Fundamental concepts of epigenetics for consideration in anesthesiology

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 434-443

  Naguib, Mohamed ^a   Bie, Bihua ^a   Ting, Angela H ^b  

^a Anesthesiology Institute   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

anesthesiology; DNA methylation; epigenetics; histone modifications

Indexed keywords

5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; 5 METHYLCYTOSINE; 6 O METHYLGUANINE; ANESTHETIC AGENT; AZACITIDINE; DNA; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B; ENZYME; HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; LYSINE; METHYL CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EZH2; VORINOSTAT;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ANESTHESIOLOGY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CELL DIVISION; CHROMATIN; CPG ISLAND; CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MODIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; EPIGENETICS; EPILEPSY; GENE DISRUPTION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE REPLICATION; GENE STRUCTURE; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GLIOBLASTOMA; HISTONE ACETYLATION; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; INHERITANCE; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; REVIEW; X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION;

ANESTHESIOLOGY; ANIMALS; DNA (CYTOSINE-5-)-METHYLTRANSFERASE; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS; HUMANS;

EID: 84863809559     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: 14736500     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283556211     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Russo VEA, Martienssen RA, Riggs AD, editors (1966). Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. Woodbury: COLD Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
2. Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature 2007; 447:396-398.
3. Illingworth R, Kerr A, Desousa D, et al. A novel CpG island set identifies tissue-specific methylation at developmental gene loci. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e22.
4. Song F, Smith JF, KimuraMT, et al. Association of tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (TDMs) with differential gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3336-3341.
5. Kitamura E, Igarashi J, Morohashi A, et al. Analysis of tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (TDMs) in humans. Genomics 2007; 89:326-337.
6. Weber M, Hellmann I, Stadler MB, et al. Distribution, silencing potential and evolutionary impact of promoter DNA methylation in the human genome. Nat Genet 2007; 39:457-466.
7. Maunakea AK, Nagarajan RP, Bilenky M, et al. Conserved role of intragenic DNA methylation in regulating alternative promoters. Nature 2010; 466: 253-257.
8. Monk M, Boubelik M, Lehnert S. Temporal and regional changes in DNA methylation in the embryonic, extraembryonic and germ cell lineages during mouse embryo development. Development 1987; 99:371-382.
9. Feng S, Jacobsen SE, Reik W. Epigenetic reprogramming in plant and animal development. Science 2010; 330:622-627.
10. Bocker MT, Hellwig I, Breiling A, et al. Genome-wide promoter DNA methylation dynamics of human hematopoietic progenitor cells during differentiation and aging. Blood 2011; 117:e182-e189.
11. Kawakami K, Nakamura A, Ishigami A, et al. Age-related difference of sitespecific histone modifications in rat liver. Biogerontology 2009; 10:415-421.
12. Issa JP. Age-related epigenetic changes and the immune system. Clin Immunol 2003; 109:103-108.
13. Koch CM, Suschek CV, Lin Q, et al. Specific age-associated DNA methylation changes in human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS ONE 2011; 6:e16679.
14. Zeng Y, Tan M, Kohyama J, et al. Epigenetic enhancement of BDNF signaling rescues synaptic plasticity in aging. J Neurosci 2011; 31:17800-17810.
15. Alisch RS, Barwick BG, Chopra P, et al. Age-associated DNA methylation in pediatric populations. Genome Res 2012; 22:623-632.
16. Meissner A, Mikkelsen TS, Gu H, et al. Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature 2008; 454:766-770.
17. Mikkelsen TS, Ku M, Jaffe DB, et al. Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature 2007; 448:553-560.
18. Sharma S, De Carvalho DD, Jeong S, et al. Nucleosomes containing methylated DNA stabilize DNA methyltransferases 3A/3B and ensure faithful epigenetic inheritance. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001286.
19. Vertino PM, Sekowski JA, Coll JM, et al. DNMT1 is a component of a multiprotein DNA replication complex. Cell Cycle 2002; 1:416-423.
20. Esteller M, Garcia-Foncillas J, Andion E, et al. Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1350-1354.
21. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, et al. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10604-10609.
22. Javierre BM, Fernandez AF, Richter J, et al. Changes in the pattern of DNA methylation associate with twin discordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Genome Res 2010; 20:170-179.
23. Rakyan VK, Beyan H, Down TA, et al. Identification of type 1 diabetesassociated DNA methylation variable positions that precede disease diagnosis. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002300.
