaeger, N.; Sneyers, R.; Vanderdeelen, J.; Van der Meeren, P.; Demeyere, H.; Stone-Masui, J.; Haestier, A.; Clauwaert, J.; De Wispelaere, W.; Gillioen, P.; Steyfkens, S.; Geladé, E. Particle Sizing by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Part IV: Resolution of Bimodals and Comparison with Other Particle Sizing Methods Part. Part. Syst. Char. 1993, 10 (3) 118-128
69. Bryant, G.; Thomas, J. C. Improved Particle Size Distribution Measurements Using Multiangle Dynamic Light Scattering Langmuir 1995, 11 (7) 2480-2485
70. Lespes, G.; Gigault, J. Hyphenated Analytical Techniques for Multidimensional Characterisation of Submicron Particles: A Review Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 692 (1-2) 26-41
71. Kennedy, A. J.; Hull, M. S.; Bednar, A. J.; Goss, J. D.; Gunter, J. C.; Bouldin, J. L.; Vikesland, P. J.; Steevens, J. A. Fractionating Nanosilver: Importance for Determining Toxicity to Aquatic Test Organisms Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (24) 9571-9577
72. Chu, B.; Liu, T. Characterization of Nanoparticles by Scattering Techniques J. Nanopart. Res. 2000, 2 (1) 29-41
73. Fagan, J. A.; Bauer, B. J.; Hobbie, E. K.; Becker, M. L.; Hight Walker, A. R.; Simpson, J. R.; Chun, J.; Obrzut, J.; Bajpai, V.; Phelan, F. R.; Simien, D.; Huh, J. Y.; Migler, K. B. Carbon Nanotubes: Measuring Dispersion and Length Adv. Mater. 2011, 23 (3) 338-348
74. Khlebtsov, B. N.; Khanadeev, V. A.; Khlebtsov, N. G. Observation of Extra-High Depolarized Light Scattering Spectra from Gold Nanorods J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112 (33) 12760-12768
75. Lines, R. W. The Electrical Sensing Zine Method (The Coulter Principle). In Liquid- and Surface-Borne Particle Measurement Handbook, Knapp, J. Z.; Barber, T. A.; Lieberman, A., Eds.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 1996; pp 113-154.
76. Coulter, W. H. Means for counting particles suspended in a fluid. US Patent No. 2656508; 1953.
77. Henriquez, R. R.; Ito, T.; Sun, L.; Crooks, R. M. The Resurgence of Coulter Counting for Analyzing Nanoscale Objects Analyst 2004, 129 (6) 478-482
78. Uram, J. D.; Ke, K.; Hunt, A. J.; Mayer, M. Label-Free Affinity Assays by Rapid Detection of Immune Complexes in Submicrometer Pores Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45 (14) 2281-2285
79. Rabolli, V.; Thomassen, L. C. J.; Princen, C.; Napierska, D.; Gonzalez, L.; Kirsch-Volders, M.; Hoet, P. H.; Huaux, F.; Kirschhock, C. E. A.; Martens, J. A.; Lison, D. Influence of Size, Surface Area and Microporosity on the in Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles in Different Cell Types Nanotoxicology 2010, 4 (3) 307-318
80. Neville, F.; Broderick, M. J. F.; Gibson, T.; Millner, P. A. Fabrication and Activity of Silicate Nanoparticles and Nanosilicate-Entrapped Enzymes Using Polyethyleneimine as a Biomimetic Polymer Langmuir 2010, 27 (1) 279-285
81. Saveyn, H.; De Baets, B.; Thas, O.; Hole, P.; Smith, J.; Van der Meeren, P. Accurate Particle Size Distribution Determination by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Based on 2-D Brownian Dynamics Simulation J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 352 (2) 593-600
82. Brown, C. Particle-size Distributions by Centrifugal Sedimentation J. Phys. Chem. 1944, 48 (5) 246-258
83. Fitzpatrick, S. J. Structure and Method for Centrifugal Sedimentation Particle Size Analysis of Particles of Lower Density than Their Suspension Medium. US Patent No. 5786898; 1998.
