Population dynamics

Biology and Management of White-Tailed Deer

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 147-180

  DeYoung, Charles A ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY KINGSVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863869557     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (182)

1. Armstrong, R. A. 1950. Fetal development of the northern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis Miller). American Midland Naturalist 43:650-666.
2. Arnason, A. N., C. J. Schwarz, and J. M. Gerrard. 1991. Estimating closed population size and number of marked animals from sighting data. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:716-730.
3. Baker, R. H. 1984. Origin, classification and distribution. In White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management, ed. L. K. Halls, 1-18. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
4. Ballard, W. B., D. Lutz, T. W. Keegan, L. H. Carpenter, and J. C. deVos. 2001. Deer-predator relationships: A review of recent North American studies with emphasis on mule and black-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:99-115.
5. Ballard, W. B., H. A. Whitlaw, S. J. Young, R. A. Jenkins, and G. J. Forbes. 1999. Predation and survival of white-tailed deer fawns in northcentral New Brunswick. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:574-579.
6. Barron, J. C. and W. F. Harwell. 1973. Fertilization rates of south Texas deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 37:179-182.
7. Bartush, W. S. and J. C. Lewis. 1981. Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns in the Wichita Mountains. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 61:23-27.
8. Beasom, S. L. 1979. Precision in helicopter censusing of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:777-780.
9. Beasom, S. L, J. C. Hood, and J. R. Cain. 1981. The effect of strip width on helicopter censusing of deer. Journal of Range Management 34:36-37.
10. Beasom, S. L., F. G. Leon, III, and D. R. Synatzske. 1986. Accuracy and precision of counting white-tailed deer with helicopters at different sampling intensities. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:364-368.
11. Beringer, J., L. P. Hansen, and O. Sexton. 1998. Detection rates of white-tailed deer with a helicopter over snow. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:24-28.
12. Bishop, C. J., G. C. White, D. J. Freddy, B. E. Watkins, and T. R. Stephenson. 2009. Effect of enhanced nutrition on mule deer population rate of change. Wildlife Monographs 172:1-28.
13. Bowman, J. L., H. A. Jacobson, D. S. Coggin, J. R. Heffelfinger, and B. D. Leopold. 2007. Survival and cause-specific mortality in adult male white-tailed deer managed under the Quality Deer Management paradigm. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 61:76-81.
14. Brinkman, T. J., C. S. DePerno, J. A. Jenks, B. S. Haroldson, and R. G. Osborn. 2005. Movement of female white-tailed deer: Effects of climate and intensive row-crop agriculture. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:1099-1111.
15. Brinkman, T. J., J. A. Jenks, C. S. DePerno, B. S. Haroldson, and R. G. Osborn. 2004. Survival of white-tailed deer in an intensively farmed region of Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:726-731.
16. Brokx, P. A. 1972. Age determination of Venezuelan white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:1060-1067.
17. Bryant, J. P., P. B. Reichardt, and T. P. Clausen. 1992. Chemically mediated interactions between woody plants and browsing mammals. Journal of Range Management 45:18-24.
18. Campbell, T. A., B. R. Laseter, W. M. Ford, and K. V. Miller. 2004. Feasibility of localized management to control white-tailed deer in forest regeneration areas. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:1124-1131.
19. Campbell, T. A., B. R. Laseter, W. M. Ford, and K. V. Miller. 2005. Population characteristics of a central Appalachian white-tailed deer herd. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:212-221.
20. Carroll, B. K. and D. L. Brown. 1977. Factors affecting neonatal fawn survival in southern-central Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:63-69.
21. Caughley, G. 1985. Harvesting of wildlife: Past, present, and future. In Game Harvest Management, eds. S. L. Beasom and S. F. Robertson, 3-14. Kingsville, TX: Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute.
22. Cheatum, E. L. and G. H. Morton. 1946. Breeding season of the white-tailed deer in New York. Journal of Wildlife Management 10:249-263.
23. Conn, P. B., and D. R. Diefenbach. 2007. Adjusting age and stage distributions for misclassification errors. Ecology 88:1977-1983.
24. Conn, P. B. D. R. Diefenbach, J. L. Laake, M. A. Tement, and G. C. White. 2008. Bayesian analysis of wildlife age-at-harvest data. Biometrics 64:1170-1177.