24. Szyf M, Weaver IC, Champagne FA, et al. Maternal programming of steroid receptor expression and phenotype through DNA methylation in the rat. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology 2005; 26:139-162.
25. Carone BR, Fauquier L, Habib N, et al. Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals. Cell 2010; 143:1084-1096.
26. Wolff GL, Kodell RL, Moore SR, Cooney CA. Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy/a mice. Faseb J 1998; 12:949-957.
27. Lister R, Pelizzola M, Dowen RH, et al. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature 2009; 462: 315-322.
28. Lei H, Oh SP, Okano M, et al. De novo DNA cytosine methyltransferase activities in mouse embryonic stem cells. Development 1996; 122:3195-3205.
29. Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA, Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for De novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 1999; 99:247-257.
30. Biniszkiewicz D, Gribnau J, Ramsahoye B, et al. Dnmt1 overexpression causes genomic hypermethylation, loss of imprinting, and embryonic lethality. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:2124-2135.
31. Vilkaitis G, Suetake I, Klimasauskas S, Tajima S. Processive methylation of hemimethylated CpG sites by mouse Dnmt1 DNA methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:64-72.
32. Jair KW, Bachman KE, Suzuki H, et al. De novo CpG island methylation in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:682-692.
33. Lin X, Tascilar M, Lee WH, et al. GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation is responsible for the absence of GSTP1 expression in human prostate cancer cells. Am J Pathol 2001; 159:1815-1826.
34. Yan H, Choi AJ, Lee BH, Ting AH. Identification and functional analysis of epigenetically silenced microRNAs in colorectal cancer cells. PLoS ONE 2011; 6:e20628.
35. Ando T, Yoshida T, Enomoto S, et al. DNA methylation of microRNA genes in gastric mucosae of gastric cancer patients: Its possible involvement in the formation of epigenetic field defect. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2367-2374.
36. Bandres E, Agirre X, Bitarte N, et al. Epigenetic regulation of microRNA expression in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2737-2743.
37. Han L, Witmer PD, Casey E, et al. DNA methylation regulates MicroRNA expression. Cancer Biol Ther 2007; 6:1284-1288.
38. Kozaki K, Imoto I, Mogi S, et al. Exploration of tumor-suppressive microRNAs silenced by DNA hypermethylation in oral cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2094-2105.
39. Lehmann U, Hasemeier B, Christgen M, et al. Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA gene hsa-mir-9-1 in human breast cancer. J Pathol 2008; 214:17-24.
40. Lujambio A, Calin GA, Villanueva A, et al. A microRNA DNA methylation signature for human cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13556-13561.
41. Saito Y, Liang G, Egger G, et al. Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2006; 9:435-443.
42. Toyota M, Suzuki H, Sasaki Y, et al. Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-34b/c and B-cell translocation gene 4 is associated with CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4123-4132.
43. Lujambio A, Ropero S, Ballestar E, et al. Genetic unmasking of an epigenetically silenced microRNA in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1424-1429.
44. Lodygin D, Tarasov V, Epanchintsev A, et al. Inactivation of miR-34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:2591-2600.
45. Boyes J, Bird A. DNA methylation inhibits transcription indirectly via a methyl-CpG binding protein. Cell 1991; 64:1123-1134.
46. Nan X, Campoy FJ, Bird A. MeCP2 is a transcriptional repressor with abundant binding sites in genomic chromatin. Cell 1997; 88:471-481.
47. Gaston K, Fried M. CpG methylation has differential effects on the binding of YY1 and ETS proteins to the bi-directional promoter of the Surf-1 and Surf-2 genes. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:901-909.
48. Iguchi-Ariga SM, Schaffner W. CpG methylation of the cAMP-responsive enhancer/promoter sequence TGACGTCA abolishes specific factor binding as well as transcriptional activation. Genes Dev 1989; 3:612-619.
49. Sekimata M, Murakami-Sekimata A, Homma Y. CpG methylation prevents YY1-mediated transcriptional activation of the vimentin promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:767-772.
50. Mohandas T, Sparkes RS, Shapiro LJ. Reactivation of an inactive human X chromosome: Evidence for X inactivation by DNA methylation. Science 1981; 211:393-396.
51. Li E, Beard C, Jaenisch R. Role for DNA methylation in genomic imprinting. Nature 1993; 366:362-365.
52. Bell AC, Felsenfeld G. Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene. Nature 2000; 405:482-485.
53. Frevel MA, Hornberg JJ, Reeve AE. A potential imprint control element: Identification of a conserved 42 bp sequence upstream of H19. Trends Genet 1999; 15:216-218.