84. Fielding, L. A.; Mykhaylyk, O. O.; Armes, S. P.; Fowler, P. W.; Mittal, V.; Fitzpatrick, S. Correcting for a Density Distribution: Particle Size Analysis of Core-Shell Nanocomposite Particles Using Disk Centrifuge Photosedimentometry. Langmuir 2012, not supplied.
85. Van Helden, A. K.; Jansen, J. W.; Vrij, A. Preparation and Characterization of Spherical Monodisperse Silica Dispersions in Nonaqueous Solvents J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1981, 81 (2) 354-368
86. Chabanov, A. A.; Jun, Y.; Norris, D. J. Avoiding Cracks in Self-Assembled Photonic Band-Gap Crystals Frontiers Opt. 2004, 84, 3573-3575
87. Lecloux, A. J.; Bronckart, J.; Noville, F.; Dodet, C.; Marchot, P.; Pirard, J. P. Study of the Texture of Monodisperse Silica Sphere Samples in the Nanometer Size Range Colloids Surf. 1986, 19 (2-3) 359-374
88. Badley, R. D.; Ford, W. T.; McEnroe, F. J.; Assink, R. A. Surface Modification of Colloidal Silica Langmuir 1990, 6 (4) 792-801
89. Bogush, G. H.; Tracy, M. A.; Zukoski, Iv, C. F. Preparation of Monodisperse Silica Particles: Control of Size and Mass Fraction J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1988, 104 (1) 95-106
90. Costa, C. A. R.; Leite, C. A. P.; Galembeck, F. ESI-TEM Imaging of Surfactants and Ions Sorbed in Stöber Silica Nanoparticles Langmuir 2006, 22 (17) 7159-7166
91. Müller, H. G.; Herrmann, F. Simultaneous Determination of Particle and Density Distributions of Dispersions by Analytical Ultacentrifugation Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 99, 114-119
92. Planken, K. L.; Colfen, H. Analytical Ultracentrifugation of Colloids Nanoscale 2010, 2 (10) 1849-1869
93. Colard, C. A. L.; Teixeira, R. F. A.; Bon, S. A. F. Unraveling Mechanistic Events in Solids-Stabilized Emulsion Polymerization by Monitoring the Concentration of Nanoparticles in the Water Phase Langmuir 2010, 26 (11) 7915-7921
94. Rodrigues Costa, C. A.; Paula Leite, C. A.; Fátima de Souza, E.; Galembeck, F. Size Effects on the Microchemistry and Plasticity of Stöber Silica Particles: A Study Using EFTEM, FESEM, and AFM-SEPM Microscopies Langmuir 2000, 17 (1) 189-194
95. Carney, R. P.; Kim, J. Y.; Qian, H.; Jin, R.; Mehenni, H.; Stellacci, F.; Bakr, O. M. Determination of Nanoparticle Size Distribution Together with Density or Molecular Weight by 2D Analytical Ultracentrifugation Nat. Commun. 2011, 2, 335
96. Tenzer, S.; Docter, D.; Rosfa, S.; Wlodarski, A.; Kuharev, J. r.; Rekik, A.; Knauer, S. K.; Bantz, C.; Nawroth, T.; Bier, C.; Sirirattanapan, J.; Mann, W.; Treuel, L.; Zellner, R.; Maskos, M.; Schild, H. r.; Stauber, R. H. Nanoparticle Size Is a Critical Physicochemical Determinant of the Human Blood Plasma Corona: A Comprehensive Quantitative Proteomic Analysis ACS Nano 2011, 5 (9) 7155-7167
97. Zelenyuk, A.; Cai, Y.; Imre, D. From Agglomerates of Spheres to Irregularly Shaped Particles: Determination of Dynamic Shape Factors from Measurements of Mobility and Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameters Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (3) 197-217