25. Cook, R. L. and R. V. Hart. 1979. Ages assigned known-age Texas white-tailed deer: Tooth wear versus cementum analysis. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 33:195-201.
26. Cook, R. S., M. White, D. O. Trainer, and W. C. Glazner. 1971. Mortality of young white-tailed deer fawns in south Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 35:47-56.
27. Cooper, S. M., M. K. Owens, D. E. Spalinger, and T. F. Ginnett. 2003. The architecture of shrubs after defoliation and the subsequent feeding behavior of browsers. Oikos 100:387-393.
28. Croon, G. W., D. R. McCullough, C. E. Olson, Jr., and L. M. Queal. 1968. Infrared scanning techniques for big game censusing. Journal of Wildlife Management 32:751-759.
29. Cypher, B. L. 1991. A technique to improve spotlight observations of deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:391-393.
30. Dapson, R. W., P. R. Ramsey, M. H. Smith, and D. F. Urbston. 1979. Demographic differences in contiguous populations of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:889-898.
31. DelGuidice, G. D., J. Fieberg, M. R. Riggs, M. C. Powell, and W. Pan. 2006. A long-term age-specific survival analysis of female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:1556-1568.
32. DelGiudice, G. D., M. S. Lenarz, and M. C. Powell. 2007. Age-specific fertility and fecundity in northern free-ranging white-tailed deer: Evidence for reproductive senescence? Journal of Mammalogy 88:427-435.
33. Demarais, S., D. Stewart, and R. N. Griffin. 1999. A Hunter’s Guide to Aging and Judging Live White-tailed Deer in the Southeast. Mississippi State University Extension Service Publication 2206. Mississippi State, Mississippi.
34. D’Eon, R. G. 2001. Using snow-track surveys to determine deer winter distribution and habitat. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:879-887.
35. DePerno, C. S., J. A. Jenks, S. L. Griffin, and L. A. Rice. 2000. Female survival rates in a declining white-tailed deer population. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:1030-1037.
36. DeYoung, C. A. 1985. Accuracy of helicopter surveys of deer in south Texas. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:146-149.
37. DeYoung, C. A. 1989a. Aging live white-tailed deer on southern ranges. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:519-523.
38. DeYoung, C. A. 1989b. Mortality of adult male white-tailed deer in south Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:513-518.
39. DeYoung, C. A. 1990. Inefficiency in trophy white-tailed deer harvest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:7-12.
40. DeYoung, C. A., D. L. Drawe, T. E. Fulbright et al. 2008. Density dependence in deer populations: Relevance for management in variable environments. In Wildlife Science: Linking Ecological Theory and Management Applications, eds. T. E. Fulbright and D. G. Hewitt, 202-222. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
41. DeYoung, C. A., F. S. Guthery, S. L. Beasom, S. P. Coughlin, and J. R. Heffelfinger. 1989. Improving estimates of white-tailed deer abundance from helicopter surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:275-279.
42. DeYoung, C. A., J. R. Heffelfinger, S. P. Coughlin, and S. L. Beasom. 1988. Accuracy of track counts to estimate white-tailed deer abundance. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 42:464-469.
43. DeYoung, R. W., S. Demarias, K. L. Gee, R. L. Honeycutt, M. W. Hellickson, and R. A. Gonzales. 2009. Molecular evaluation of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) mating system. Journal of Mammalogy 90:946-953.
44. Ditchkoff, S. S., E. R. Welch, Jr., R. L. Lochmiller, R. E. Masters, and W. R. Starry. 2001. Age-specific causes of mortality among male white-tailed deer support mate-competition theory. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:552-559.
45. Downing, R. L. and D. C. Guynn, Jr. 1985. A generalized sustained yield table for white-tailed deer. In Game Harvest Management, eds. S. L. Beasom and S. F. Roberson, 95-103. Kingsville, TX: Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute.
46. Downing, R. L., W. H. Moore, and J. Kight. 1965. Comparison of deer census techniques applied to a known population in a Georgia enclosure. Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissions 19:26-30.
47. Draeger, D. A. 1996. Predicting seasonal flux in white-tailed deer carrying capacity in south Texas: Root-plowed versus undisturbed sites. MS thesis, Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
48. Dusek, G. L., A. K. Wood, and S. T. Stewart. 1992. Spatial and temporal patterns of mortality among female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:645-650.
