Necrotizing Enterocolitis and the Role of Anemia of Prematurity

Seminars in Perinatology

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 277-282

  Singh, Rachana ^a   Shah, Bhavesh L ^a   Frantz, Ivan D ^b  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Hematocrit; Hypoxemia; Mucosal integrity

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; HEMOGLOBIN A; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; IRON;

ANEMIA; ANEMIA OF PREMATURITY; BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENTERIC FEEDING; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; HEMATOCRIT; HUMAN; INTESTINE ISCHEMIA; INTESTINE MUCOSA; INTESTINE PERFUSION; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TISSUE OXYGENATION; TRANSFUSION RELATED ACUTE GUT INJURY; WOUND HEALING;

ANEMIA, NEONATAL; ANOXIA; ENTEROCOLITIS, NECROTIZING; ERYTHROCYTE INDICES; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; HEMATOCRIT; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; INTESTINES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84864015398     PISSN: 01460005     EISSN: 1558075X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2012.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Stoll B.J. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol 1994, 21:205-218.
2. Luig M., Lui K. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis-Part II: Risk and susceptibility of premature infants during the surfactant era: A regional study. J Paediatr Child Health 2005, 41:174-179. NSW & ACT NICUS Group.
3. Holman R.C., Stoll B.J., Clarke M.J., et al. The epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis infant mortality in the United States. Am J Public Health 1997, 87:2026-2031.
4. Lin P.W., Nasr T.R., Stoll B.J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Recent scientific advances in pathophysiology and prevention. Semin Perinatol 2008, 32:70-82.
5. Caplan M.S., Jilling T. The pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. NeoReviews 2001, 2:103-109.
6. Singh R., Visintainer P.F., Frantz I.D., et al. Association of necrotizing enterocolitis with anemia and packed red blood cell transfusions in preterm infants. J Perinatol 2011, 31:176-182.
7. Agwu J.C., Narchi H. In a preterm infant, does blood transfusion increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis?. Arch Dis Child 2005, 90:102-103.
8. Short A., Gallagher A., Ahmed M. Necrotizing enterocolitis following blood transfusion. Electronic letter to the editor. Arch Dis Child Apr 14, 2005.
9. Mally P., Golombek S.G., Mishra R., et al. Association of necrotizing enterocolitis with elective packed red blood cell transfusions in stable, growing, premature neonates. Am J Perinatol 2006, 23:451-458.
10. Blau J., LaGamma E.F. A web-based call to action for cooperation in developing a multicenter trial focused on transfusion related acute gut injury (TRAGI). E-J Neonatol Res 2011, 1:152-156.
11. McGrady G.A., Rettig P.J., Istre G.R., et al. An outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis. Association with transfusions of packed red blood cells. Am J Epidemiol 1987, 126:1165-1172.
12. Neu J., Walker W.A. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:255-264.
13. Mescher A.L. Digestive tract. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas 2010, McGraw-Hill, New York, chap 15. 12th ed. A.L. Mescher (Ed.).
14. Carlson B.M. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 2004, Mosby, Saint Louis. 3rd ed.
15. Barrett K.E. Gastrointestinal Physiology 2006, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, New York, NY, chap 1.
16. Hasibeder W. Gastrointestinal microcirculation: Still a mystery?. Br J Anaesth 2010, 105:393-396.
17. Han X., Fink M.P., Yang R., et al. Increased iNOS activity is essential for intestinal epithelial tight junction dysfunction in endotoxemic mice. Shock 2004, 21:261-270.
18. Hart M.L., Grenz A., Gorzolla I.C., et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent protection from intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury involves ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and the A2B adenosine receptor. J Immunol 2011, 186:4367-4374.
19. Pontell L., Sharma P., Rivera L.R., et al. Damaging effects of ischemia/reperfusion on intestinal muscle. Cell Tissue Res 2011, 343:411-419.
20. Vollmar B., Menger M.D. Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion: Microcirculatory pathology and functional consequences. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011, 396:13-29.
21. Sturm A., Dignass A.U. Epithelial restitution and wound healing in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14:348-353.
22. Iizuka M., Konno S. Wound healing of intestinal epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2011, 17:2161-2171.
23. Attard J.A., Raval M.J., Martin G.R., et al. The effects of systemic hypoxia on colon anastomotic healing: An animal model. Dis Colon Rectum 2005, 48:1460-1470.
24. Gookin J.L., Rhoads J.M., Argenzio R.A. Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates early epithelial repair of porcine ileum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002, 283:G157-G168.
25. Kubes P., McCafferty D.M. Nitric oxide and intestinal inflammation. Am J Med 2000, 109:150-158.
26. Pagani A., Nai A., Corna G., et al. Low hepcidin accounts for the proinflammatory status associated with iron deficiency. Blood 2011, 118:736-746.
27. Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A guide for programme managers 2001, 1-114. World Health Organization, WHO/NHD/01.3.
28. Gomella T.L., Cunnigham M.D., Eyal F.G., et al. Handbook of Neonatology 1999, 316. 4th ed.
