Bed length does not remain constant during deformation: Recognition and why it matters

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 41, Issue , 2012, Pages 86-97

  Groshong, Richard H ^a   Withjack, Martha Oliver ^b   Schlische, Roy W ^b   Hidayah, Triyani N ^b  

^a Rutgers University ^*  (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Area depth relationship; Balanced sections; Bed length change; Experimental model; Fault bend fold; Oil field structure

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; KINEMATICS; OIL FIELDS; STRATIGRAPHY;

AREA-DEPTH RELATIONSHIP; BALANCED SECTION; BED-LENGTH CHANGE; EXPERIMENTAL MODELING; FAULT BENDS; FIELD STRUCTURES;

DECELERATION;

CROSS SECTION; DEFORMATION; FAULT DISPLACEMENT; FOLD; KINEMATICS; NUMERICAL MODEL; OIL FIELD; STRAIN;

VENEZUELA;

EID: 84864003538     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.02.009     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Allmendinger R.W. Analysis of microstructures in the Meade plate of the Idaho-Wyoming foreland thrust belt, U.S.A. Tectonophysics 1982, 85:221-251.
2. Anastasio D.J., Hull J.E. Transverse fold evolution in the External Sierra, southern Pyrenees, Spain. Journal of Structural Geology 2001, 23:379-392.
3. Apotria T., Wilkerson M.S. Seismic expression and kinematics of a fault-related fold termination: Rosario structure, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. Journal of Structural Geology 2002, 24:671-687.
4. Apotria T., Wilkerson M.S. Rosario field, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-Related Folds: AAPG Seismic Atlas, Studies in Geology 2005, vol. 53:71-76. J.H. Shaw, C. Connors, J. Suppe (Eds.).
5. Atkinson P.K., Wallace W.K. Competent unit thickness variation in detachment folds in the northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska; geometric analysis and a conceptual model. Journal of Structural Geology 2003, 25:1751-1771.
6. Bally A.W., Gordy P.L., Stewart G.A. Structure, seismic data, and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Petroleum Geology Bulletin 1966, 14:337-381.
7. Burmeister K.C., Harrison M.J., Marshak S., Ferré E.C., Bannister R.A., Kodama K.P. Comparison of Fry strain ellipse and AMS ellipsoid trends to tectonic fabric trends in very low-strain sandstone of the Appalachian fold-thrust belt. Journal of Structural Geology 2009, 31:1028-1038.
8. Butler R.W.H., Paton D.A. Evaluating lateral compaction in deepwater fold and thrust belts: how much are we missing from "nature's sandbox"?. GSA Today 2010, 20:4-9. 10.1130/GSATG77A.1.
9. Chamberlin R.T. The Appalachian folds of central Pennsylvania. Journal of Geology 1910, 18:228-251.
10. Chester J.S., Logan J.M., Spang J.H. Influence of layering and boundary conditions of fault-bend and fault-propagation folding. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1991, 103:1059-1072.
11. Cloos E. Wedging, bedding plane slips, and gravity tectonics in the Appalachians. Tectonics of the Southern Appalachians 1964, vol. 1:62-70. VPI Department of Geological Sciences, Memoir, 507. W.D. Lowery (Ed.).
12. Colletta B., Letouzey J., Pinedo R., Ballard J.F., Balé P. Computerized X-ray tomography analysis of sandbox models: examples of thin-skinned thrust systems. Geology 1991, 33:1063-1067.
13. Coogan A.H., Manus R.W. Compaction and diagenesis of carbonate sands. Compaction of Coarse-Grained Sediments, I. Developments in Sedimentology - 18A 1975, 70-166. Elsevier, New York. G.V. Chillingarian, K.H. Wolf (Eds.).
14. Structural Geology in Reservoir Characterization. Geological Society (London) Special Publication 1998, vol. 127. M.P. Coward, T.S. Daltaban, H. Johnson (Eds.).
15. Craddock J.P., Klein T., Kowalczyk G., Zulauf G. Calcite twinning strains in Alpine orogen flysch: implications for thrust-nappe mechanics and the geodynamics of Crete. Lithosphere 2009, 1:174-191. 10.1130/L31.1.
16. Dahlstrom C.D.A. Balanced cross sections. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 1969, 6:743-757.
17. Dahlstrom C.D.A. Geometric constraints derived from the law of conservation of volume and applied to evolutionary models for detachment folding. AAPG Bulletin 1990, 74:336-344.
18. Dieterich J.H. Origin of cleavage in folded rocks. American Journal of Science 1969, 267:155-165.
19. Dieterich J.H. Computer experiments on mechanics of finite amplitude folds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1970, 7:467-476.
20. Donath F.A., Parker R.B. Folds and folding. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1974, 75:45-62.