49. Eberhardt, L. and R. C. Van Etten. 1956. Evaluation of the pellet group count as a deer census method. Journal of Wildlife Management 20:70-74.
50. Etter, D. R., K. M. Hollis, T. R. Van Deelen et al. 2002. Survival and movements of white-tailed deer in suburban Chicago, Illinois. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:500-510.
51. Evans, W. 1975. Methods of estimating densities of white-tailed deer. PhD dissertation, Texas A&M University.
52. Fafarman, K. R. and C. A. DeYoung. 1986. Evaluation of spotlight counts of deer in south Texas. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:180-185.
53. Folk, M. J. and W. D. Klimstra. 1991. Reproductive performance of female Key deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:386-390.
54. Fritzen, D. E., R. F. Labisky, D. E. Easton, and J. C. Kilgo. 1995. Nocturnal movements of white-tailed deer: Implications for refinement of track-count surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:187-193.
55. Fryxell, J. M., D. J. T. Hussell, A. B. Lambert, and P. C. Smith. 1991. Time lags and population fluctuations in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:377-385.
56. Fuller, T. K. 1990. Dynamics of a declining white-tailed deer population in north-central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 110:1-37.
57. Fuller, T. K. 1991. Do pellet counts index white-tailed deer numbers and population change? Journal of Wildlife Management 55:393-396.
58. Gaillard, J. M., M. Festa-Blanchet, N. G. Yoccoz, A. Loison, and C. Toigo. 2000. Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:367-393.
59. Gavin, T. A., L. H. Suring, P. A. Vohs, Jr., and E. C. Meslow. 1984. Population characteristics, spatial organization, and natural mortality in the Columbian white-tailed deer. Wildlife Monographs 91:1-41.
60. Gee, K. L., J. H. Holman, M. K. Causey, A. N. Rossi, and J. B. Armstrong. 2002. Aging white-tailed deer by tooth replacement and wear: A critical evaluation of a time-honored technique. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:387-393.
61. Gilbert, F. F. 1966. Aging white-tailed deer by annuli in the cementum of the first molar. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:200-202.
62. Gilbert, F. F. and S. L. Stolt. 1970. Variability in aging Maine white-tailed deer by tooth-wear characteristics. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:532-535.
63. Gill, R. M. A., M. L. Thomas, and D. Stocker. 1997. The use of portable thermal imaging for estimating deer population density in forested habitats. Journal of Applied Ecology 34:1273-1286.
64. Grahmann, E. D. 2009. Effects of three deer densities and supplemental feeding on vegetation in the western Rio Grande Plains of Texas. MS thesis, Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
65. Graves, H. B., E. D. Bellis, and W. M. Knuth. 1972. Censusing white-tailed deer by airborne thermal infrared imagery. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:875-884.
66. Hamilton, R. J., M. L. Tobin, and W. G. Moore. 1985. Aging fetal white-tailed deer. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 39:389-395.
67. Hamlin, K. L., D. F. Pac, C. A. Sime, R. M. DeSimone, and G. L. Dusek. 2000. Evaluating the accuracy of ages obtained by two methods for Montana ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:441-449.
68. Harlow, R. F. and R. L. Downing. 1967. Evaluating the deer track census method used in the Southeast. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 21:39-41.
69. Haroldson, B. S., E. P. Wiggers, J. Beringer, L. P. Hansen, and J. B. McAninch. 2003. Evaluation of aerial thermal imaging for detecting white-tailed deer in a deciduous forest environment. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:1188-1197.
70. Haugen, A. O. 1975. Reproductive performance of white-tailed deer in Iowa. Journal of Mammalogy 56:151-159.
71. Haugen, A. O. and D. W. Speake. 1958. Determining age of young fawn white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 22:319-321.
72. Haukioja, E. 1980. On the role of plant defences in the fluctuation of herbivore populations. Oikos 35:202-213.
73. Havens, K. J. and E. J. Sharp. 1998. Using thermal imagery in the aerial survey of animals. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:17-23.
74. Haynes, G. 1983. A guide for differentiating mammalian carnivore taxa responsible for gnaw damage to herbivore limb bones. Paleobiology 9:164-172.
