메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 397-406

Monitoring sea ice habitat fragmentation for polar bear conservation

Author keywords

Climate change; Habitat fragmentation; Harvest; Monitoring; Polar bear; Sea ice

Indexed keywords

BEAR; CARNIVORE; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT QUALITY; SEA ICE;

EID: 84864024974     PISSN: 13679430     EISSN: 14691795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00529.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (50)

References (63)
  • 3
    • 84951079426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian network modeling approach to forecasting the 21st century worldwide status of polar bears
    • DeWeaver, E., Bitz, C. & Tremblay, L. (Eds). Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
    • Amstrup, S.C., Marcot, B.G. & Douglas, D.C. (2008). A Bayesian network modeling approach to forecasting the 21st century worldwide status of polar bears. In Arctic sea ice decline: observations, projections, mechanisms, and implications: 213-264. DeWeaver, E., Bitz, C. & Tremblay, L. (Eds). Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
    • (2008) Arctic sea ice decline: observations, projections, mechanisms, and implications , pp. 213-264
    • Amstrup, S.C.1    Marcot, B.G.2    Douglas, D.C.3
  • 4
    • 0028165202 scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review
    • Andren, H. (1994). Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71, 355-366.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.71 , pp. 355-366
    • Andren, H.1
  • 5
    • 0004518557 scopus 로고
    • Modes of thermal protection in polar bear cubs - at birth and on emergence from the den
    • Blix, A. & Lentfer, J. (1979). Modes of thermal protection in polar bear cubs - at birth and on emergence from the den. Am. J. Physiol. 236, R67-R74.
    • (1979) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.236
    • Blix, A.1    Lentfer, J.2
  • 6
    • 50049133166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variability in food availability for arctic marine mammals
    • Bluhm, B.A. & Gradinger, R. (2008). Regional variability in food availability for arctic marine mammals. Ecol. Appl. 18, S77-S96.
    • (2008) Ecol. Appl. , vol.18
    • Bluhm, B.A.1    Gradinger, R.2
  • 8
    • 77952100427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing changes in forest fragmentation following infestation using time series Landsat imagery
    • Coops, N., Gillanders, S., Wulder, M., Gergel, S., Nelson, T. & Goodwin, N. (2010). Assessing changes in forest fragmentation following infestation using time series Landsat imagery. For. Ecol. Manage. 259, 2355-2365.
    • (2010) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.259 , pp. 2355-2365
    • Coops, N.1    Gillanders, S.2    Wulder, M.3    Gergel, S.4    Nelson, T.5    Goodwin, N.6
  • 9
    • 0036228888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation
    • Crooks, K.R. (2002). Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv. Biol. 16, 488-502.
    • (2002) Conserv. Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 488-502
    • Crooks, K.R.1
  • 11
    • 0031408519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male-biased harvesting of polar bears in western Hudson Bay
    • Derocher, A., Stirling, I. & Calvert, W. (1997). Male-biased harvesting of polar bears in western Hudson Bay. J. Wildl. Manage. 61, 1075-1082.
    • (1997) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.61 , pp. 1075-1082
    • Derocher, A.1    Stirling, I.2    Calvert, W.3
  • 14
    • 79957838359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of long-distance swimming and travel over deep-water pack ice for a female polar bear during a year of extreme sea ice retreat
    • Durner, G.M., Whiteman, J.P., Harlow, H.J., Amstrup, S.C., Regehr, E.V. & Ben-David, M. (2011). Consequences of long-distance swimming and travel over deep-water pack ice for a female polar bear during a year of extreme sea ice retreat. Polar Biol. 34, 975-984.
    • (2011) Polar Biol. , vol.34 , pp. 975-984
    • Durner, G.M.1    Whiteman, J.P.2    Harlow, H.J.3    Amstrup, S.C.4    Regehr, E.V.5    Ben-David, M.6
  • 15
    • 0033917375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of sea ice dynamics on habitat selection by polar bears
    • Ferguson, S.H., Taylor, M.K. & Messier, F. (2000). Influence of sea ice dynamics on habitat selection by polar bears. Ecology 81, 761-772.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 761-772
    • Ferguson, S.H.1    Taylor, M.K.2    Messier, F.3
  • 16
    • 34247103136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis
    • Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D.B. (2007). Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 16, 265-280.
