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Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 234-250

Pharmaceutical Companies and Global Lack of Access to Medicines: Strengthening Accountability under the Right to Health

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRUG;

EID: 84864003285     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00661.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (73)
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    • These three broad categories are taken from T. Pogge, M. Rimmer, and K. Rubenstein, "Introduction: Access to Essential Medicines: Public Health and International Law, " in T. Pogge, M. Rimmer, and K. Rubenstein, eds., Incentives for Global Public Health: Patent Law and Access to Essential Medicines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010): at 3-8.
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    • For example, many countries may lack the necessary infrastructure, such drug manufacturing facilities, to make use of voluntary or compulsory licenses or the technical capacity to take advantage of opposition or revocation procedures.
    • For example, many countries may lack the necessary infrastructure, such drug manufacturing facilities, to make use of voluntary or compulsory licenses or the technical capacity to take advantage of opposition or revocation procedures.
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    • See B. Tórrez, "Honduras: Analysis of the Impact of the Collective of Honduran Women (CODEMUH) on Workers' Rights and Occupational Health, 2002 to 2005, " Oxfam International, 2008; F. McLeay, "Corporate Codes of Conduct and the Human Rights Accountability of Transnational Corporations - A Small Piece of a Large Puzzle, " NYU School of Law, Global Law Working Paper Series 01/05, Symposium: Transnational Corporations and Human Rights (2005), at 5-6, available at <> (last visited May 10, 2012).
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    • See Fortune 500's 2011 annual ranking of America's largest corporations, available at <> (last visited May 10, 2012); and International Monetary Fund, "Nominal GDP List of Countries for the Year 2010, " World Economic Outlook Database, September 2011, available at <> (last visited May 10, 2012).
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    • For example, the right to life, a paradigmatic first-generation, negative right, imposes a positive duty upon the state to establish and maintain law enforcement and judicial mechanisms. At the same time, the right to health, a second-generation, positive right, imposes negative duties upon the state, including the right to be free from interference by the state in matters concerning one's health, for example through non-consensual medical treatment and experimentation, and the right to be free from discrimination in access to health goods and services.
    • For example, the right to life, a paradigmatic first-generation, negative right, imposes a positive duty upon the state to establish and maintain law enforcement and judicial mechanisms. At the same time, the right to health, a second-generation, positive right, imposes negative duties upon the state, including the right to be free from interference by the state in matters concerning one's health, for example through non-consensual medical treatment and experimentation, and the right to be free from discrimination in access to health goods and services.
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    • GlaxoSmithKline's Corporate Responsibility Report has a section titled "Access to Medicines," in which there is a sub-section titled "Engaging on the human right to health." This sub-section references the company's response to the former Special Rapporteur's mission to the company in 2008. It states: "Pharmaceutical companies, including GSK, must make their medicines as affordable as possible to people in the world's poorest communities, in a sustainable manner. We must invest in research into diseases of the developing world because new prevention tools and treatments are urgently needed. We must work with others to find innovative solutions to delivering our medicines and vaccines to the people who need them most." It was available at <>.
    • GlaxoSmithKline's 2010 Corporate Responsibility Report has a section titled "Access to Medicines, " in which there is a sub-section titled "Engaging on the human right to health." This sub-section references the company's response to the former Special Rapporteur's mission to the company in 2008. It states: "Pharmaceutical companies, including GSK, must make their medicines as affordable as possible to people in the world's poorest communities, in a sustainable manner. We must invest in research into diseases of the developing world because new prevention tools and treatments are urgently needed. We must work with others to find innovative solutions to delivering our medicines and vaccines to the people who need them most." It was available at <>.
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.