75. Heffelfinger, J. 2006. Deer of the Southwest. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
76. Hellickson, M. W., K. V. Miller, C. A. DeYoung, R. L. Marchinton, S. W. Stedman, and R. E. Hall. 2008. Physical characteristics for age estimation of male white-tailed deer in southern Texas. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 62:40-45.
77. Hiller, T. L., H. Campa, III, and S. R. Winterstein. 2008. Survival and space use of fawn white-tailed deer in southern Michigan. American Midland Naturalist 159:403-412.
78. Hobbs, N. T. and D. M. Swift. 1985. Estimates of habitat carrying capacity incorporating explicit nutritional constraints. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:814-822.
79. Holsworth, W. N. 1973. Hunting efficiency and white-tailed deer density. Journal of Wildlife Management 37:336-342.
80. Holt, R. D. 2008. Theoretical perspectives on resource pulses. Ecology 89:671-681.
81. Holzenbein, S. and R. L. Marchinton. 1992. Emigration and mortality in orphaned male white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:147-153.
82. Hoskinson, R. L. and L. D. Mech. 1976. White-tailed deer migration and its role in wolf predation. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:429-441.
83. Huegel, C. N., R. B. Dahlgren, and H. L. Gladfelter. 1985. Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns in south-central Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:377-380.
84. Jacobson, H. A., D. C. Guynn, R. N. Griffin, and D. Lewis. 1979. Fecundity of white-tailed deer in Mississippi and periodicity of corpora lutea and lactation. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 33:30-35.
85. Jacobson, H. A., J. C. Kroll, R. W. Browning, B. H. Koerth, and M. H. Conway. 1997. Infrared-triggered cameras for censusing white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:547-556.
86. Jacobson, H. A. and R. J. Reiner. 1989. Estimating age of white-tailed deer: Tooth wear versus cementum annuli. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 43:286-291.
87. Jones, P. D., S. Demarias, B. K. Strickland, and S. L. Edwards. 2008. Soil region effects on white-tailed deer forage protein content. Southeastern Naturalist 7:595-606.
88. Kammermeyer, K. E. and R. L. Marchinton. 1976. Notes on dispersal of male white-tailed deer. Journal of Mammalogy 57:776-778.
89. Keyser, P. D., D. C. Guynn, Jr., and H. S. Hill, Jr. 2005. Density-dependent recruitment patterns in white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:222-232.
90. Kie, J. G., R. T. Bowyer, and K. M. Stewart. 2003. Ungulates in western forests: Habitat relationships, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes. In Mammal Community Dynamics in Western Coniferous Forests: Management and Conservation, eds. C. Zabel and R. Anthony, 296-340. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
91. Kie, J. G. and M. White. 1985. Population dynamics of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the Welder Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Southwestern Naturalist 30:105-118.
92. Koerth, B. H. and J. C. Kroll. 2000. Bait type and timing for deer counts using cameras triggered by infrared monitors. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:557-562.
93. Koerth, B. H., C. D. McKown, and J. C. Kroll. 1997. Infrared-triggered camera versus helicopter counts of white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:630-635.
94. Lockhard, G. R. 1972. Further studies of dental annuli for aging white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:45-55.
95. Long, E. S., D. R. Diefenbach, C. S. Rosenberry, and B. D. Wallingford. 2008. Multiple proximate and ultimate causes of natal dispersal in white-tailed deer. Behavioral Ecology 19:1235-1242.
96. Long, E. S., D. R. Diefenbach, C. S. Rosenberry, B. D. Wallinford, and M. D. Grund. 2005. Forest cover influences dispersal distance of white-tailed deer. Journal of Mammalogy 86:623-629.
97. Macnab, J. 1985. Carrying capacity and related slippery shibboleths. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:403-410.
98. Mandujano, S. and S. Gallina. 1995. Comparison of deer censusing methods in tropical dry forest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:180-186.
99. Mansell, W. D. 1974. Productivity of white-tailed deer on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:808-814.
100. Martin, P. S. 1970. Pleistocene niches for alien animals. BioScience 20:218-221.
101. Matson, G. 2009. Aging experience, accuracy, and precision. www.matsonslab.com. Accessed January 10, 2010.
102. Mautz, W. W. 1978. Sledding on a bushy hillside: The fat cycle in deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 6:88-90.