21. Dunne W.M. The role of macroscale thrusts in the deformation of the Alleghanian roof sequence in the central Appalachians: a re-evaluation. American Journal of Science 1996, 296:575-594.
22. Eisenstadt G., Sims D. Evaluating sand and clay models: do rheological differences matter?. Journal of Structural Geology 2005, 27:1399-1412.
23. Engelder T., Engelder R. Fossil distortion and decollement tectonics of the Appalachian Plateau. Geology 1977, 5:457-460.
24. Epard J.-L., Groshong R.H. Excess area and depth to detachment. AAPG Bulletin 1993, 77:1291-1302.
25. Epard J.-L., Groshong R.H. Kinematic model of detachment folding including limb rotation, fixed hinges and layer-parallel strain. Tectonophysics 1995, 247:85-103.
26. Erickson S.G., Strayer S.M., Suppe J. Initiation and reactivation of faults during movement over a thrust-fault ramp: numerical mechanical models. Journal of Structural Geology 2001, 23:11-23.
27. Ferrill D.A., Groshong R.H. Kinematic model for the curvature of the northern Subalpine chain, France. Journal of Structural Geology 1993, 15:523-541.
28. Florez-Niño J.-M., Aydin A., Mavko G., Antonellini M., Ayaviri A. Fault and fracture systems in a fold and thrust belt: an example from Bolivia. AAPG Bulletin 2005, 89:471-493. 10.1306/11120404032.
29. Geiser J., Geiser P.A., Kligfield R., Ratliff R., Rowan M. New applications of computer-based section construction: strain analysis, local balancing and subsurface fault prediction. Mountain Geologist 1988, 25:47-59.
30. Gonzalez-Mieres R., Suppe J. Relief and shortening in detachment folds. Journal of Structural Geology 2006, 28:1785-1807.
31. Gonzalez-Mieres R., Suppe J. Shortening histories in active detachment folds based on area-of-relief methods. AAPG Memoir 2011, vol. 94:39-67. K. McClay, J. Shaw, J. Suppe (Eds.).
32. Groshong R.H. Strain, fracture and pressure solution in natural single-layer folds. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1975, 86:1363-1376.
33. Groshong R.H. 3-D Structural Geology 2006, Springer, Heidelberg. second ed.
34. Groshong R.H., Epard J.-L. The role of strain in area-constant detachment folding. Journal of Structural Geology 1994, 16:613-618.
35. Groshong R.H., Pfiffner O.A., Pringle L. Strain partitioning in the Helvetic thrust belt of eastern Switzerland from the leading edge to the internal zone. Journal of Structural Geology 1984, 6:5-18.
36. Hennings P. AAPG-SPE-SEG Hedberg research conference on "The geologic occurrence and hydraulic significance of fractures in reservoirs". AAPG Bulletin 2009, 93:1407-1412.
37. Hidayah, T.N., 2010. Experimental modeling of focused shortening: Understanding the structural development of reverse fault zones. M.S. thesis, Rutgers University.
38. Hossack J.R. The use of balanced cross-sections in the calculation of orogenic contraction: a review. Geological Society of London 1979, 136:705-711.
39. Hubert-Ferrari A., Suppe J., Wang J., Jia C. The Yakeng dertachment fold, South Tianshan, China. Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-Related Folds: AAPG Seismic Atlas 2005, vol. 53:110-113. Studies in Geology. J.H. Shaw, C. Connors, J. Suppe (Eds.).
40. Ismat Z., Mitra G. Folding by cataclastic flow at shallow crustal levels in the Canyon Range, Sevier orogenic belt, west-central Utah. Journal of Structural Geology 2001, 23:355-378.
41. Judge P.A., Allmendinger R.W. Assessing uncertainties in balanced cross sections. Journal of Structural Geology 2011, 33:458-467. 10.1016/j.jsg.2011.01.006.
42. Koyi H.A., Sans M., Teixell A., Cotton J., Zeyen H. The significance of penetrative strain in the restoration of shortened layers - insights from sand models and the Spanish Pyrenees. Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems 2004, vol. 82:207-222. AAPG Memoir. K.R. McClay (Ed.).
43. Krantz R.W. Measurements of friction coefficients and cohesion for faulting and fault reactivation in laboratory models using sand and sand mixtures. Tectonophysics 1991, 188:203-207.
44. Maloney D., Davies R., Imber J., Higgins S., King S. New insights into deformation mechanisms in the gravitationally driven Niger Delta deep-water fold and thrust belt. AAPG Bulletin 2010, 94:1401-1424. 10.1306/01051009080.
45. Marshak S., Woodward N. Introduction to cross-section balancing. Basic Methods of Structural Geology 1988, 303-332. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. S. Marshak, G. Mitra (Eds.).
