Filling the void of trapped memories: The liberation of a Pinochet centre of torture

Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 41-54

  Wyndham, Marivic ^a   Read, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chile; Memorialisation; Museums; Post dictatorship; Trauma

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864042629     PISSN: 13260219     EISSN: 21519668     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13260219.2012.691260     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. We here trace some of the debates amongst psychologists relating to attachment to significant sites overlaid by grief, trauma and extreme violence. We have chosen this direction as one of many research approaches that can be made to the enormous literature on trauma and memorialisation. Different research areas include cultural difference, individual and collective memory, the entry of professional heritage management, dark tourism, and the politics of contested memorialisation. Key texts in these areas include.
2. J. E. Tunbridge and G. J. Ashworth, Dissonant Heritage: The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict, Chichester, Wiley, 1996
3. Kirk Savage, Monument Wars, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2009.
4. Heather Goodall, Judith Keene and Peter Read, eds, Where are the Bodies? A Transnational Examination of State Violence and its Consequences, special edn. The Public Historian, 32: 1, 2010
5. Gregory Ashworth and Rudi Hartman, eds, Horror and Human Tragedy Revisited: The Management of Sites of Atrocity for Tourism, New York, Cognizant, 2005.
6. Jenny Edkins, Trauma and the Memory of Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2003.
7. Kenneth Foote, Shadowed Ground: American Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy, Austin, U of Texas Press, 2003.
8. James Pennebaker, Dario Paez and Bernard Rimé, Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychology Perspectives, Mahwah NJ, Erlbaum, 1997.
9. John Lennon and Malcolm Foley, Dark Tourism: the Attraction of Death and Disaster, London, Continuum, 2000.
10. Gerder Speller, 'Landscape, Place and the Psycho-Social Impact of the Channel Tunnel Terminal Project,' M.Sc. Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988.
11. Peter Read and Marivic Wyndham, 'Putting Site Back Into Trauma Studies: A Study of Five Detention and Torture Centres in Santiago, Chile,' Life Writing 5:1 (2008), Special Issue Trauma in the Twenty-First Century, pp. 79-96.
12. Dominick La Capra, Writing History: Writing Trauma, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 2001, p. 11.
13. Peter Read and Marivic Wyndham, 'Between the Silence and the Scream. Recordings Made at Sites in the Last Days of Víctor Jara,' in Ros Bandt and Dolly McKinnon, eds, Hearing Places, Melbourne, Cambridge Scholars, 2006.
14. Hernán Valdés, Tejas Verdes, Santiago, LOM Ediciones, 1996, p. 56.
15. S. Salimovich and E. Weinstein, 'Victims of Fear: The Social Psychology of Repression,' in Juan E. Corradi, Patricia Weiss Fagen and Manuel Garretón Merino, Fear At The Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America, Berkeley, U of California Press, 1992, pp. 72-89.
16. Steve S. Stern, Remembering Pinochet's Chile: On the Eve of London 1998, Book One of the trilogy: The Memory Box of Pinochet's Chile, Durham & London, Duke UP, 2006.
17. Carmen Luz Parot, Dir. and Prod., Estadio nacional, Santiago, Chile, 2001.
18. Marivic Wyndham, Víctimas secundarias, Chile bajo dictadura: 1973-1989, Santiago, LOMEdiciones, in preparation.
19. Arjun Appadurai, Fear of Small Numbers, Durham, Duke UP, 2006, pp. 31-32.
20. Inger Agger and Soren Jensen, Trauma and Healing Under State Terrorism, London, Zed, 1996, p. 208.
21. Rubí Maldonado Parada, L. Moya, M. Romero, y A. Vega, Ellos se quedaron con nosotros, Santiago, LOM Ediciones, 1999.
22. Willy Nikitoros Haltenhoff, Dawson, Santiago, LOM Ediciones, 2005.
23. Alvaro Puga (Alexis), El mosaico de la memoria, Editorial Maye Ltda, 2008.
24. Mónica Echeverría Yáñez, Krassnoff: Arrastrado por su destino, Santiago, Catalonia, 2008.
25. Manuel Guerrero Ceballos, Desde el túnel: Diario de vida de un detenido desaparecido, Santiago, LOM Ediciones, 2008.
26. Katherine Hite, When the Romance Ended: Leaders of the Chilean Left, 1968-1998, New York, Columbia UP, 2000.
27. Faride Zerán, Manuel Antonio Garretón, Sergio Campos, and Carmen Garretón (eds), Encuentros con la memoria: Archivos y debates de memoria y futuro, Santiago, LOM Ediciones, 2004.
28. Macarena Gómez-Barris, Where Memory Dwells: Culture and State Violence in Chile, Berkeley, U of California Press, 2009.