54. Stadnick MP, Pieracci FM, Cranston MJ, et al. Role of a 461-bp G-rich repetitive element in H19 transgene imprinting. Dev Genes Evol 1999; 209:239-248.
55. Hark AT, Schoenherr CJ, Katz DJ, et al. CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus. Nature 2000; 405:486-489.
56. Kaffer CR, Srivastava M, Park KY, et al. A transcriptional insulator at the imprinted H19/Igf2 locus. Genes Dev 2000; 14:1908-1919.
57. Kanduri C, Pant V, Loukinov D, et al. Functional association of CTCF with the insulator upstream of the H19 gene is parent of origin-specific and methylation-sensitive. Curr Biol 2000; 10:853-856.
58. Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y, et al. Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science 2009; 324:930-935.
59. He YF, Li BZ, Li Z, et al. Tet-mediated formation of 5-carboxylcytosine and its excision by TDG in mammalian DNA. Science 2011; 333:1303-1307.
60. Ito S, Shen L, Dai Q, et al. Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science 2011; 333:1300-1303.
61. Guo JU, Su Y, Zhong C, et al. Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active DNA demethylation in the adult brain. Cell 2011; 145:423-434.
62. Daujat S, Zeissler U, Waldmann T, et al. HP1 binds specifically to Lys26-methylated histone H1.4, whereas simultaneous Ser27 phosphorylation blocks HP1 binding. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38090-38095.
63. Kuzmichev A, Jenuwein T, Tempst P, Reinberg D. Different EZH2-containing complexes target methylation of histone H1 or nucleosomal histone H3. Mol Cell 2004; 14:183-193.
64. Zhang Y, Griffin K, Mondal N, Parvin JD. Phosphorylation of histone H2A inhibits transcription on chromatin templates. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:21866-21872.
65. Schiltz RL, Mizzen CA, Vassilev A, et al. Overlapping but distinct patterns of histone acetylation by the human coactivators p300 and PCAF within nucleosomal substrates. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1189-1192.
66. Kimura A, Horikoshi M. Tip60 acetylates six lysines of a specific class in core histones in vitro. Genes Cells 1998; 3:789-800.
67. Kawasaki H, Schiltz L, Chiu R, et al. ATF-2 has intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity which is modulated by phosphorylation. Nature 2000; 405: 195-200.
68. Wang H, Cao R, Xia L, et al. Purification and functional characterization of a histone H3-lysine 4-specific methyltransferase. Mol Cell 2001; 8:1207-1217.
69. Nakamura T, Mori T, Tada S, et al. ALL-1 is a histone methyltransferase that assembles a supercomplex of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell 2002; 10:1119-1128.
70. Sedkov Y, Cho E, Petruk S, et al. Methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 in ecdysone-dependent development of Drosophila. Nature 2003; 426: 78-83.
71. Pal S, Vishwanath SN, Erdjument-Bromage H, et al. Human SWI/SNFassociated PRMT5 methylates histone H3 arginine 8 and negatively regulates expression of ST7 and NM23 tumor suppressor genes. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:9630-9645.
72. Grant PA, Eberharter A, John S, et al. Expanded lysine acetylation specificity of Gcn5 in native complexes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:5895-5900.
73. Spencer TE, Jenster G, Burcin MM, et al. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is a histone acetyltransferase. Nature 1997; 389:194-198.
74. Rea S, Eisenhaber F, O'Carroll D, et al. Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases. Nature 2000; 406:593-599.
75. Nakayama J, Rice JC, Strahl BD, et al. Role of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in epigenetic control of heterochromatin assembly. Science 2001; 292: 110-113.
76. Tachibana M, Sugimoto K, Fukushima T, Shinkai Y. Set domain-containing protein, G9a, is a novel lysine-preferring mammalian histone methyltransferase with hyperactivity and specific selectivity to lysines 9 and 27 of histone H3. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25309-25317.
77. Schultz DC, Ayyanathan K, Negorev D, et al. SETDB1: A novel KAP-1-associated histone H3, lysine 9-specific methyltransferase that contributes to HP1-mediated silencing of euchromatic genes by KRAB zinc-finger proteins. Genes Dev 2002; 16:919-932.
78. Soloaga A, Thomson S, Wiggin GR, et al. MSK2 and MSK1 mediate the mitogen- and stress-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 and HMG-14. EMBO J 2003; 22:2788-2797.