    • (2007) Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. , vol.16 , pp. 265-280
    • Fischer, J.1    Lindenmayer, D.B.2
  • 17
    • 79954626792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sea-surface temperature in Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait in relation to air temperature and ice cover breakup, 1985-2009
    • Galbraith, P. & Larouche, P. (2011). Sea-surface temperature in Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait in relation to air temperature and ice cover breakup, 1985-2009. J. Mar. Syst. 87, 66-78.
    • (2011) J. Mar. Syst. , vol.87 , pp. 66-78
    • Galbraith, P.1    Larouche, P.2
  • 18
    • 32444438341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change, ice conditions and reproduction in an Arctic nesting marine bird: Bunnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia L.)
    • Gaston, A.J., Gilchrist, H.G. & Hipfner, J.M. (2005). Climate change, ice conditions and reproduction in an Arctic nesting marine bird: Bunnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 74, 832-841.
    • (2005) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.74 , pp. 832-841
    • Gaston, A.J.1    Gilchrist, H.G.2    Hipfner, J.M.3
  • 20
    • 0010938195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the consequences of habitat fragmentation on extinction risk in dynamic landscapes
    • Gu, W., Heikkila, R. & Hanski, I. (2002). Estimating the consequences of habitat fragmentation on extinction risk in dynamic landscapes. Landsc. Ecol. 17, 699-710.
    • (2002) Landsc. Ecol. , vol.17 , pp. 699-710
    • Gu, W.1    Heikkila, R.2    Hanski, I.3
  • 21
    • 0036271748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction debt at extinction threshold
    • Hanski, I. & Ovaskainen, O. (2002). Extinction debt at extinction threshold. Conserv. Biol. 16, 666-673.
    • (2002) Conserv. Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 666-673
    • Hanski, I.1    Ovaskainen, O.2
  • 22
    • 77953602824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric forcing of sea ice in Hudson Bay during the fall period, 1980-2005
    • Hochheim, K.P. & Barber, D.G. (2010). Atmospheric forcing of sea ice in Hudson Bay during the fall period, 1980-2005. J. Geophys. Res. (C Oceans) 115, C05009.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. (C Oceans) , vol.115
    • Hochheim, K.P.1    Barber, D.G.2
  • 23
    • 69249221303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic consequences of anthropogenic influences: Florida black bears in north-central Florida
    • Hostetler, J., McCown, J., Garrison, E., Neils, A., Barrett, M., Sunquist, M., Simek, S. & Oli, M. (2009). Demographic consequences of anthropogenic influences: Florida black bears in north-central Florida. Biol. Conserv. 142, 2456-2463.
    • (2009) Biol. Conserv. , vol.142 , pp. 2456-2463
    • Hostetler, J.1    McCown, J.2    Garrison, E.3    Neils, A.4    Barrett, M.5    Sunquist, M.6    Simek, S.7    Oli, M.8
  • 24
    • 77957725015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change threatens polar bear populations: a stochastic demographic analysis
    • Hunter, C., Caswell, H., Runge, M., Regehr, E., Amstrup, S. & Stirling, I. (2010). Climate change threatens polar bear populations: a stochastic demographic analysis. Ecology 9, 2883-2897.
    • (2010) Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 2883-2897
    • Hunter, C.1    Caswell, H.2    Runge, M.3    Regehr, E.4    Amstrup, S.5    Stirling, I.6
  • 25
    • 34548398440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring habitat quality: a review
    • Johnson, M. (2007). Measuring habitat quality: a review. Condor 109, 489-504.