29. Martín Faunes Amigo, ed., Aulas que permanecerán vacías, Providencia, Editorial Cuarto Propio, 2008.
30. Parot, Estadio nacional. 13.
31. Peter Read and Marivic Wyndham, 'Putting Site Back into Trauma Studies.'
32. Colectivo de Derechos Humanos Comité Raúl Silva Henríquez, Yo también estuve en Tres y Cuatro Á lamos, Santiago, Casa de los DDHH Cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez, 2007.
33. Corporación Parque de la Paz Villa Grimaldi, A Museum in Villa Grimaldi for the Memory and Education in Human Rights, Municipalidad de Peñalolén, Corporación Parque de la Paz Villa Grimaldi, 2005, p. 36.
34. Jose Miguel Jaque, 'Una rosa por cada víctima de la dictadura,' La Nación, 28 September 2007.
35. Authors' Interview with Roberto D'Orival Briceño, Santiago de Chile, December 2009.
36. Ministerio de Educación, Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales, 'Masterplan,' 17 October 2007. [Masterplan for the conservation of the National Stadium.]
37. Corporación José Domingo Cañas 1367,
38. Una Experiencia Para No Olvidar, Santiago, Corporación José Domingo Cañas 1367, 2003, p. 19.
39. While many sites of torture and disappearance are memorialised in Buenos Aires, public attention is focused on the ESMA, the former huge precinct of the Chilean Navy, and handed to a number of human rights organisations and groups of victims, families and supporters to decide on its future: Arquitectura y memoria, Buenos Aires, Memoria Abierta, 2009; and Memorias en la ciudad, Buenos Aires, Memoria Abierta, 2009.
40. María José Reyes Andreani, and María Francisca Juricic Cerda, El si-no de la reconciliación: Representaciones sociales de la reconciliación en los jóvenes, Arzobispado de Santiago, Fundación Documentación y Archivo de la Vicaría de la Solidaridad, 2000.
41. Maria Tumarkin, Traumascapes, Carlton, Melbourne UP, 2005, p. 233.
42. Read and Wyndham, 'Putting Site Back Into Trauma Studies.'
43. http://www.memoriaviva.com/Centros/00Metropolitana/londres_38.htm. The number of disappeared estimated by the Rettig Report is 2279.
44. Calle Santa Fe, dir. Carmen Castillo, Agnes B Productions, France, 2007.
45. Pinto in Comisión Chilena de Derechos Humanos (Fundación Ideas), Nunca más en Chile. Síntesis corregida y actualizada del Informe Rettig. LOM Ediciones, Colección Septiembre 19, p. 464.
46. Comisión Valech, Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Politica y Tortura, Santiago, Ministerio de Interior, 2005, p. 422.
47. Read and Wyndham, 2008, p. 89.
48. Stern, Memory Box, pp. 90-93.
49. These observations are drawn from many discussions based on attendance at vigils outside Londres 38 over several years.
50. Lucía Sepúlveda Ruiz, 119 de nosotros, Santiago, LOM Ediciones, 2005.
51. Velatones' organisers usually introduced this rhetorical device at the start of each meeting.
52. Recording by authors, 2006.
53. Roberto D'Orival Briceño, outside Londres 38, 10/12/07.
54. Reyes Andreani and Juricic Cerda, El si-no de la reconciliación.
55. 'Londres 38: Casa de la memoria,' Anonymous pamphlet, August 2006.
56. Carmen Castillo, the wife of the charismatic MIR leader Miguel Enríquez, was spirited out of Chile to exile in France. When she returned in 2003 to invite support to have their former home declared a historic monument, she was abruptly told by a young student leader: 'leave it alone. That kind of past is all gone now'. Calle Santa Fe, dir. Carmen Castillo, Agnes B Productions, France, 2007.
57. Roberto D'Orival Briceño, outside Londres 38, 10/12/07.
58. La Nación, Santiago, 12 October 2006.
59. Colectivo Londres 38, 'Un espacio para la memoria,' 10 December 2007, leaflet distributed during a vigil.
60. These positions became clearer during the angry discussions which began just after the building opened.
61. Pers. comm., Don Víctor Peña, General Manager, Estadio Nacional, Chile Deportes.
62. Roberto D'Orival Briceño, outside Londres 38, 10/12/07.
63. http://londres38.cl/Actividades%20a%20mayo%202006.htm; recording by authors, translated by Marivic Wyndham.
64. The account is based on the authors' recollections, observations and recordings made during the period.
65. The account is drawn from audio recording made by the authors, translated by Marivic Wyndham.
66. The account is drawn from an audio recording made by the authors, translated by Marivic Wyndham, and testimony contained in www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20051011/pags/20051011200809.html; and http://londresf38cl/Testimonios.htm.
67. Marivic Wyndham. Both Moren Brito and Krassnoff were tried and sentenced to lengthy periods of imprisonment.
68. Denni Traubman, Santiago de Chile, 15 April 2010.
69. Wall signage, Londres 38.