79. Anest V, Hanson JL, Cogswell PC, et al. A nucleosomal function for IkappaB kinase-alpha in NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. Nature 2003; 423:659-663.
80. Lo WS, Duggan L, Emre NC, et al. Snf1: A histone kinase that works in concert with the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 to regulate transcription. Science 2001; 293:1142-1146.
81. Bird AW, Yu DY, Pray-Grant MG, et al. Acetylation of histone H4 by Esa1 is required for DNA double-strand break repair. Nature 2002; 419:411-415.
82. Winkler GS, Kristjuhan A, Erdjument-Bromage H, et al. Elongator is a histone H3 and H4 acetyltransferase important for normal histone acetylation levels in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:3517-3522.
83. Ikura T, Ogryzko VV, Grigoriev M, et al. Involvement of the TIP60 histone acetylase complex in DNA repair and apoptosis. Cell 2000; 102:463-473.
84. Sutton A, Shia WJ, Band D, et al. Sas4 and Sas5 are required for the histone acetyltransferase activity of Sas2 in the SAS complex. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:16887-16892.
85. Howe L, Auston D, Grant P, et al. Histone H3 specific acetyltransferases are essential for cell cycle progression. Genes Dev 2001; 15:3144-3154.
86. Hsieh YJ, Kundu TK, Wang Z, et al. The TFIIIC90 subunit of TFIIIC interacts with multiple components of the RNA polymerase III machinery and contains a histone-specific acetyltransferase activity. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:7697-7704.
87. Mizzen CA, Yang XJ, Kokubo T, et al. The TAF(II)250 subunit of TFIID has histone acetyltransferase activity. Cell 1996; 87:1261-1270.
88. Daujat S, Bauer UM, Shah V, et al. Crosstalk between CARM1 Methylation and CBP Acetylation on Histone H3. Curr Biol 2002; 12:2090-2097.
89. Suka N, Suka Y, Carmen AA, et al. Highly specific antibodies determine histone acetylation site usage in yeast heterochromatin and euchromatin. Mol Cell 2001; 8:473-479.
90. Cao R, Wang L, Wang H, et al. Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in Polycomb-group silencing. Science 2002; 298:1039-1043.
91. Zhong S, Jansen C, She QB, et al. Ultraviolet B-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 28 is mediated by MSK1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:33213-33219.
92. Krogan NJ, Kim M, Tong A, et al. Methylation of histone H3 by Set2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is linked to transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4207-4218.
93. Krogan NJ, Dover J, Wood A, et al. The Paf1 complex is required for histone H3 methylation by COMPASS and Dot1p: Linking transcriptional elongation to histone methylation. Mol Cell 2003; 11:721-729.
94. Strahl BD, Briggs SD, Brame CJ, et al. Methylation of histone H4 at arginine 3 occurs in vivo and is mediated by the nuclear receptor coactivator PRMT1. Curr Biol 2001; 11:996-1000.
95. Clarke AS, Lowell JE, Jacobson SJ, Pillus L. Esa1p is an essential histone acetyltransferase required for cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 2515-2526.
96. Kuo MH, Brownell JE, Sobel RE, et al. Transcription-linked acetylation by Gcn5p of histones H3 and H4 at specific lysines. Nature 1996; 383:269-272.
97. Parthun MR, Widom J, Gottschling DE. The major cytoplasmic histone acetyltransferase in yeast: Links to chromatin replication and histone metabolism. Cell 1996; 87:85-94.
98. Kelly TJ, Qin S, Gottschling DE, Parthun MR. Type B histone acetyltransferase Hat1p participates in telomeric silencing. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:7051-7058.
99. Nishioka K, Rice JC, Sarma K, et al. PR-Set7 is a nucleosome-specific methyltransferase that modifies lysine 20 of histone H4 and is associated with silent chromatin. Mol Cell 2002; 9:1201-1213.
100. Schotta G, Lachner M, Sarma K, et al. A silencing pathway to induce H3-K9 and H4-K20 trimethylation at constitutive heterochromatin. Genes Dev 2004; 18:1251-1262.
101. Hebbes TR, Thorne AW, Crane-Robinson C. A direct link between core histone acetylation and transcriptionally active chromatin. EMBO J 1988; 7:1395-1402.
102. Grewal SI, Bonaduce MJ, Klar AJ. Histone deacetylase homologs regulate epigenetic inheritance of transcriptional silencing and chromosome segregation in fission yeast. Genetics 1998; 150:563-576.
103. Ku M, Koche RP, Rheinbay E, et al. Genomewide analysis of PRC1 and PRC2 occupancy identifies two classes of bivalent domains. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000242.