29. Kliegman R.M., Walsh M.C. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: Pathogenesis, classification, and spectrum of disease. Curr Probl Pediatr 1987, 17:213-288.
30. Widness J.A. Pathophysiology of anemia during the neonatal period, including anemia of prematurity. NeoReviews 2008, 9:e520-e525.
31. Salsbury D.C. Anemia of prematurity. Neonatal Netw 2001, 20:13-20.
32. Bishara N., Ohls R.K. Current controversies in the management of the anemia of prematurity. Semin Perinatol 2009, 33:29-34.
33. Terrenato L., Bertilaccio C., Spinelli P., et al. The switch from haemoglobin F to A: The time course of qualitative and quantitative variations of haemoglobins after birth. Br J Haematol 1981, 47:31-41.
34. Schreml S., Szeimies R.M., Prantl L., et al. Oxygen in acute and chronic wound healing. Br J Dermatol 2010, 163:257-268.
35. Ohls R.K. Core concepts: The biology of hemoglobin. NeoReviews 2011, 12:e29-e38.
36. Lachance C., Chessex P., Fouron J.C., et al. Myocardial, erythropoietic and metabolic adaptations to anemia of prematurity. J Pediatr 1994, 125:278-282.
37. Reber K.M., Nankervis C.A., Nowicki P.T. Newborn intestinal circulation. Physiology and pathophysiology. Clin Perinatol 2002, 29:23-29.
38. Gutierrez G. Cellular energy metabolism during hypoxia. Crit Care Med 1919, 19:619-626.
39. Caplan M.S., Jilling T. New concepts in necrotizing enterocolitis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001, 13:111-115.
40. Caplan M.S., Jilling T. The pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. NeoReviews 2001, 2:103-109.
41. Jonsson K., Jensen J.A., Goodson W.H., et al. Tissue oxygenation, anemia and perfusion in relation to wound healing in surgical patients. Ann Surg 1991, 214:605-613.
42. Haisjackl M., Luz G., Sparr H., et al. The effects of progressive anemia on jejunal mucosal and serosal tissue oxygenation in pigs 1997, 538-544. 8.
43. van Bommel J., Siegemund M., Henny C.P., et al. Critical hematocrit in intestinal tissue oxygenation during severe normovolemic hemodilution. Anesthesiology 2001, 94:152-160.
44. Miyaji K., Hara Y. Effect of riboflavin or iron deficiency on the cell renewal rate of intestinal mucosa. J Vitaminol 1966, 12:89-97.
45. Bednarek F.J., Weisberger S., Richardson D.K., et al. Variations in blood transfusions among newborn intensive care units. SNAP II Study Group. J Pediatr 1998, 133:601-607.
46. Calo J.M., Dozor D., et al. Transfusion-related acute gut injury: Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birthweight neonates after packed red blood cell transfusion. J Pediatr 2011, 158:403-409.
47. Paul D.A., Mackley A., Novitsky A., et al. Increased odds of necrotizing enterocolitis after transfusion of red blood cells in premature infants. Pediatrics 2011, 127:635-641.
48. El-Dib M., Narang S., Lee E., et al. Red blood cell transfusion, feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. J Perinatol 2011, 31:183-187.
49. Ledbetter D.J., Juul S.E. Erythropoietin and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with very low birth weight. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:178-182.
50. Ohls R.K. Erythropoietin to prevent and treat the anemia of prematurity. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999, 11:108-114.
51. Von Kohorn I., Ehrenkranz R.A. Anemia in the preterm infant: Erythropoietin versus erythrocyte transfusion-It's not that simple. Clin Perinatol 2009, 36:111-123.
52. Ohlsson A., Aher S.M. Early erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, CD004863.
53. Romagnoli C., Zecca E., Gallini F., et al. Do recombinant human erythropoietin and iron supplementation increase the risk of retinopathy of prematurity?. Eur J Pediatr 2000, 159:627-628.
54. Mainie P. Is there a role for erythropoietin in neonatal medicine?. Early Hum Dev 2008, 84:525-553.
55. Ohls R.K., Ehrenkranz R.A., Das A., et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome and growth at 18 to 22 months' corrected age in extremely low birth weight infants treated with early erythropoietin and iron. Pediatrics 2004, 114:1287-1291.
56. Jacobs A. Iron-containing enzymes in the buccal epithelium. Lancet 1961, 2:1331-1333.
57. Dagg J.H., Jackson J.M., Curry B., et al. Cytochrome oxidase in latent iron deficiency (sideropenia). Br J Haematol 1966, 12:331-333.
58. Chandra R.K. Reduced bactericidal capacity of polymorphs in iron deficiency. Arch Dis Child 1973, 48:864-866.
59. Macdougall L.G., Anderson R., McNab G.M., et al. The immune response in iron-deficient children: Impaired cellular defense mechanisms with altered humoral components. J Pediatr 1975, 86:833-843.
60. Chandra R.K., Saraya A.K. Impaired immunocompetence associated with iron deficiency. J Pediatr 1975, 86:899-902.
61. Srikantia S.G., Prasad J.S., Bhaskaram C., et al. Anaemia and immune response. Lancet 1976, 1:1307-1309.
62. Yetgin S., Altay C., Ciliv G., et al. Myeloperoxidase activity and bactericidal function of PMN in iron deficiency. Acta Haematol 1979, 61:10-14.
63. Dallman P.R. Biochemical basis for the manifestations of iron deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr 1986, 6:12-40.
64. Braekke K., Bechensteen A.G., Halvorsen B.L., et al. Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status after oral iron supplementation to very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 2007, 151:23-28.
65. Miller S.M., McPherson R.J., Juul S.E. Iron sulfate supplementation decreases zinc protoporphyrin to heme ratio in premature infants. J Pediatr 2006, 148:44-48.
66. Cheng C., Juu S. Iron balance in the neonate. NeoReviews 2011, 12:e148.