Dyslipidemia, statins, and CKD patients' outcomes - review of the evidence in the post-sharp era

Journal of Nephrology

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 460-472

  Heymann, Eric P ^a   Kassimatis, Theodoros I ^b   Goldsmith, David J A ^c  

^a Cantonal Hospital   (Switzerland)

^b IASO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Dyslipidemia; Outcomes; Statins

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; FOSINOPRIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PITAVASTATIN; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN;

ALBUMINURIA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BINDING; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART PROTECTION; HEMATURIA; HEMODIALYSIS; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; KIDNEY INJURY; LIVER DISEASE; MICROALBUMINURIA; MUSCLE DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEINURIA; RENAL PROTECTION; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHRONIC DISEASE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY DISEASES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84863884462     PISSN: 11218428     EISSN: 17246059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5301/jn.5000154     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, et al. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1700-1707.
2. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22.
3. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial--Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Drugs. 2004;64 Suppl 2:43-60.
4. Kassimatis TI, Konstantinopoulos PA. The role of statins in chronic kidney disease (CKD): friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther. 2009;122:312-323.
5. Covic A, Gusbeth-Tatomir P, Goldsmith D. Negative outcome studies in end-stage renal disease: how dark are the storm clouds? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:56-61.
6. Attman PO, Alaupovic P, Tavella M, Knight-Gibson C. Abnormal lipid and apolipoprotein composition of major lipoprotein density classes in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11:63-69.
7. Muntner P, Hamm LL, Kusek JW, Chen J, Whelton PK, He J. The prevalence of nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:9-17.
8. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2181-2192.
9. Falk E. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:C7-12.
10. Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Ishimura E, Inaba M, Morii H. Paradox of risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in uremia: is a higher cholesterol level better for atherosclerosis in uremia? Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:S4-7.
11. Liu Y, Coresh J, Eustace JA, et al. Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients: role of inflammation and malnutrition. JAMA. 2004;291:451-459.
12. London GM, Parfrey PS. Cardiac disease in chronic uremia: pathogenesis. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 1997;4:194-211.
13. Schwarz U, Buzello M, Ritz E, et al. Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:218-223.
14. Parfrey PS, Foley RN. The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10: 1606-1615.
15. Parving HH, Smidt UM, Friisberg B, Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Andersen AR. A prospective study of glomerular filtration rate and arterial blood pressure in insulin-dependent diabetics with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia. 1981;20: 457-461.
16. Viberti GC, Bilous RW, Mackintosh D, Keen H. Monitoring glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy. A prospective study. Am J Med. 1983;74:256-264.
17. Abrass CK. Cellular lipid metabolism and the role of lipids in progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol. 2004;24:46-53.
18. Chait A, Heinecke JW. Lipoprotein modification: cellular mechanisms. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5:365-370.
19. Rutledge JC, Ng KF, Aung HH, Wilson DW. Role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:361-370.
20. Grone HJ, walli A, Grone E, et al. Induction of glomeruloscle-rosis by dietary lipids. A functional and morphologic study in the rat. Lab Invest. 1989;60:433-446.
21. Rayner HC, Ross-Gilbertson VL, Walls J. The role of lipids in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis in the rat following subtotal nephrectomy. Eur J Clin Invest. 1990;20:97-104.
22. O'Donnell M P, Kasiske BL, Katz SA, Schmitz PG, Keane w F. Lovastatin but not enalapril reduces glomerular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension. 1992;20:651-658.
23. Rubin R, Silbiger S, Sablay L, Neugarten J. Combined anti-hypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy in experimental glo-merulonephritis. Hypertension. 1994;23:92-95.
24. Rossouw JE, Lewis B, Rifkind BM. The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323:1112-1119.
25. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 1990;343:425-430.
26. Van Aelst L, D'Souza-Schorey C. Rho GTPases and signaling networks. Genes Dev. 1997;11:2295-2322.
27. Keller D. Atorvastatin beats rosuvastatin in protecting kidneys in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Presented at the XLVII European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Congress. June 27, 2010.
28. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvas-tatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005-2016.
29. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR, et al. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus 'usual' care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18:220-228.
30. Koren MJ, Hunninghake DB. Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1772-1779.
31. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, et al. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1131-1139.