104. Bernstein BE, Mikkelsen TS, Xie X, et al. A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. Cell 2006; 125:315-326.
105. Tan M, Luo H, Lee S, et al. Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification. Cell 2011; 146:1016-1028.
106. Nan X, Ng HH, Johnson CA, et al. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex. Nature 1998; 393:386-389.
107. Fuks F, Hurd PJ, Wolf D, et al. The methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 links DNA methylation to histone methylation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:4035-4040.
108. Zhang Y, Ng HH, Erdjument-Bromage H, et al. Analysis of the NuRD subunits reveals a histone deacetylase core complex and a connection with DNA methylation. Genes Dev 1999; 13:1924-1935.
109. Ting AH, Schuebel KE, Herman JG, Baylin SB. Short double-stranded RNA induces transcriptional gene silencing in human cancer cells in the absence of DNA methylation. Nat Genet 2005; 37:906-910.
110. Morris KV, Chan SW, Jacobsen SE, Looney DJ. Small interfering RNAinduced transcriptional gene silencing in human cells. Science 2004; 305: 1289-1292.
111. Whitson JM, Noonan EJ, Pookot D, et al. Double stranded-RNA-mediated activation of P21 gene induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:446-452.
112. Sleutels F, Zwart R, Barlow DP. The noncoding Air RNA is required for silencing autosomal imprinted genes. Nature 2002; 415:810-813.
113. Pasinelli P, Belford ME, Lennon N, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisassociated SOD1 mutant proteins bind and aggregate with Bcl-2 in spinal cord mitochondria. Neuron 2004; 43:19-30.
114. Reid CA, Berkovic SF, Petrou S. Mechanisms of human inherited epilepsies. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 87:41-57.
115. Gunzburg MJ, Perugini MA, Howlett GJ. Structural basis for the recognition and cross-linking of amyloid fibrils by human apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35831-35841.
116. Esteller M. Epigenetics in cancer. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1148-1159.
117. Levenson JM, O'Riordan KJ, Brown KD, et al. Regulation of histone acetylation during memory formation in the hippocampus. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:40545-40559.
118. Naguib M, Xu J, Bie B, et al. Epigenetic suppression of neuroligin-1 underlies amyloid fibril-induced memory deficiency. American Society of Anesthesiology Annual Meeting: CHICAGO, IL; 2011. p. LBT04.
119. Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B. Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counterparts. Nature 1983; 301:89-92.
120. Goelz SE, Vogelstein B, Hamilton SR, Feinberg AP. Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms. Science 1985; 228:187-190.
121. Narayan A, Ji W, Zhang XY, et al. Hypomethylation of pericentromeric DNA in breast adenocarcinomas. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:833-838.
122. Chen RZ, Pettersson U, Beard C, et al. DNA hypomethylation leads to elevated mutation rates. Nature 1998; 395:89-93.
123. Gaudet F, Hodgson JG, Eden A, et al. Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation. Science 2003; 300:489-492.
124. Herman JG, Latif F, Weng Y, et al. Silencing of the VHL tumor-suppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:9700-9704.
125. Baylin SB, Hoppener JW, De Bustros A, et al. DNA methylation patterns of the calcitonin gene in human lung cancers and lymphomas. Cancer Res 1986; 46:2917-2922.
126. Baylin SB, Jones PA. A decade of exploring the cancer epigenome: Biological and translational implications. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:726-734.
127. De Marzo AM, Marchi VL, Yang ES, et al. Abnormal regulation of DNA methyltransferase expression during colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1999; 59:3855-3860.
128. Agoston AT, Argani P, Yegnasubramanian S, et al. Increased protein stability causes DNA methyltransferase 1 dysregulation in breast cancer. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18302-18310.
129. Abdel-Wahab O, Mullally A, Hedvat C, et al. Genetic characterization of TET1, TET2, and TET3 alterations in myeloid malignancies. Blood 2009; 114:144-147.
130. Ko M, Huang Y, Jankowska AM, et al. Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2. Nature 2010; 468:839-843.
131. Elsheikh SE, Green AR, Rakha EA, et al. Global histone modifications in breast cancer correlate with tumor phenotypes, prognostic factors, and patient outcome. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3802-3809.
132. Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, et al. LSD1 is a subunit of the NuRD complex and targets the metastasis programs in breast cancer. Cell 2009; 138:660-672.
133. Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M, et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 2002; 419:624-629.
