Use of human rights to meet the unmet need for family planning

The Lancet

Volumn 380, Issue 9837, 2012, Pages 172-180

  Cottingham, Jane ^a   Germain, Adrienne ^b   Hunt, Paul ^c  

^a International Women's Health Coalition ^*  (Switzerland)

^b International Women's Health Coalition   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ARTICLE; BRAZIL; CENTRAL AMERICA; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FAMILY PLANNING; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE NEED; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; INVESTMENT; KENYA; MARRIAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; RESPONSIBILITY; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; UNSAFE SEX; UNWANTED PREGNANCY; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ETHICS; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH SERVICE; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEGAL ASPECT; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; STANDARD; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

ADOLESCENT; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; FAMILY PLANNING POLICY; FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES; FEMALE; HEALTHY PEOPLE PROGRAMS; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES; WOMEN'S HEALTH SERVICES; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84863721232     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60732-6     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. UN. General comment no. 14: the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Geneva: United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2000: paras 33-37. (E/C.12/2000/4).
2. Bland A. Chinese state holds parents hostage in sterilisation drive. The Independent (London). April 17, 2010. http://www.independent. co.uk/news/world/asia/chinese-state-holds-parents-hostage-in-sterilisation- drive-1947236.html (accessed Aug 25, 2011).
3. Greenhalgh S, Winckler EA. Governing China's population: from Leninist to neoliberal biopolitics. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.
4. Dhanraj D (director). Something like a war. VHS/DVD. India/England, 1991.
5. Schmidt B. Forced sterilization in Peru. Political Environ 1998. http://cwpe.org/node/49 (accessed Nov 8, 2011).
6. María Mamérita Mestanza Chávez, Perú. Inter-American commission on human rights, friendly settlement report no 71/03 petition 12.191. Oct 22, 2003.
7. AS vs Hungary. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), communication No 4/2004. Aug 14, 2006. (CEDAW/C/36/D/4/2004).
8. Center for Reproductive Rights. Dignity denied: violations of the rights of HIV-positive women in Chilean health facilities. New York, NY: Center for Reproductive Rights, 2010.
9. Namibia: women take legal action over alleged sterilisations. Irin PlusNews. June 25, 2009. http://www.plusnews.org/report. aspx?ReportId=85012 (accessed Aug 19, 2011).
10. International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. New York: United Nations, 1966.
11. Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. New York: United Nations, 1979.
12. Convention on the rights of the child. New York: United Nations, 1989.
13. Center for Reproductive Rights, UNFPA. Briefing paper: The right to contraceptive information and services for women and adolescents. New York: Center for Reproductive Rights and United Nations Population Fund, 2010. http://reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/ BP-unfpa-12.10.pdf (accessed Aug 25, 2011).
14. IPPF. Charter on sexual and reproductive rights. London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2003.
15. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General comment no. 14: the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Geneva: United Nations, 2000. (E/C.12/2000/4).
16. Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. International law. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/(accessed March 15, 2012).
17. Programme of action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo. Sept 5-13, 1994. New York: United Nations Population Fund 1994.
18. Tysiac vs Poland. European Court of Human Rights, application no. 5410/03. March 20, 2007.
19. Paulina del Carmen Ramírez Jacinto, Mexico. Inter-American commission on human rights, friendly settlement, report No. 21/07, Petition 161-01. March 9, 2007.
20. WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
21. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. General recommendation No. 21: equality in marriage and family relations. New York: United Nations, 1994.
22. Silva-de-Alwis R. Child marriage and the law. New York: UNICEF, 2008.
23. WHO. Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
24. Singh S, Darroch JE, Ashford LS, Vlassoff M. Adding it up: the costs and benefits of investing in family planning and maternal and newborn health. New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund, 2009.
25. Guttmacher Institute, IPPF. Facts on the sexual and reproductive health of adolescent women in the developing world. New York and London: Guttmacher Institute and International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2010.
26. WHO. Why is giving special attention to adolescents important for achieving Millennium Development Goal 5? Factsheet. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
27. UNESCO. International technical guidance on sexuality education. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2009. (ED-2009/WS-36).
28. Muñoz V. UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education\sexual education. A/65/162. Geneva: United Nations, July 23, 2010.
29. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. General comment no. 4: adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Geneva: United Nations, 2003. (CRC/GC/2003/4).
30. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. General comment no. 3: HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child. Geneva: United Nations, 2003: paras 15-21. (CRC/GC/2003/1).
31. Curtis S, Evens E, Sambisa W. Contraceptive discontinuation and unintended pregnancy: an imperfect relationship. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2011; 37: 58-66
32. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding comments: Azerbaijan. New York: United Nations, 2007: paras. 31-32. (CEDAW/C/AZE/CO/3).
33. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. General recommendation no. 24: women and health. New York: United Nations, 1999.
34. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding observations: Myanmar. New York: United Nations, 2008. (CEDAW/C/MMR/CO/3)
35. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding observations: Slovenia. New York: United Nations, 2008: paras. 35-36. (CEDAW/C/SVN/CO/4)
36. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding comments: Kazakhstan. New York: United Nations, 2007: paras. 25-26. (CEDAW/C/KAZ/CO/2).
37. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.Concluding comments: Chile. New York: United Nations, 2006: para. 19. (CEDAW/C/CHI/CO/4)
38. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding comments: Serbia. New York: United Nations, 2007: para. 33. (CEDAW/C/SCG/CO/1)
39. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding comments: the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. New York: United Nations, 2006: para. 32. (CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/3)
40. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding comments: Azerbaijan. New York: United Nations, 2007: paras. 25-26. (CEDAW/C/AZE/CO/3)
41. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding comments: Suriname. New York: United Nations, 2007: paras. 31-32. (CEDAW/C/SUR/CO/3).
42. UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (Hunt P). (The rights to sexual and reproductive health) Geneva: United Nations, 16 February 2004. (E/CN.4/2004/49).
43. Grover A. UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health\ criminalisation of sexual and reproductive health. Geneva: United Nations, Aug 3, 2011. (A/66/254).
44. Center for Reproductive Rights. In re access to emergency contraception in Colombia (amicus brief) (Colombian Council of State). http:// reproductiverights.org/en/case/in-re-access-to-emergency-contraception-in- colombia-amicus-brief-colombian-council-of-state (accessed April 21, 2012)
45. Mulama J. Contraceptives: stock-outs threaten family planning. Inter Press Service. May 15, 2009. http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota. asp?idnews=46854 (accessed July 20, 2011).
46. Nigeria: contraceptive stock-out puts more women on the brink. Daily Independent (Lagos). Nov 24, 2010. http://allafrica.com/stories/201011250526. html (accessed July 20, 2011).
47. Gathura G. Substandard drugs fast becoming threat to Kenyans. Daily Nation. Sept 27, 2009. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/664554/-/item/1/-/ biqo8fz/-/index.html (accessed July 20, 2011).
48. WHO. WHO model list of essential medicines: 17th list. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
49. PATH, WHO, UNFPA. The interagency list of essential medicines for reproductive health. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Planned Parenthood Federation, John Snow, PATH, Population Services International, United Nations Population Fund, World Bank, 2006.
50. Bruce J. Fundamental elements of the quality of care: a simple framework. Stud Fam Plann 1990; 21: 61-91.
51. Koenig MA. The impact of quality of care on contraceptive use: evidence from longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 2003.
52. Arends-Kuenning M, Kessy FL. The impact of demand factors, quality of care and access to facilities on contraceptive use in Tanzania. J Biosoc Sci 2007; 39: 1-26.
53. RamaRao S, Lacuesta M, Costello M, Pangolibay B, Jones H. The link between quality of care and contraceptive use. Int Fam Plan Perspec 2003; 29: 76-83.
54. Sanogo D, RamaRao S, Jones H, N'diaye P, M'bow B, Diop CB. Improving quality of care and use of contraceptives in Senegal. Afr J Reprod Health 2003; 7: 57-73.
55. Pichon and Sajous vs France. European Court of Human Rights, application no. 49853/99. Admissibility decision. Oct 2, 2001.
56. Westeson J. Sexual health and human rights: European region. Geneva: International Council on Human Rights Policy, 2010. http://www.ichrp.org/en/ projects/140 (accessed Aug 18, 2011).
57. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Ethical guidelines on conscientious objection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006; 92: 333-34.
58. WHO. Making decisions about contraceptive introduction: a guide for conducting assessments to broaden contraceptive choice and improve quality of care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
59. Alves JED. The context of family planning in Brazil. In: Cavenaghi S ed. Demographic transformations and inequalities in Latin America. Rio de Janeiro: Latin American Population Association, 2009: 297-302.
60. The family planning law of Brazil (no 9263), Art. 1.
61. WHO. Universal access to reproductive health: accelerated actions to enhance progress on Millennium Development Goal 5 through advancing Target 5B. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
62. Oringanje C, Meremikwu MM, Eko H, Esu E, Meremikwu A, Ehiri JE. Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD005215.