103. McCall, T. C., R. D. Brown, and L. C. Bender. 1997. Comparison of techniques for determining the nutritional carrying capacity for white-tailed deer. Journal of Range Management 50:33-38.
104. McClintock, B. T. and G. C. White. 2009. A less field-intensive robust design for estimating demographic parameters with mark-resight data. Ecology 90:313-320.
105. McClintock, B. T., G. C. White, M. F. Antolin, and D. W. Tripp. 2009. Estimating abundance using mark-resight when sampling is with replacement or the number of marked individuals is unknown. Biometrics 65:237-246.
106. McCoy, J. E., D. G. Hewitt, and F. C. Bryant. 2005. Dispersal by yearling male white-tailed deer and implications for management. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:366-376.
107. McCullough, D. R. 1979. The George Reserve Deer Herd. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
108. McCullough, D. R. 1982. Evaluation of night spotlighting as a deer study technique. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:963-973.
109. McCullough, D. R. 1984. Lessons from the George Reserve, Michigan. In White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management, ed. L. K. Halls, 211-242. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
110. McCullough, D. R. 1990. Detecting density dependence: Filtering the baby from the bathwater. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 55:534-543.
111. McCullough, D. R. 1992. Concepts of large herbivore population dynamics. In Wildlife 2001: Populations, eds. D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett, 967-984. London: Elsevier Applied Science.
112. McCullough, D. R. 1999. Density dependence and life-history strategies of ungulates. Journal of Mammalogy 80:1130-1146.
113. McKinley, W. T., S. Demarias, K. L. Gee, and H. A. Jacobson. 2006. Accuracy of the camera technique for estimating white-tailed deer population characteristics. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 60:83-88.
114. McNaughton, S. J. 1983. Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory. Oikos 40:329-336.
115. Meares, J. M., B. P. Murphy, C. R. Ruth, D. A. Osborn, R. J. Warren, and K. V. Miller. 2006. A quantitative evaluation of the Severinghaus technique for estimating age of white-tailed deer. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 60:89-93.
116. Moore, M. T. 2008. Evaluation of a camera census technique at three white-tailed deer densities. MS thesis, Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
117. Mooty, J. J. and P. D. Karns. 1984. The relationship between white-tailed deer track counts and pellet-group surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:275-278.
118. Morton, H. and E. L. Cheatum. 1946. Regional differences in breeding potential of white-tailed deer in New York. Journal of Wildlife Management 10:242-248.
119. Naugle, D. E., J. A. Jenks, and B. J. Kernohan. 1996. Use of thermal infrared sensing to estimate density of white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:37-43.
120. Neff, D. J. 1968. The pellet-group count technique for big game trend, census, and distribution: A review. Journal of Wildlife Management 32:597-614.
121. Nelson, M. E. 1993. Natal dispersal and gene flow in white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 74:316-322.
122. Nelson, M. E. and L. D. Mech. 1984. Home-range and dispersal of deer in northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 65:567-575.
123. Nelson, M. E. and L. D. Mech. 1986. Mortality of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:691-698.
124. Nelson, M. E. and L. D. Mech. 1990. Weights, productivity, and mortality of old white-tailed deer. Journal of Mammalogy 71:689-691.
125. Nelson, M. E. and L. D. Mech. 1992. Dispersal in female white-tailed deer. Journal of Mammalogy 73:891-894.
126. Nelson, T. A. and A. Woolf. 1987. Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns in southern Illinois. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:326-329.
127. Nixon, C. M. 1971. Productivity of white-tailed deer in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 71:217-225.
128. Nixon, C. M., L. P. Hansen, P. A Brewer, and J. E. Chelsvig. 1991. Ecology of white-tailed deer in an intensively farmed region of Illinois. Wildlife Monographs 118:1-77.
129. Nixon, C. M., P. C. Mankin, D. R. Etter et al. 2007. White-tailed deer dispersal behavior in an agricultural environment. American Midland Naturalist 157:212-220.
130. Ostfeld, R. S. and F. Keesing. 2000. Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:232-237.
131. Owen-Smith, N. 1987. Pleistocene extinctions: The pivotal role of megaherbivores. Paleobiology 13:351-362.
132. Ozoga, J. J. 1987. Maximum fecundity in supplementally-fed northern Michigan white-tailed deer. Journal of Mammalogy 68:878-879.
