Surgical site infections and their prevention

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 378-384

  Schweizer, Marin L ^a   Herwaldt, Loreen A ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA HOSPITALS AND CLINICS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

bundle; intervention; surgical site infection

Indexed keywords

CEFAZOLIN; CHLORHEXIDINE; CIPROFLOXACIN; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; SEALANT; TRICLOSAN; VANCOMYCIN;

ASEPSIS; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; NASAL DECOLONIZATION; NONHUMAN; PEROPERATIVE CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREOPERATIVE CARE; REVIEW; SKIN DECONTAMINATION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; SURGICAL INFECTION; SUTURE;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTISEPSIS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; PREOPERATIVE CARE; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 84863723144     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: 14736527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835532f7     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Hollenbeak CS, Murphy DM, Koenig S, et al. The clinical and economic impact of deep chest surgical site infections following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chest 2000; 118:397-402. (Pubitemid 30637806)
2. Haessler S, Connelly NR, Kanter G, et al. A surgical site infection cluster: the process and outcome of an investigation: the impact of an alcohol-based surgical antisepsis product and human behavior. Anesth Analg 2010; 110:1044-1048.
3. Lowry PW, Blankenship RJ, Gridley W, et al. A cluster of legionella sternalwound infections due to postoperative topical exposure to contaminated tap water. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:109-113.
4. Bratzler DW. The Surgical Infection Prevention and Surgical Care Improvement Projects: promises and pitfalls. Am Surg 2006; 72:1010-1016; discussion 1021-1030, 1133-1148. (Pubitemid 351837924)
5. Stulberg JJ, Delaney CP, Neuhauser DV, et al. Adherence to surgical care improvement project measures and the association with postoperative infections. J Am Med Assoc 2010; 303:2479-2485.
6. Ingraham AM, Cohen ME, Bilimoria KY, et al. Association of surgical care improvement project infection-related process measure compliance with riskadjusted outcomes: implications for quality measurement. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211:705-714.
7. Hawn MT, Vick CC, Richman J, et al. Surgical site infection prevention: time to move beyond the surgical care improvement program. Ann Surg 2011; 254:494-499; discussion 499-501.
8. Young BC, Hacker MR, Dodge LE, Golen TH. Timing of antibiotic administration and infectious morbidity following cesarean delivery: incorporating policy change into workflow. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285:1219-1224.
9. Prospero E, Barbadoro P, Marigliano A, et al. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis: improved compliance and impact on infection rates. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:1326-1331.
10. Bratzler DW, Ma A, Nsa W. Surgical care improvement project adherence and postoperative infections. J Am Med Assoc 2010; 304:1670; author reply 1671-1672.
11. Liu C. The bundled approach to MRSA surgical site infection prevention: is the whole greater than the sum of its parts? Comment on 'Sustained reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus wound infections after cardiothoracic surgery'. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171:73-74.
12. Thompson KM, Oldenburg WA, Deschamps C, et al. Chasing zero: the drive to eliminate surgical site infections. Ann Surg 2011; 254:430-436; discussion 436-437.
13. Rauk PN. Educational intervention, revised instrument sterilization methods, and comprehensive preoperative skin preparation protocol reduce cesarean section surgical site infections. Am J Infect Control 2010; 38:319-323.
14. Bull A, Wilson J, Worth LJ, et al. A bundle of care to reduce colorectal surgical infections: an Australian experience. J Hosp Infect 2011; 78:297-301.
15. Anthony T, Murray BW, Sum-Ping JT, et al. Evaluating an evidence-based bundle for preventing surgical site infection: a randomized trial. Arch Surg 2011; 146:263-269.
16. Tyllianakis ME, Karageorgos AC, Marangos MN, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in primary hip and knee arthroplasty: comparison between cefuroxime and two specific antistaphylococcal agents. J Arthroplasty 2010; 25:1078-1082.
17. Chambers D, Worthy G, Myers L, et al. Glycopeptide vs. nonglycopeptide antibiotics for prophylaxis of surgical site infections: a systematic review. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2010; 11:455-462.
18. Gupta K, Strymish J, Abi-Haidar Y, et al. Preoperative nasal methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus status, surgical prophylaxis, and risk-adjusted postoperative outcomes in veterans. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:791-796.
