Methodologies for determination of soil ionization gradient

Journal of Electrostatics

Volumn 70, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 457-461

  Asimakopoulou, Fani E ^a   Gonos, Ioannis F ^a   Stathopulos, Ioannis A ^a  

^a NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Grounding systems; Impulse impedance; Soil ionization; Soil ionization gradient

Indexed keywords

COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES; EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES; GROUNDING SYSTEMS; IMPULSE CHARACTERISTICS; IMPULSE IMPEDANCE; IONIZATION VOLTAGE; NON-LINEAR PHENOMENA; SOIL IONIZATION; SOIL TYPES;

ELECTRIC GROUNDING; IONIZATION;

SOILS;

EID: 84864138839     PISSN: 03043886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2012.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Towne H.M. Impulse characteristics of driven grounds. Gen. Elect. Rev. 1929, 31(11):605-609.
2. Erler J.W., Snowden D.P. High resolution studies of the electrical breakdown of soil. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 1983, 30:4564-4567.
3. Leadon R.E., Flanagan T.M., Mallon C.E., Denson R. Effect of ambient gas on arc initiation characteristics in soil. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 1983, 30(6):4572-4576.
4. Nor N.M., Ramli A. Electrical properties of dry sand under high impulse currents. J. Electrostat. 2007, 65:500-505.
5. Nor N.M. Review soil electrical characteristics under high impulse currents. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 2006, 48(4):826-829.
6. Mousa A.M. The soil ionization gradient associated with discharge of high currents into concentrated electrodes. IEEE Trans. Power Del. 1994, 9(3):1669-1677.
7. Kalat W., Loboda M., Pochanke Z. Implementation of the Dynamic Model of Surge Soil Conduction for Transient Behavior of Grounding Electrodes Simulations Using ATP Version of EMTP 1994, Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. Lightning Protection, Budapest, Hungary.
8. Lee B.H., Park G.H., Kim H.G., Lee K.S. Analysis of soil ionization under impulse currents. J. Elect. Eng. and Technol. 2009, 4(1):98-105.
9. N.M. Nor, Ionization gradient of low resistivity soil and liquids, Proc. 17th Int. Zurich Symp. on EMC, Zurich, Switzerland, (2006), 409-412.
10. J.L.C. Lima, S. Visacro, Experimental developments on soil ionization, Proc. Int. Conf. Grounding and Earthing & 3rd Int. Conf. Lightning Physics and Effects, Florianopolis, Brazil, (2008), 174-179.
11. F.E. Asimakopoulou, I.F. Gonos, I.A. Stathopulos, I-V curves for the determination of the ionization voltage in soil samples, Proc. 17th Int. Symp. High Voltage Engineering, Hannover, Germany, (2011).
12. Petropoulos G.M. The high-voltage characteristics of earth resistances. J. IEE. 1948, 95:59-70.
13. M. Loboda, V. Scuka, On the transient characteristics of electrical discharges and ionization processes in soil, Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. Lightning Protection, Firenze, Italy, (1996), 539-544.
14. c of soil under high impulse currents. IEEE Trans. Power Del. 2005, 20(3):2108-2113.
15. Nor N.M., Ramli A. Effects of moisture content, impulse polarity and earth electrodes dimension on dry and wet sand under high voltage conditions. Europ. Trans. Electric. Power 2007, 18(5):461-475.
16. A.M. Mousa, Breakdown gradient of the soil under lightning discharge conditions, Proc. Int. Aerospace and Ground Conf., Atlantic City, U.S.A., (1992), 67-1-67-12.
17. Espel P., Diaz R.R., Bonamy A., Silva J.N. Electrical parameters associated with discharges in resistive soils. IEEE Trans. Power Del. 2004, 19(3):1174-1182.
18. He J., Gao Y., Zeng R., Zhang B., Liang X. Soil Ionization Phenomenon Around Grounding Electrode under Lightning Impulse 2005, Proc. VIII Int. Symp. Lightning Protection, Brazil.
19. Asimakopoulou F.E., Gonos I.F., Stathopulos I.A. Estimation of uncertainty regarding soil breakdown parameters. IET Sci. Meas. Technol. 2011, 5(1):14-20.
20. IEC IEC 60060-2 High Voltage Test Techniques Part 2 Measuring Systems 1994, ed. 2.
21. Bellaschi P.L. Impulse and 60-cycle characteristics of driven grounds. AIEE Trans. 1941, 60:123-128.
22. Bellaschi P.L., Armington R.E., Snowden A.E. Impulse and 60-cycle characteristics of driven grounds-II. AIEE Trans. 1942, 61:349-363.
23. Armstrong H.R. Grounding electrode characteristics from model tests. AIEE Trans. 1953, 72(2):1301-1306.
24. Y. Liu, N. Theethayi, R.M. Gonzalez, R. Thottappillil, The residual resistivity in soil ionization region around grounding system for different experimental results, Proc. 2003 IEEE Int. Symp. on EMC, Boston, USA, 794-799.
25. M. Loboda, Z. Pochanke, Experimental study of electric properties of soil with impulse current injections, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Munich, Germany, (1985), 191-198.
26. Oettle E.E. A new general estimation curve for predicting the impulse impedance of concentrated earth electrodes. IEEE Trans. Power Del. 1988, 3(4):2020-2029.
27. Liew A.C., Darveniza M. Dynamic model of impulse characteristics of concentrated earths. Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. 1974, 121(2):123-135.
28. Y. Asaoka, H. Motoyama, H. Mathubara, Development of calculation model for grounding resistance of rod electrodes exposed to large lightning impulse current, Proc. 28th Int. Conf. Lightning Protection, Kawazawa, Japan, (2006), 692-697.
29. K.J. Nixon, The lightning transient behaviour of driven rod earth electrode in multi-layer soil, PhD thesis, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, (2006).
30. He J., Zeng R., Tu Y., Zou J., Chen S., Guan Z. Laboratory investigation of impulse characteristics of transmission tower grounding devices. IEEE Trans. Power Del. 2003, 18(3):994-1001.
31. Gonos I.F., Stathopulos I.A. Soil ionisation under lightning impulse voltages. IEE Proc. Sci. Meas. and Technol. 2004, 151(5):343-346.
32. Dick W.K., Holliday H.R. Impulse and alternating current tests on grounding electrodes in soil environment. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 1978, PAS-97(1):102-108.
33. Geri A. Behavior of grounding systems excited by high impulse currents the model and its validation. IEEE Trans. Power Del. 1999, 14(3):1008-1017.
34. Flanagan T.M., Mallon C.E., Denson R., Leadon R.E. Electrical breakdown properties of soil. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 1981, NS-28(6):4432-4439.
35. c based on impulse tests and measured soil electrical parameters. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2007, 1(5):811-817.
36. CIGRE Working Group on Lightning Guide to Procedures for Estimating the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines Oct. 1991, Paris, France.
37. Oettle E.E. The characteristics of electrical breakdown and ionization processes in soil. Trans. SAIEE 1988, 63-70.