    • (2007) Condor , vol.109 , pp. 489-504
    • Johnson, M.1
  • 28
    • 77949350046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent changes in Arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length
    • Markus, T., Stroeve, J. & Miller, J. (2009). Recent changes in Arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length. J. Geophys. Res. (C Oceans) 114, C12024.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. (C Oceans) , vol.114
    • Markus, T.1    Stroeve, J.2    Miller, J.3
  • 30
    • 0042312627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female polar bears, Ursus maritimus, on the Barents Sea drift ice: walking the treadmill
    • Mauritzen, M., Derocher, A., Pavlova, O. & Wiig, Ø. (2003b). Female polar bears, Ursus maritimus, on the Barents Sea drift ice: walking the treadmill. Anim. Behav. 66, 107-113.
    • (2003) Anim. Behav. , vol.66 , pp. 107-113
    • Mauritzen, M.1    Derocher, A.2    Pavlova, O.3    Wiig, Ø.4
  • 31
    • 0034760222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space-use strategies of female polar bears in a dynamic sea ice habitat
    • Mauritzen, M., Derocher, A. & Wiig, Ø. (2001). Space-use strategies of female polar bears in a dynamic sea ice habitat. Can. J. Zool. 79, 1704-1713.
    • (2001) Can. J. Zool. , vol.79 , pp. 1704-1713
    • Mauritzen, M.1    Derocher, A.2    Wiig, Ø.3
  • 32
    • 0036192595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using satellite telemetry to define spatial population structure in polar bears in the Norwegian and western Russian Arctic
    • Mauritzen, M., Derocher, A.E., Wiig, Ø., Belikov, S.E., Boltunov, A.N., Hansen, E. & Garner, G.W. (2002). Using satellite telemetry to define spatial population structure in polar bears in the Norwegian and western Russian Arctic. J. Appl. Ecol. 39, 79-90.
    • (2002) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.39 , pp. 79-90
    • Mauritzen, M.1    Derocher, A.E.2    Wiig, Ø.3    Belikov, S.E.4    Boltunov, A.N.5    Hansen, E.6    Garner, G.W.7
  • 33
    • 84864003502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
    • McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A., Neel, M.C. & Ene, E. (2002). FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
    • (2002)
    • McGarigal, K.1    Cushman, S.A.2    Neel, M.C.3    Ene, E.4
  • 35
    • 63349093285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-lag in biological responses to landscape changes in a highly dynamic Atlantic forest region
    • Metzger, J., Martensen, A., Dixo, M., Bernacci, L., Ribeiro, M., Teixeira, A. & Pardini, R. (2009). Time-lag in biological responses to landscape changes in a highly dynamic Atlantic forest region. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1166-1177.
    • (2009) Biol. Conserv. , vol.142 , pp. 1166-1177
    • Metzger, J.1    Martensen, A.2    Dixo, M.3    Bernacci, L.4    Ribeiro, M.5    Teixeira, A.6    Pardini, R.7
  • 36
    • 79954540836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seagrass habitat loss and fragmentation influence management strategies for a blue crab, Callinectes sapidus fishery
    • Mizerek, T., Regan, H. & Hovel, K. (2011). Seagrass habitat loss and fragmentation influence management strategies for a blue crab, Callinectes sapidus fishery. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 427, 247-257.
    • (2011) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.427 , pp. 247-257
    • Mizerek, T.1    Regan, H.2    Hovel, K.3
  • 38
  • 39
    • 33745714320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of mortality associated with extended open-water swimming by polar bears in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea
    • Monnett, C. & Gleason, J.S. (2006). Observations of mortality associated with extended open-water swimming by polar bears in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol. 29, 681-687.
    • (2006) Polar Biol. , vol.29 , pp. 681-687
    • Monnett, C.1    Gleason, J.S.2
  • 40
    • 33845666858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in seasonal sea ice concentration surrounding southern Baffin Island 1979-2004
    • Moore, G.W.K. (2006). Reduction in seasonal sea ice concentration surrounding southern Baffin Island 1979-2004. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L20501.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.33
    • Moore, G.W.K.1
  • 41
    • 45249097629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience
    • SUPPL.)