19. Walsh EE, Greene L, Kirshner R. Sustained reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus wound infections after cardiothoracic surgery. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171:68-73.
20. Kim DH, Spencer M, Davidson SM, et al. Institutional prescreening for detection and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92:1820-1826.
21. Ho VP, Barie PS, Stein SL, et al. Antibiotic regimen and the timing of prophylaxis are important for reducing surgical site infection after elective abdominal colorectal surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2011; 12:255-260.
22. Raikhelkar JK, Reich DL, Schure R, et al. The efficacy of postcardiopulmonary bypass dosing of vancomycin in cardiac surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 14:301-304.
23. Gupta A, Hote MP, Choudhury M, et al. Comparison of 48 h and 72 h of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in adult cardiac surgery: a randomized double blind controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1036-1041.
24. Suzuki T, Sadahiro S, Maeda Y, et al. Optimal duration of prophylactic antibiotic administration for elective colon cancer surgery: a randomized, clinical trial. Surgery 2011; 149:171-178.
25. El-Nashar SA, Diehl CL, Swanson CL, et al. Extended antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of surgical-site infections in morbidly obese women who undergo combined hysterectomy and medically indicated panniculectomy: a cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:306.e1-e9.
26. Dhadwal K, Al-Ruzzeh S, Athanasiou T, et al. Comparison of clinical and economic outcomes of two antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for sternal wound infection in high-risk patients following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a prospective randomised double-blind controlled trial. Heart 2007; 93:1126-1133. (Pubitemid 47310996)
27. O'Neill KR, Smith JG, Abtahi AM, et al. Reduced surgical site infections in patients undergoing posterior spinal stabilization of traumatic injuries using vancomycin powder. Spine J 2011; 11:641-646.
28. Bellows CF, Mills KT, Kelly TN, Gagliardi G. Combination of oral nonabsorbable and intravenous antibiotics versus intravenous antibiotics alone in the prevention of surgical site infections after colorectal surgery: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Tech Coloproctol 2011; 15:385-395.
29. de Bruin AF, Gosselink MP, van der Harst E, Rutten HJ. Local application of gentamicin collagen implants in the prophylaxis of surgical site infections following gastrointestinal surgery: a review of clinical experience. Tech Coloproctol 2010; 14:301-310.
30. Bennett-Guerrero E, Pappas TN, Koltun WA, et al. Gentamicin-collagen sponge for infection prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1038-1049.
31. Bennett-Guerrero E, Ferguson TB Jr, Lin M, et al. Effect of an implantable gentamicin-collagen sponge on sternal wound infections following cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2010; 304:755-762.
32. Halpern CH, Mitchell GW, Paul A, et al. Self-administered preoperative antiseptic wash to prevent postoperative infection after deep brain stimulation. Am J Infect Control 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
33. Chiang HY, Steelman VM, Pottinger JM, et al. Clinical significance of positive cranial bone flap cultures and associated risk of surgical site infection after craniotomies or craniectomies. J Neurosurg 2011; 114:1746-1754.
34. Johnson AJ, Daley JA, Zywiel MG, et al. Preoperative chlorhexidine preparation and the incidence of surgical site infections after hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2010; 25 (6 Suppl):98-102.
35. Zywiel MG, Daley JA, Delanois RE, et al. Advance preoperative chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of surgical site infections in knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop 2011; 35:1001-1006.
36. Bailey RR, Stuckey DR, Norman BA, et al. Economic value of dispensing home-based preoperative chlorhexidine bathing cloths to prevent surgical site infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:465-471.
37. Lee I, Agarwal RK, Lee BY, et al. Systematic review and cost analysis comparing use of chlorhexidine with use of iodine for preoperative skin antisepsis to prevent surgical site infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:1219-1229.
38. Darouiche RO, Wall MJ Jr, Itani KM, et al. Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 18-26.
39. Noorani A, Rabey N, Walsh SR, Davies RJ. Systematic review and metaanalysis of preoperative antisepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine in clean-contaminated surgery. Br J Surg 2010; 97:1614-1620.
40. Maiwald M, Widmer AF, Rotter ML. Lack of evidence for attributing chlorhexidine as the main active ingredient in skin antiseptics preventing surgical site infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:404-405.
41. Maiwald M, Widmer AF, Rotter ML. Letter 2: systematic review and metaanalysis of preoperative anti sepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine in clean-contaminated surgery (Br J Surg 2010; 97:1614-1620). Br J Surg 2011; 98:461-462 (author reply 462).