134. Kaminskas E, Farrell AT, Wang YC, et al. FDA drug approval summary: Azacitidine (5-azacytidine, Vidaza) for injectable suspension. The oncologist 2005; 10:176-182.
135. Duvic M, Talpur R, Ni X, et al. Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood 2007; 109:31-39.
136. Kelly WK, Richon VM, O'Connor O, et al. Phase I clinical trial of histone deacetylase inhibitor: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid administered intravenously. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9 (10 Pt 1):3578-3588.
137. Nakayama M, Wada M, Harada T, et al. Hypomethylation status of CpG sites at the promoter region and overexpression of the human MDR1 gene in acute myeloid leukemias. Blood 1998; 92:4296-4307.
138. Kantharidis P, El-Osta A, deSilva M, et al. Altered methylation of the human MDR1 promoter is associated with acquired multidrug resistance. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:2025-2032.
139. Amir RE, Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, et al. Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. NatGenet 1999; 23:185-188.
140. Nan X, Tate P, Li E, Bird A. DNA methylation specifies chromosomal localization of MeCP2. MolCell Biol 1996; 16:414-421.
141. Tatton-Brown K, Hanks S, Ruark E, et al. Germline mutations in the oncogene EZH2 cause Weaver syndrome and increased human height. Oncotarget 2011; 2:1127-1133.
142. Safronova O, Morita I. Transcriptome remodeling in hypoxic inflammation. J Dent Res 2010; 89:430-444.
143. Medzhitov R, Horng T. Transcriptional control of the inflammatory response. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:692-703.
144. Bie B, Brown DL, Naguib M. Synaptic plasticity and pain aversion. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:26-31.
145. Doehring A, Geisslinger G, Lotsch J. Epigenetics in pain and analgesia: An imminent research field. Eur J Pain 2011; 15:11-16.
146. Sokolova NE, Shiryaeva NV, Dyuzhikova NA, et al. Effect of long-term mental and pain stress on the dynamics of H4 histone acetylation in hippocampal neurons of rats with different levels of nervous system excitability. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 142:341-343.
147. Uchida H, Ma L, Ueda H. Epigenetic gene silencing underlies C-fiber dysfunctions in neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4806-4814.
148. Bai G, Wei D, Zou S, et al. Inhibition of class II histone deacetylases in the spinal cord attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia. Mol Pain 2010; 6:51.
149. Zhang Z, Cai YQ, Zou F, et al. Epigenetic suppression of GAD65 expression mediates persistent pain. Nat Med 2011; 17:1448-1455.
150. Kiguchi N, Kobayashi Y, Maeda T, et al. Epigenetic augmentation of the macrophage inflammatory protein 2/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 axis through histone H3 acetylation in injured peripheral nerves elicits neuropathic pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 340:577-587.
151. Kumar A, Choi KH, Renthal W, et al. Chromatin remodeling is a key mechanism underlying cocaine-induced plasticity in striatum. Neuron 2005; 48:303-314.
152. Renthal W, Kumar A, Xiao G, et al. Genome-wide analysis of chromatin regulation by cocaine reveals a role for sirtuins. Neuron 2009; 62:335-348.
153. Jing L, Luo J, Zhang M, et al. Effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitors on behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure in mice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 494:169-173.
154. Bie B, Pan ZZ. Increased glutamate synaptic transmission in the nucleus raphe magnus neurons from morphine-tolerant rats. Mol Pain 2005; 1:7.
155. Li X, Clark JD. Morphine tolerance and transcription factor expression in mouse spinal cord tissue. Neurosci Lett 1999; 272:79-82.
156. Francis YI, Fa M, Ashraf H, et al. Dysregulation of histone acetylation in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis JAD 2009; 18:131-139.
157. Day JJ, Sweatt JD. Epigenetic mechanisms in cognition. Neuron 2011; 70:813-829.
158. Terrando N, Brzezinski M, Degos V, et al. Perioperative cognitive decline in the aging population. Mayo Clinic Proc 2011; 86:885-893.
159. Wang B, Zhu X, Kim Y, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibition activates transcription factor Nrf2 and protects against cerebral ischemic damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:928-936.
160. Baltan S, Murphy SP, Danilov CA, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors preserve white matter structure and function during ischemia by conserving ATP and reducing excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 2011; 31:3990-3999.
161. Wang Z, Yang D, Zhang X, et al. Hypoxia-induced down-regulation of neprilysin by histone modification in mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neurons. PLoS ONE 2011; 6:e19229.