Mitigating blackouts via smart relays: A machine learning approach

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 94-118

  Zhang, Yi ^a,b   Ilić, Marija D ^a   Tonguz, Ozan K ^a  

^a CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blackout; Communication networks; Machine learning; Smart protective relays; Support vector machine (SVM) classification

Indexed keywords

DATA ACQUISITION; DECISION MAKING; LEARNING SYSTEMS; MACHINE LEARNING; RELAY PROTECTION; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES; TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS;

BINARY HYPOTHESIS TESTING; BLACKOUT; INTELLIGENT DECISION MAKING; INTELLIGENT DECISIONS; LARGE-SCALE BLACKOUT; MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES; SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVMS);

OUTAGES;

EID: 84863785336     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: 15582256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2072970     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. J. Apt, L. B. Lave, S. Talukdar, M. G. Morgan, and M. D. Ilic, "Electrical blackouts: A systemic problem, " Issues Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 55-61, 2004.
2. J. Zhang and M. Kezunovic, "Improving real-time fault analysis and validating relay operations to prevent of mitigate cascading blackouts, " in Proc. IEEE PES Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo., New Orleans, LA, Oct. 2005, pp. 847-852.
3. U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, "Final report on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and recommendations, " Apr. 2004.
4. V. N. Vapnik, Statistical Learning Theory. New York: Wiley, 1998.
5. IEEE Standard for Relays and Relay Systems Associated With Electric Power Apparatus, PC37.90/D15, 2000.
6. S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, Power System Relaying. New York: Wiley, 2008.
7. S. H. Horowitz, A. G. Phadke, and J. S. Thorp, "Adaptive transmission system relaying, " IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1436-1445, Oct. 1988.
8. A. G. Phadke, "Synchronized phasor measurements-a historical overview, " in Proc. IEEE/PES Transm. Distrib. Conf. Exhib.: Asia Pacific, Oct. 2002, vol. 1, pp. 476-479.
9. D. Karlson, "System protection schemes in power networks, " in CIGRE WG38.02.19, Jun. 2001.
10. M. Zima, "Special protection schemes in electric power systems. Literature survey, " Power Syst. Lab., Swiss Federal Inst. Technol., Zurich, Switzerland, 2002.
11. P. M. Anderson and B. K. LeReverend, "Industry experience with special protection schemes, " IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1166-1179, Aug. 1996.
12. M. Kezunovic, "A survey of neural net applications to protective relaying and fault analysis, " Eng. Intell. Syst., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 185-192, Dec. 1997.
13. M. Kezunovic, I. Rikalo, and D. Sobajic, "A real-time and off-line transmission line fault classification using neural networks, " Int. J. Eng. Intell. Syst., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 57-63, Mar. 1996.
14. N. Zhang and M. Kezunovic, "Transmission line boundary protection using wavelet transform and neural network, " IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 859-869, Apr. 2007.
15. S. Vasilic, M. Kezunovic, and D. Sobajic, "Optimizing performance of a transmission line relaying algorithm implemented using an adaptive self-organized neural network, " in Proc. 14th Power Syst. Comput. Conf., Seville, Spain, Jun. 2002, session 42, pp. 1-6.
16. E. Bernabeu and J. Thorp, "Adaptive dependability and security using PMUs, " in Record i-PCGRID Workshop, Mar. 2009.
17. A. Ferrero, S. Sangiobanni, and E. Zappitelli, "A fuzzy-set approach to fault-type identification in digital relaying, " IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 169-175, Jan. 1995.
18. B. Russel, "Expert system for detecting high impedance faults, " U.S. Patent 5 550 751, 1996.
19. A. G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, "Expose hidden failures to prevent cascading outages, " IEEE Comput. Appl. Power Syst., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 20-23, 1996.
20. J. Chen, J. S. Thorp, and I. Dobson, "Cascading dynamics and mitigation assessment in power system disturbances via a hidden failure model, " Int. J. Electr. Power EnergySyst., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 318-326, May 2005.
21. D. P. Nedic, I. Dobson, D. S. Kirschen, B. A. Carreras, and V. E. Lynch, "Criticality in a cascading failure blackout model, " Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 28, pp. 627-633, 2006.
22. J. De La Ree, Y. Liu, L. Mili, A. G. Phadke, and L. Dasilva, "Catastrophic failures in power systems: Causes, analyses, and counter measures, " Proc. IEEE, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 956-964, May 2005.
23. H. L. Van Trees, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory-Part I. New York: Wiley, 1968.
24. A. D. Whalen, Detection ofSignals in Noise. New York: Academic, 1971.
25. A. Abur and A. G. Exposito, Power System State Estimation, Theory and Implementation. Harlow, U.K.: Addison-Wesley, 1999.
26. University of Washington Power systems test case archive, Seattle, WA. [Online]. Available: http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/index.html
27. Y. Zhang, M. Prica, M. Ilic, and O. K. Tonguz, "Imbedding smart relays in large electric power networks: The scalability problem, " in Proc. 38th North Amer. Power Symp., Sep. 2006, pp. 457-464.
28. E. Acuna and C. Rodriguez, "The treatment of missing values and its effect in the classifier accuracy, " in Classification, Clustering and Data Mining Applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2004, pp. 639-648.
29. J. Frank, "Artificial intelligence and intrusion detection: Current and future directions, " in Proc. 17th Nat. Comput. Security Conf., Oct. 1994, vol. 1, pp. 22-33.
30. Transmission Relay Loadability, Standard PRC-023-1. [Online]. Available: www.nerc.com/files/PRC-023-1.pdf
31. E E Bernabeu, "Methodology for a security-dependability adaptive protection scheme based on data mining, " Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Electr. Eng., Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 2009.
32. P. Schavemaker and L. van der Sluis, Electrical Power System Essentials. New York: Wiley, 2008.
33. Electrical Power Research Institute, IntelliGrid Architecture. [Online]. Available: http://intelligrid.ipower.com/IntelliGrid-Architecture/navigation/Site-Map.htm
34. R Albert, I Albert, and G L Nakarado, "Structural vulnerability of the North American power grid, " Phys. Rev. E, vol. 69, 025103, 2004.
35. A. E. Motter and Y. C. Lai, "Cascade-based attacks on complex networks, " Phys. Rev. E, vol. 66, 065102, Dec. 2002.
36. D. J. Watts, "A simple model of global cascades on random networks, " Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 99, pp. 5766-5771, 2002.
37. H. Wu, C. Qiao, S. De, and O. K. Tonguz, "Integrated cellular and ad hoc relaying systems: iCAR, " IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2105-2015, Oct. 2001.
38. O. K. Tonguz and E. Yanmaz, "The mathematical theory of dynamic load balancing in cellular networks, " IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1504-1518, Dec. 2008.
39. S. Dixit, E. Yanmaz, and O. K. Tonguz, "On the design of self-organized cellular wireless networks, " IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 86-93, Jul. 2005.
40. J. von Neuniann, "Probabilistic logics and the synthesis of reliable organisms from unreliable components, " Lectures given at the California Inst. Technol., Pasadena, Jan. 1952.
41. G. Fung and O. L. Mangasarian, "Proximal support vector machine classifiers, " in Proc. ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. Knowl. Disc. Data Mining, 2001, pp. 77-86.
42. C.-W. Hsu, C.-C. Chang, and C.-J. Lin, A Practical Guide to SVM Classification. [Online]. Available: http://www.csie.ntu. edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/
43. L. I. Smith, A Tutorial on Principal Components Analysis, Aug. 27, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://kybele.psych.cornell.edu/;edelman/Psych-465-Spring-2003/PCA-tutorial.pdf