133. Patternson, B. R., B. A. MacDonald, B. A. Lock, D. G. Anderson, and L. K. Benjamin. 2002. Proximate factors limiting population growth of white-tailed deer in Nova Scotia. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:511-521.
134. Porter, W. F., H. B. Underwood, and J. L. Woodard. 2004. Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:247-256.
135. Potvin, F. and L. Breton. 2005. From the field: Testing 2 aerial survey techniques on deer in fenced enclosures-visual double-counts and thermal infrared sensing. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:317-325.
136. Potvin, F., L. Breton, and L. Rivest. 2004. Aerial surveys for white-tailed deer with the double-count technique in Quebec: Two 5-year plans completed. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:1099-1107.
137. Progulske, D. R. and D. C. Duerre. 1964. Factors influencing spotlight counts of deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 28:27-34.
138. Pusateri Burroughs, J., H. Campa, III, S. R. Winterstein, B. A. Rudolph, and W. E. Moritz. 2006. Cause-specific mortality and survival of white-tailed deer fawns in southwestern lower Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:743-751.
139. Quinn, W., V. Neal, and S. De Mayolo. 1987. El Niño occurrences over the past four and a half centuries. Journal of Geophysical Research 92:14449-14461.
140. Ransom, A. B. 1966. Determining age of white-tailed deer from layers in cementum of molars. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:197-199.
141. Ricca, M. A., R. G. Anthony, D. H. Jackson, and S. A. Wolfe. 2002. Survival of Columbian white-tailed deer in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:1255-1266.
142. Rice, W. R. and J. D. Harder. 1977. Application of multiple aerial sampling to a mark-recapture census of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:197-206.
143. Richards, D. and A. Brothers. 2003. Observing and Evaluating Whitetails. Boerne, TX: Dave Richards Wilds of Texas Photography.
144. Richter, A. R. and R. F. Labisky. 1985. Reproductive dynamics among disjunct white-tailed deer herds in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:964-971.
145. Roberts, C. A., B. L. Pierce, A. W. Braden et al. 2006. Comparison of camera and road survey estimates for white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:263-267.
146. Rogers, L. L. 1987. Seasonal changes in defecation rates of free-ranging white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:330-333.
147. Rollins, D., F. C. Bryant, and R. Montandon. 1984. Fecal pH and defecation rates of eight ruminants fed known diets. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:807-813.
148. Roseberry, J. L. and W. D. Klimstra. 1970. Productivity of white-tailed deer on Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:23-28.
149. Roseberry, J. L. and W. D. Klimstra. 1974. Differential vulnerability during a controlled deer harvest. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:499-507.
150. Rosenberry, C. S., M. C. Conner, and R. A. Lancia. 2001. Behavior and dispersal of white-tailed deer during the breeding season. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:171-174.
151. Rosenberry, C. S., R. A. Lancia, and M. C. Conner. 1999. Population effects of white-tailed deer dispersal. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:858-864.
152. Russell, F. L., D. B. Zippin, and N. L. Fowler. 2001. Effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on plants, plant populations and communities: A review. American Midland Naturalist 146:1-26.
153. Ryel, L. A., L. D. Fay, and R. C. Van Etten. 1961. Validity of age determination in Michigan deer. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 46:289-316.
154. Sams, M. G., R. L. Lochmiller, E. C. Hellgren, W. D. Warde, and L. W. Varner. 1996a. Morphometric predictors of neonatal age for white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:53-57.
155. Sams, M. G., R. L. Lochmiller, C. W. Qualls, Jr., D. M. Leslie, Jr., and M. E. Payton. 1996b. Physiological correlates of neonatal mortality in an overpopulated herd of white-tailed deer. Journal of Mammalogy 77:179-190.
156. Sawyer, T. G., R. L. Marchinton, and W. M. Lentz. 1990. Defecation rates of female white-tailed deer in Georgia. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:16-18.
157. Schindler, J. R., T. E. Fulbright, and T. D. A. Forbes. 2003. Influence of thorns and tannins on white-tailed deer browsing after mowing. Journal of Arid Environments 55:361-377.