42. Nesseler N, Launey Y, Malledant Y. Letter 1: systematic review and metaanalysis of preoperative anti sepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine in clean-contaminated surgery. (Br J Surg 2010; 97: 1614-1620). Br J Surg 2011; 98:461 (author reply 462).
43. Bode LG, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:9-17.
44. Courville XF, Tomek IM, Kirkland KB, et al. Cost-effectiveness of preoperative nasal mupirocin treatment in preventing surgical site infection in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:152-159.
45. Patel JB, Gorwitz RJ, Jernigan JA. Mupirocin resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:935-941.
46. Murphy E, Spencer SJ, Young D, et al. MRSA colonisation and subsequent risk of infection despite effective eradication in orthopaedic elective surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011; 93:548-551.
47. von Eckardstein AS, Lim CH, Dohmen PM, et al. A randomized trial of a skin sealant to reduce the risk of incision contamination in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92:632-637.
48. Iyer A, Gilfillan I, Thakur S, Sharma S. Reduction of surgical site infection using a microbial sealant: a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:438-442.
49. Galal I, El-Hindawy K. Impact of using triclosan-antibacterial sutures on incidence of surgical site infection. Am J Surg 2011; 202:133-138.
50. Williams N, Sweetland H, Goyal S, et al. Randomized trial of antimicrobialcoated sutures to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2011; 12:469-474.
51. Harimoto N, Shirabe K, Abe T, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial investigating the type of sutures used during hepatectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2338-2342.
52. Smith TO, Sexton D, Mann C, Donell S. Sutures versus staples for skin closure in orthopaedic surgery: meta-analysis. Br Med J 2010; 340: c1199.
53. Iavazzo C, Gkegkes ID, Vouloumanou EK, et al. Sutures versus staples for the management of surgical wounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Surg 2011; 77:1206-1221.
54. Chambers A, ScarciM. Is skin closure with cyanoacrylate glue effective for the prevention of sternal wound infections? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 10:793-796.
55. Gaberel T, Borgey F, Thibon P, et al. Surgical site infection associated with the use of bovine serum albumine-glutaraldehyde surgical adhesive (BioGlue) in cranial surgery: a case-control study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:156-162; discussion 162-163.
56. Krieger BR, Davis DM, Sanchez JE, et al. The use of silver nylon in preventing surgical site infections following colon and rectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2011; 54:1014-1019.
57. Kiran RP, El-Gazzaz GH, Vogel JD, Remzi FH. Laparoscopic approach significantly reduces surgical site infections after colorectal surgery: data from national surgical quality improvement program. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211:232-238.
58. Reid K, Pockney P, Draganic B, Smith SR. Barrier wound protection decreases surgical site infection in open elective colorectal surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53:1374-1380.
59. Kaya E, Paksoy E, Ozturk E, et al. Subcutaneous closed-suction drainage does not affect surgical site infection rate following elective abdominal operations: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Acta Chir Belg 2010; 110:457-462.
60. Beltramini AM, Salata RA, Ray AJ. Thermoregulation and risk of surgical site infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:603-610.
61. Schuster JM, Rechtine G, Norvell DC, Dettori JR. The influence of perioperative risk factors and therapeutic interventions on infection rates after spine surgery: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35 (9 Suppl): S125-S137.
62. Broekman ML, van Beijnum J, Peul WC, Regli L. Neurosurgery and shaving: what's the evidence? J Neurosurg 2011; 115:670-678.
63. Zhu QD, Zhang QY, Zeng QQ, et al. Efficacy of mechanical bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol in prevention of postoperative complications in elective colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010; 25:267-275.
64. Brar MS, Brar SS, Dixon E. Perioperative supplemental oxygen in colorectal patients: a meta-analysis. J Surg Res 2011; 166:227-235.
65. Chen LF, Anderson DJ, Kaye KS, Sexton DJ. Validating a 3-point prediction rule for surgical site infection after coronary artery bypass surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:64-68.
66. Friedman ND, Sexton DJ, Connelly SM, Kaye KS. Risk factors for surgical site infection complicating laminectomy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:1060-1065. (Pubitemid 47345266)
67. Leibowitz G, Raizman E, Brezis M, et al. Effects of moderate intensity glycemic control after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90:1825-1832.