63. Robin L, Dittus P, Whitaker D, et al. Behavioral interventions to reduce incidence of HIV, STD, and pregnancy among adolescents: a decade in review. J Adolesc Health 2004; 34: 3-26.
64. Kirby D. The impact of schools and school programs on adolescent sexual behaviour. J Sex Res 2002; 39: 2733.
65. Lazarus JV, Sihvonen-Riemenschneider H, Laukamm-Josten U, Wong F, Liljestrand J. Systematic review of interventions to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, among young people in Europe. Croat Med J 2010; 51: 74-84.
66. Michielsen K, Chersich MF, Luchters S, De Koker P, Van Rossem R, Temmerman M. effectiveness of HIV prevention for youth in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials. AIDS 2010; 24: 1193-202
67. African Union, Maputo plan of action for the operationalisation of the continental policy framework for sexual and reproductive health and rights 2007-2010. Sp/MIN/CAMH/5(I). Addis Ababa: African Union, 2006.
68. Ministers of Health and Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Ministerial declaration: preventing through education. First meeting of Ministers of Health and Education to stop HIV and STIs in Latin America and the Caribbean; Mexico City, Mexico; Aug 1, 2008. http://data.unaids.org/pub/ BaseDocument/2008/20080801-minsterdeclaration-en.pdf (accessed Aug 18, 2011).
69. Santelli J, Ott MA, Lyon M, Rogers J, Summers D. Abstinence-only education policies and programs: a position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38: 83-87.
70. Santelli J, Ott MA, Csete J, Samant S, Czuczka D. Abstinence only until marriage programs in the United States of America (USA): science and human rights. In: O'Dea J ed. Current issues and controversies in school and community health, sport and physical education. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.
71. Potts H. Accountability and the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Colchester: University of Essex, 2008. http://www.essex.ac.uk/human- rights-centre/research/rth/docs/HRC- Accountability-Mar08.pdf (accessed Sept 1, 2011).
72. Minister of Heath vs Treatment Action Campaign. South Africa Constitutional Court, case CCT 9/02. July 5, 2002.
73. Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, Liga de Amas de Casa, Consumidores y Usuarios de la República Argentina y otros c/CGBA s/acción declarativa de inconstitutionalidad. Oct 14, 2003.
74. Constitutional Tribunal of Peru. Decision 7435-2006-PC/TC. Nov 13, 2006.
75. Council State of Colombia. Decision 11001-03-24-000-2002-00251-01. June 5, 2008.
76. Supreme Court of Mexico. Decision CC 54/2009. May 26, 2010.
77. Smeaton vs Secretary of State for Health. England and Wales Supreme Court of Justice. April 18, 2002.
78. K L vs Peru. UN Human Rights Committee, communication no 1153/2003. Nov 22, 2005. (CCPR/C/85/D/1153/2003).
79. A,B, and C vs Ireland. European Court of Human Rights, application no 25579/05. Dec 16, 2010.
80. Center for Reproductive Rights, Federation of Women Lawyers\Kenya (FIDA). Failure to deliver: violations of women's human rights in Kenyan health facilities. New York: Center for Reproductive Rights, 2007.
81. Lichuma W. The role of national human rights institutions in reduction of maternal mortality: a case study of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. Sept 2, 2010. http://righttomaternalhealth.org/roundtable-presentations (accessed Aug 18, 2011)
82. EnGendeRights. Advancing reproductive rights using the inquiry procedure of the OP CEDAW and the UN special procedures: the Philippine experience. Manila: EnGendeRights, 2009.
83. De La Cruz-Florez vs Peru. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (merits, reparations and costs). Nov, 18, e2004.
84. Open Door Counselling Ltd and Dublin Well Women Centre Ltd and others vs Ireland. European Court of Human Rights, application no. 14234/88. Oct 29, 1992.
85. Women on Waves and others vs Portugal. European Court of Human Rights, application no. 31276/05. Feb 3, 2009
86. UN Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health. Keeping promises, measuring results. Geneva: UN, 2011: recommendations 7 and 10.
87. Backman, G, Hunt P, Khosla R, et al. Health systems and the right to health: an assessment of 194 countries. Lancet 2008; 372: 2047-85.
88. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). General comment no. 3: the nature of States parties obligations (art 2, par 1). Dec 14, 1990. Geneva: United Nations, 2000.
89. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Human rights and poverty reduction: a conceptual framework. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2004, 22-26.
90. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Principles and guidelines for a human rights approach to poverty reduction strategies, Geneva: United Nations 2006: guideline 4.
91. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and WHO. Human rights, health and poverty reduction strategies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
92. Hunt P. UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. Mission to India. Geneva: United Nations, 2010. (A/HRC/14/20/Add.2).
93. UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (Hunt P). Supplementary note on the UN Special Rapporteur's Report on maternal mortality in India. Geneva: United Nations, 2010: section III. http://www.essex.ac.uk/ human-rights-centre/research/rth/(accessed Aug 19, 2011).
94. WHO. The world health report\health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010. http://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/(accessed Aug 19, 2011).
95. Cottingham JC, Kismodi E, Martin Hilber A, Lincetto O, Stahlhofer M, Gruskin S. Using human rights for sexual and reproductive health: improving legal and regulatory frameworks. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 551-55.