    • Moore, S.E. & Huntington, H.P. (2008). Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecol. Appl. (Suppl.) 18, S157-S165.
    • (2008) Ecol. Appl. , vol.18
    • Moore, S.E.1    Huntington, H.P.2
  • 42
    • 77952320921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of habitat quality in fragmented landscapes: a conceptual overview and prospectus for future research
    • Mortelliti, A., Amori, G. & Boitani, L. (2010). The role of habitat quality in fragmented landscapes: a conceptual overview and prospectus for future research. Oecologia 163, 535-547.
    • (2010) Oecologia , vol.163 , pp. 535-547
    • Mortelliti, A.1    Amori, G.2    Boitani, L.3
  • 43
    • 78650955412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and structural connectivity on the distribution of two arboreal rodents
    • Mortelliti, A., Amori, G., Capizzi, D., Cervone, C., Fagiani, S., Pollini, B. & Boitani, L. (2011). Independent effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and structural connectivity on the distribution of two arboreal rodents. J. Appl. Ecol. 48, 153-162.
    • (2011) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.48 , pp. 153-162
    • Mortelliti, A.1    Amori, G.2    Capizzi, D.3    Cervone, C.4    Fagiani, S.5    Pollini, B.6    Boitani, L.7
  • 45
    • 84864010714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polar bears: Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Copenhagen, Denmark, 29 June-3 July 2009, vii + 235. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
    • Obbard, M.E., Thiemann, G.W., Peacock, E. & DeBruyn, T.D. (2010). Polar bears: Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Copenhagen, Denmark, 29 June-3 July 2009, vii + 235. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
    • (2010)
    • Obbard, M.E.1    Thiemann, G.W.2    Peacock, E.3    DeBruyn, T.D.4
  • 46
    • 33846463404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and annual movement patterns of polar bears on the sea ice of Hudson Bay
    • Parks, E.K., Derocher, A.E. & Lunn, N.J. (2006). Seasonal and annual movement patterns of polar bears on the sea ice of Hudson Bay. Can. J. Zool. 84, 1281-1294.
    • (2006) Can. J. Zool. , vol.84 , pp. 1281-1294
    • Parks, E.K.1    Derocher, A.E.2    Lunn, N.J.3
  • 47
    • 33748994063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological and evolutionary reponses to recent climate change
    • Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary reponses to recent climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 37, 637-669.
    • (2006) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.37 , pp. 637-669
    • Parmesan, C.1
  • 48
    • 84857814302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation and management of Canada's polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in a changing Arctic
    • Peacock, E., Derocher, A.E., Thiemann, G.W. & Stirling, I. (2011). Conservation and management of Canada's polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in a changing Arctic. Can. J. Zool. 89, 371-385.
    • (2011) Can. J. Zool. , vol.89 , pp. 371-385
    • Peacock, E.1    Derocher, A.E.2    Thiemann, G.W.3    Stirling, I.4
  • 49
    • 84986739496 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
    • Ramsay, M.A. & Stirling, I. (1988). Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). J. Zool. 214, 601-634.
    • (1988) J. Zool. , vol.214 , pp. 601-634
    • Ramsay, M.A.1    Stirling, I.2
  • 50
    • 0001054217 scopus 로고
    • Fidelity of female bears to winter-den sites
    • Ramsay, M.A. & Stirling, I. (1990). Fidelity of female bears to winter-den sites. J. Mammal. 71, 233-236.
    • (1990) J. Mammal. , vol.71 , pp. 233-236
    • Ramsay, M.A.1    Stirling, I.2
  • 51
    • 72449141076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival and breeding of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea in relation to sea ice
    • Regehr, E.V., Hunter, C.M., Caswell, H., Amstrup, S.C. & Stirling, I. (2010). Survival and breeding of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea in relation to sea ice. J. Anim. Ecol. 79, 117-127.
