Health complications of female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone

International Journal of Women's Health

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 321-331

  Bjälkander, Owolabi ^a   Bangura, Laurel ^b   Leigh, Bailah ^c   Berggren, Vanja ^a   Bergström, Staffan ^a   Almroth, Lars ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b Inter Africa Committee   (Sierra Leone)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SIERRA LEONE   (Sierra Leone)

Author keywords

Age at fgm; Caregiver; Female circumcision; Female genital cutting; Health consequences; Treatment seeking

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEMALE; FEVER; GENITAL BLEEDING; GENITAL EDEMA; GENITAL INJURY; GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OPEN ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE; SCHOOL CHILD; SHOCK; SIERRA LEONE; STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE; SYNCOPE; URINE RETENTION; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 84864309386     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11791411     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s32670     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. WHO Press, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/9789241596442/en/index.html. Accessed June 13, 2012.
2. Yoder PS, Abderrahim N, Zhuzhun A. Female Genital Cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: A Critical and Comparative Analysis. Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc; 2004.
3. Yoder PS, Khan S. Numbers of Women Circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total. Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc; 2007.
4. World Health Organization, United Nations Population Fund (WHO, UNFPA). Towards the elimination of female genital mutilation: a training manual for the affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Cairo, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2006.
5. END FGM - European campaign. Ending female genital mutilation, a strategy for the European Union institutions, executive summary. Brussels, END FGM - European Campaign). Available from: http://www.endfgm.eu/content/assets/END_FGM_Final_Strategy_Summary.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2012.
6. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Female genital mutilation/female genital cutting: a statistical report; 2005. Available at http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/FGM-C_final_10_October.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2012.
7. Ahmadu F. Rites and wrongs: an insider/outsider reflects on power and excision. In: Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y, editors. Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture, Controversy and Change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner; 2000:283-312.
8. Behrendt A. Female genital cutting in the Moyamba and Bombali Districts of Sierra Leone. Dakar, Sierra Leone: Plan West Africa Regional Office; Dec 2005.
9. Rahman A, Toubia N. Female Genital Mutilation. A Practical Guide to Worldwide Laws and Policies. London, UK: Zed Books; 2000.
10. Morison L, Scherf C, Ekpo G, et al. The long-term reproductive health consequences of female genital cutting in rural Gambia: a community-based survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6(8):643-653.
11. Jones H, Diop N, Askew I, Kaboré I. Female genital cutting practices in Burkina Faso and Mali and their negative health outcomes. Stud Fam Plann. 1999;30(3):219-230.
12. WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome. Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet. 2006;367(9525): 1835-1841.
13. Almroth L, Elmusharaf S, El Hadi N, et al. Primary infertility after genital mutilation in girlhood in Sudan: a case control study, Lancet. 2005;366(9483): 385-391.
14. Ibrahim A, Rasch V, Pukkala E, Aro AR. Cervical cancer risk factors and feasibility of visual inspection with acetic acid screening in Sudan. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3(6):117-122.
15. Statistics Sierra Leone. Final results. 2004 Population and Housing Census. 2006. Available from: http://www.sierra-leone.org/Census/ssl_final_results.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2012.
16. Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL) and ICF Macro. 2009. Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Calverton, MD: Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL) and ICF Macro. Available from: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR225/FR225.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2012.
17. Koso-Thomas O. Circumcision of Women: A strategy for Eradication. London, UK: Zed Books; 1987.
18. World Health Organization. Men's and Women's Perceptions of the Relationship between Female Genital Mutilation and Women's Sexuality in Three Communities in Egypt. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
19. Almroth L, Almroth-Berggren V, Hassanein OM, et al. A community based study on the change of practice of female genital mutilation in a Sudanese village. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001;74:179-185.
20. Sipsma HL, Chen PG, Ofori-Atta A, Ilozumba U, Karford K, Brandleya EH. Female genital cutting: current practices and beliefs in western Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:120-127.
21. World Bank. Traditional healer services. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTHEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/EXTHSD/0,contentMDK:20190826~menuPK:438812~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:376793,00.html. Accessed May 1, 2012.
22. Kaplan A, Hechavarría S, Martín M, Bonhoure I. Health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Gambia, evidence into Action. Reproductive Health. 2011;8:26.
23. Osarumwese Osifo D, Evbuomwan I. Female genital mutilation among Edo people: the complications and pattern of presentation at a pediatric surgery unit, Benin City. Afr J Reprod Health, 2009;13(1):17-25.
24. Ekenze SO, Ezegwui HE, Adiri CO. Genital lesions complicating female genital cutting in infancy: a hospital-based study in south-east Nigeria. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2007;27:285-290.
25. Kallon I, Dundes L. The cultural context of the Sierra Leonean Mende woman as patient. J Transcult Nurs. 2010;21(3):228-236.
26. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, USA;2010.
27. IRIN News. Female genital mutilation persists despite ban. Available from: http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90366/INDONESIA-Female-genital-mutilation-persists-despite-ban. Accessed May 15, 2012.