158. Severinghaus, C. W. 1949. Tooth development and wear as criteria of age in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 13:195-216.
159. Shea, S. M. T. A. Breault, and M. L. Richardson. 1992. Herd density and physical conditions of white-tailed deer in Florida flatwoods. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:262-267.
160. Shea, S. M., and J. S. Osborne. 1995. Poor quality habitats. In Quality Whitetails: The Why and How of Quality Deer Management, eds. K. V. Miller and R. L. Marchinton, 193-209. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
161. Short, C. 1970. Morphological development and aging of mule and white-tailed deer fetuses. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:383-388.
162. Stoll, R. J., Jr., M. W. McClain, J. C. Clem, and T. Plageman. 1991. Accuracy of helicopter counts of white-tailed deer in western Ohio farmland. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:309-314.
163. Strickland, B. K. 1998. Using tame white-tailed deer to index carrying capacity in south Texas. MS thesis, Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
164. Strickland, B. K., D. G. Hewitt, C. A. DeYoung, and R. L. Bingham. 2005. Digestible energy requirements for maintenance of body mass of white-tailed deer in southern Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 86:56-60.
165. Teaschner, T. B. and T. E. Fulbright. 2007. Shrub biomass production following simulated herbivory: A test of the compensatory growth hypothesis. In Proceedings: Shrubland Dynamics-Fire and Water, eds. R. E. Sosbee, R. E. Wester, D. B. Briton, and C. M. McArthur, 107-111. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service RMRS-P-47.
166. Teer, J. G., J. W. Thomas, and E. A. Walker. 1965. Ecology and management of white-tailed deer in the Llano Basin of Texas. Wildlife Monographs 15:1-62.
167. Tremblay, J., I. Thibault, C. Dussault, J. Huot, and S. D. CÔté. 2005. Long-term decline in white-tailed deer browse supply: Can lichens and litterfall act as alternative food sources that preclude density-dependent feedbacks. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:1087-1096.
168. Tyson, E. L. 1952. Estimating deer populations from tracks. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 6:507-517.
169. Tyson, E. L. 1959. A deer drive vs. track census. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 24:457-464.
170. Van Deelen, T. R., H Campa III, J. B. Haufler, and P. D. Thompson. 1997. Mortality patterns of white-tailed deer in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:903-910.
171. Van Etten, R. C., D. F. Switzenberg, and L. Eberhardt. 1965. Controlled deer hunting in a square-mile enclosure. Journal of Wildlife Management 29:59-73.
172. Verme, L. J. 1965. Reproduction studies on penned white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 29:74-78.
173. Verme, L. J. 1969. Reproductive patterns of white-tailed deer related to nutritional plane. Journal of Wildlife Management 33:881-887.
174. Vreeland, J. K., D. R. Diefenbach, and B. D. Wallingford. 2004. Survival rates, mortality causes, and habitats of Pennsylvania white-tailed deer fawns. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:542-553.
175. Waller, D. M. and W. S. Alverson. 1997. The white-tailed deer: A keystone species. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:217-226.
176. Watts, D. E., I. D. Parker, R. R. Lopez, N. J. Silvey, and D. S. Davis. 2008. Distribution and abundance of endangered Florida Key deer on outer islands. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:360-366.
177. Whipple, J. D., D. L. Rollins, and W. H. Schacht. 1994. A field simulation for assessing accuracy of spotlight deer surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:667-673.
178. White, G. C. 1996. NOREMARK: Population estimation from mark-resighting surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:50-52.
179. White, G. C., D. J. Freddy, R. B. Gill, and J. H. Ellenberger. 2001. Effect of adult sex ratio on mule deer and elk productivity in Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:543-551.
180. White, G. C. and T. M. Shenk. 2001. Population estimation with radio-marked animals. In Radio Tracking and Animal Populations, eds. J. Millspaugh and J. M. Marzluff, 329-350. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
181. Whitlaw, H. A., W. B. Ballard, D. L. Sabine, S. J. Young, R. A. Jenkins, and G. J. Forbes. 1998. Survival and cause-specific mortality rates of adult white-tailed deer in New Brunswick. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1335-1341.
182. Wigley, T. B. and M. K. Johnson. 1981. Disappearance rates for deer pellets in the Southeast. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:251-253.