46. McNaught M.A., Mitra G. The use of finite-strain data in constructing a retrodeformable cross section of the Meade thrust sheet, southeastern Idaho, USA. Journal of Structural Geology 1996, 18:573-583.
47. McQuarrie N., Ehlers T.A., Barnes J.B., Meade B. Temporal variation in climate and tectonic coupling in the central Andes. Geology 2008, 36:999-1002. 10.1130/G25124A.1.
48. Mead W.J. The geologic role of dilatancy. Journal of Geology 1925, 33:685-698.
49. Mitra S. Balanced structural interpretations in fold and thrust belts. Structural Geology of Fold and Thrust Belts 1992, 53-77. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. S. Mitra, G.W. Fisher (Eds.).
50. Mitra S. Fold-accommodation faults. AAPG Bulletin 2002, 86:671-693. 10.1306/61EEDB7A-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
51. Mitra S., Namson J. Equal-area balancing. American Journal of Science 1989, 283:684-721.
52. Molina A. Rosario field, Venezuela, Zulia State. AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology, Atlas of Oil and Gas Fields 1992, vol. IV:293-304. Structural Traps. N.H. Foster, E.A. Beaumont (Eds.).
53. Mulugeta G., Sokoutis D. Hanging wall accommodation styles in ramp-flat thrust models. New Insights into Structural Interpretation and Modeling. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2003, vol. 212:197-207. D.A. Nieuwland (Ed.).
54. Nickelsen R.P. Fossil distortion and penetrative rock deformation in the Appalachian plateau, Pennsylvania. Journal of Geology 1966, 74:924-931.
55. Oda M., Kazama H. Microstructure of shear bands and its relation to the mechanisms of dilatancy and failure of dense granular soils. Geotechnique 1998, 48:465-481.
56. Poblet J., Bulnes M., McClay K., Hardy S. Plots of crestal structural relief and fold area versus shortening - a graphical technique to unravel the kinematics of thrust-related folds. Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems 2004, vol. 82:372-399. AAPG Memoir. K.R. McClay (Ed.).
57. Ramsay J.G., Huber M.I. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Folds and Fractures 1987, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
58. Restrepo-Pace P.A., Colmenares F., Higuera C., Mayorga M. A fold-and-thrust belt along the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia - Style, kinematics, and timing constraints derived from seismic data and detailed surface mapping. Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems 2004, vol. 82:598-613. AAPG Memoir. K.R. McClay (Ed.).
59. Serra, S., 1977. Styles of deformation in ramp regions of overthrust faults. Wyoming Geological Association, 29th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, pp. 487-498.
60. Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-Related Folds 2005, vol. 53. AAPG Seismic Atlas, Studies in Geology. J.H. Shaw, C. Connors, J. Suppe (Eds.).
61. Smart K.J., Couzens-Schultz B.A. Mechanics of blind thrusting: comparison of numerical and physical modeling. Journal of Geology 2001, 109:771-779.
62. Spang J.H. Numerical dynamic analysis of calcite twin lamellae in the Greenport Center syncline. American Journal of Science 1974, 274:1044-1058.
63. Spang J.H., Walcott T.L., Serra S. Strain in the ramp regions of two minor thrusts, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geophysical Monograph 1981, 24:243-250.
64. Suppe J. Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding. American Journal of Science 1983, 283:684-721.
65. Wilkerson M.S., Dicken C.L. Quick-look techniques for evaluating two-dimensional cross sections in detached contractional settings. AAPG Bulletin 2001, 85:1759-1770.
66. Wiltschko D.V., Groshong R.H. The Chamberlin 1910 balanced section: context, contribution, and critical reassessment. Journal of Structural Geology 2012, 41C:7-23.
67. Withjack M.O., Schlische R.W. Geometric and experimental models of extensional fault-bend folds. Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Crustal-Scale Processes. Geological Society (London) Special Publication 2006, vol. 253:285-305. S.J.H. Buiter, G. Schreurs (Eds.).
68. Woodward N.B., Boyer S.E., Suppe J. Balanced geological cross-sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. American Geophysical Union Short Course in Geology 1989, 6.
69. Wojtal S. Deformation within foreland thrust sheets by populations of minor faults. Journal of Structural Geology 1986, 8:341-360.
70. Yonkee A. Strain patterns within part of the Willard thrust sheet, Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt. Journal of Structural Geology 2005, 27:1315-1343.