32. Kimura K, Shimano H, yokote K, Urashima M, Teramoto T. Effects of pitavastatin (LIVALO tablet) on the estimated glo-merular filtration rate (eGFR) in hypercholesterolemic patients with chronic kidney disease. Sub-analysis of the LIVALO Effectiveness and Safety (LIVES) Study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010;17:601-609.
33. Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention-an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1266-1273.
34. Atthobari J, Brantsma AH, Gansevoort RT, et al. The effect of statins on urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate: results from both a randomized clinical trial and an observational cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21:3106-3114.
35. Rahman M, Baimbridge C, Davis BR, et al. Progression of kidney disease in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin versus usual care: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:412-424.
36. Kalaitzidis RG, Bakris GL. Should proteinuria reduction be the criterion for antihypertensive drug selection for patients with kidney disease? Curr Opin Nephrol. Hypertens. 2009;18:386-391.
37. Deslypere J P, Delanghe J, Vermeulen A. Proteinuria as complication of simvastatin treatment. Lancet. 1990;336:1453.
38. Scott LJ, Curran M P, Figgitt D P. Rosuvastatin: a review of its use in the management of dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2004;4:117-138.
39. Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Gazi I, Kostara C, Bairaktari ET, Elisaf M. Rosuvastatin increases alpha-1 microglobulin urinary excretion in patients with primary dyslipidemia. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46:1337-1343.
40. Verhulst A, D'Haese PC, De Broe ME. Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase reduce receptor-mediated endocytosis in human kidney proximal tubular cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15:2249-2257.
41. Shepherd J, Vidt DG, Miller E, Harris S, Blasetto J. Safety of rosuvastatin: update on 16,876 rosuvastatin-treated patients in a multinational clinical trial program. Cardiology. 2007;107:433-443.
42. Faergeman O, Hill L, Windler E, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin when force-titrated in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: results from the ECLIPSE study. Cardiology. 2008;111:219-228.
43. Ozsoy RC, Koopman MG, Kastelein JJ, Arisz L. The acute effect of atorvastatin on proteinuria in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2005;63:245-249.
44. Lee TM, Lin MS, Tsai CH, Chang NC. Add-on and withdrawal effect of pravastatin on proteinuria in hypertensive patients treated with AT receptor blockers. Kidney Int. 2005;68:779-787.
45. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Beaulieu M, Er L. Variability and risk factors for kidney disease progression and death following attainment of stage 4 CKD in a referred cohort. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:661-671.
46. Schmieder RE, Mann J F, Schumacher H, et al. Changes in albuminuria predict mortality and morbidity in patients with vascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:1353-1364.
47. Tonelli M, Moye L, Sacks FM, Kiberd B, Curhan G. Pravas-tatin for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in persons with mild chronic renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:98-104.
48. Tonelli M, Isles C, Curhan GC, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in people with chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2004;110:1557-1563.
49. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1448-1454.
50. Kassimatis TI, Goldsmith DJ. New hope for chronic kidney disease patients after the JUPITER trial: myth or reality? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:529.
51. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, et al. Effects of fos-inopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation. 2004;110:2809-2816.
52. Holdaas H, Fellstrom B, Jardine AG, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2024-2031.
53. Szummer K, Lundman P, Jacobson SH, et al. Association between statin treatment and outcome in relation to renal function in survivors of myocardial infarction. Kidney Int. 2011;79:997-1004.
54. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:238-248.
55. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodi-alysis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1395-1407.
56. Strippoli GF, Craig JC. Sunset for statins after AURORA? N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1455-1457.
57. Kassimatis TI, Konstantinopoulos PA. Rosuvastatin in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:93; author reply 94-95.
58. Stevens KK, Jardine AG. SHARP: a stab in the right direction in chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2011;377:2153-2154.
59. Fried L F, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2001;59:260-269.
60. Sandhu S, wiebe N, Fried L F, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2006-2016.
61. Douglas K, O'Malley PG, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:117-124.
62. Navaneethan SD, Pansini F, Perkovic V, et al. HMG CoA re-ductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD007784.
63. Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2008;336:645-651.
64. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267-1278.
65. Palmer SC, Strippoli GF. Cardiovascular diseases: Lipid-low-ering in CKD-at the SHARP end of the evidence? Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:609-611.
66. Janda S, Young A, Fitzgerald JM, Etminan M, Swiston J. The effect of statins on mortality from severe infections and sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2010;25(4):656 e7-22.
67. Hsu J, Andes DR, Knasinski V, Pirsch J, Safdar N. Statins are associated with improved outcomes of bloodstream infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:1343-1351.
68. Gupta R, Plantinga LC, Fink NE, et al. Statin use and sepsis events [corrected] in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA. 2007;297:1455-1464.