    • (2010) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.79 , pp. 117-127
    • Regehr, E.V.1    Hunter, C.M.2    Caswell, H.3    Amstrup, S.C.4    Stirling, I.5
  • 52
    • 44349146233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of earlier sea ice breakup on survival and population size of polar bears in Western Hudson Bay
    • Regehr, E.V., Lunn, N.J., Amstrup, S.C. & Stirling, I. (2007). Effects of earlier sea ice breakup on survival and population size of polar bears in Western Hudson Bay. J. Wildl. Manage. 71, 2673-2683.
    • (2007) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.71 , pp. 2673-2683
    • Regehr, E.V.1    Lunn, N.J.2    Amstrup, S.C.3    Stirling, I.4
  • 53
    • 77950890972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced body size and cub recruitment in polar bears associated with sea ice decline
    • Rode, K.D., Amstrup, S.C. & Regehr, E.V. (2010). Reduced body size and cub recruitment in polar bears associated with sea ice decline. Ecol. Appl. 20, 768-782.
    • (2010) Ecol. Appl. , vol.20 , pp. 768-782
    • Rode, K.D.1    Amstrup, S.C.2    Regehr, E.V.3
  • 55
    • 79958267855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat quality of source patches and connectivity in fragmented landscapes
    • Schooley, R. & Branch, L. (2011). Habitat quality of source patches and connectivity in fragmented landscapes. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 1611-1623.
    • (2011) Biodivers. Conserv. , vol.20 , pp. 1611-1623
    • Schooley, R.1    Branch, L.2
  • 56
    • 0032717525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change
    • Stirling, I., Lunn, N.J. & Iacozza, J. (1999). Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change. Arctic 52, 294-306.
    • (1999) Arctic , vol.52 , pp. 294-306
    • Stirling, I.1    Lunn, N.J.2    Iacozza, J.3
  • 57
    • 0029538343 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between estimates of ringed seal and polar bear populations in the Canadian Arctic
    • Stirling, I. & Øritsland, N.A. (1995). Relationships between estimates of ringed seal and polar bear populations in the Canadian Arctic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52, 2594-2612.
    • (1995) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2594-2612
    • Stirling, I.1    Øritsland, N.A.2
  • 58
    • 33750179518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic
    • Stirling, I. & Parkinson, C.L. (2006). Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59, 261-275.
    • (2006) Arctic , vol.59 , pp. 261-275
    • Stirling, I.1    Parkinson, C.L.2
  • 59
    • 0942292614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing landscapes: consequences for carnivores
    • Gittleman, J., Funk, S., Macdonald, D. & Wayne, R. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Sunquist, M.E. & Sunquist, F. (2001). Changing landscapes: consequences for carnivores. In Carnivore conservation: 399-418. Gittleman, J., Funk, S., Macdonald, D. & Wayne, R. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2001) Carnivore conservation , pp. 399-418
    • Sunquist, M.E.1    Sunquist, F.2
  • 60
    • 74549153235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical thresholds associated with habitat loss: a review of the concepts, evidence and applications
    • Swift, T. & Hannon, S. (2010). Critical thresholds associated with habitat loss: a review of the concepts, evidence and applications. Biol. Rev. 85, 35-53.
    • (2010) Biol. Rev. , vol.85 , pp. 35-53
    • Swift, T.1    Hannon, S.2
  • 61
    • 43049102388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-selective harvesting of polar bears Ursus maritimus
    • Taylor, M.K., McLoughlin, P.D. & Messier, F. (2008). Sex-selective harvesting of polar bears Ursus maritimus Wildl. Biol. 14, 52-60.
    • (2008) Wildl. Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 52-60
    • Taylor, M.K.1    McLoughlin, P.D.2    Messier, F.3
  • 62
    • 67149088601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using connectivity metrics in conservation planning - when does habitat quality matter?
    • Visconti, P. & Elkin, C. (2009). Using connectivity metrics in conservation planning - when does habitat quality matter? Divers. Distrib. 15, 602-612.
    • (2009) Divers. Distrib. , vol.15 , pp. 602-612
    • Visconti, P.1    Elkin, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.