Not fair enough: Historic and institutional barriers to fair trade coffee in el Salvador

Journal of Latin American Geography

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 107-127

  Tellman, Beth ^a   Gray, Leslie C ^a   Bacon, Christopher M ^a  

^a SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Agrarian reform; Alternative trade; Coffee; El Salvador; Fair Trade; Organic certification

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL TRADE; CIVIL SOCIETY; ECONOMY OF SCALE; EXPORT; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; RURAL ECONOMY; SMALLHOLDER; TRADE PERFORMANCE; TRADE POLICY; TRADE RELATIONS;

EL SALVADOR [CENTRAL AMERICA];

EID: 84863622103     PISSN: 15452476     EISSN: 15485811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/lag.2011.0037     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. APECAFE. 2009. www.Apecafe.org. Accessed June 30, 2009.
2. Arnould, E. J., Plastina, A., and Ball, D. 2009. Does Fair Trade Deliver on its Core Value Proposition? Effects on Income, Educational Attainment, and Health in Three Countries. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(2): 186-201.
3. Bacon, C. M. 2010. Nicaraguan Smallholder Cooperatives, Fair Trade Networks, and Gendered Empowerment. Latin American Perspective, 37(2): 50-71.
4. Bacon, C. M., Ernesto Méndez, M. E., Flores Gómez, D., Stuart, S. R., and Díaz, F. 2008. Are Sustainable Coffee Certifications Enough to Secure Farmer Livelihoods? The Millenium Development Goals and Nicaragua's Fair Trade Cooperatives. Globalizations, 5(2): 259-274.
5. Bacon, C., Mendez, E. and Fox, S. 2008. Cultivating Sustainable Coffee. In Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Fair Trade, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Ecosystems in Mexico and Central America. C. M. Bacon, V. E. Mendez, S.R. Gliessman, D. Goodman, and J. A. Fox (eds.), pp. 337-372. Cambridge: MIT Press.
6. Barham, B. L., Callens, M., Gitter, S., Lewis, J., and J. Weber. 2011. Fair Trade/Organic Coffee, Rural Livelihoods, and the 'Agrarian Question': Southern Mexican Coffee Families in Transition. World Development, 39(1): 134-145.
7. Bitzer, V., Francken, M., and Glasbergen, P. 2008. Intersectoral Partnerships for a Sustainable Coffee Chain: Really Addressing Sustainability or Just Picking (Coffee) Cherries? Global Environmental Change, 18(2): 271-284.
8. Browning, D. 1983. Agrarian Reform in El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies, 15(2): 399-426.
9. Cooperative Coffees. 2009. New Producer Partner: COMUS of El Salvador. The Cooperative Coffess Newsletter. May 2009. (http://coopcoffees.com/all-news/ newsletters/may-2009). Accessed 10 July, 2009.
10. Consejo de Café 2009. Estadísticas Dinámicas. (http://www.consejocafe.org/index.php?option=com-content&view= article&id=68&Itemid=81). Accessed 20 July, 2009.
11. Courville, S. 2008. Organic and Social Certification: Recent Development from the Global Regulators. In Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Fair Trade, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Ecosystems in Mexico and Central America. C. M. Bacon, V. E. Mendez, S. R. Gliessman, D. Goodman, and J. A. Fox (eds.), pp. 289-310. Cambridge: MIT Press.
12. De Bremond, A. 2007. The Politics of Peace and Resettlement through El Salvador's Land Transfer Programme: Caught between the State and the Market. Third World Quarterly, 28(8): 1537-1556.
13. Diario Official. 1996. 331. Corte Suprema de la Justicia de El Salvador Centro de Documentación Judicial.(http://www.csj.gob.sv/leyes.nsf/ ef438004d40bd5dd862564520073ab15/b1193682c48cbbd806256d02005a3d17?OpenDocument). Accessed 10 September, 2010.
14. Equal Exchage. 2007. Profile of APECAFE in El Salvador. (http://www.equalexchange.coop/profile-of-apecafe-in-el-salvador). Accessed 20, July, 2009.
15. Fairtrade Foundation. 2005. Launch of NESCAFE Partners' Blend. 7 October 2005. (http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/press-office/press-releases-and-statements/ archive-2005/oct-2005/launch-of-nescafe-partners-blend.aspx). Accessed 20 July,2009.
16. FLO. 2011. Producer Networks. 2011. (http://www.fairtrade.net/producer- networks.0.html). Accessed 16, June 2011.
17. -. 2006. Fairtrade Foundation Briefing on Financial Times Article. FairTrade Foundation. 11 September 2006. (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d191adbc- 3f4d-11dba37c-0000779e2340.html.) Accessed 10 July, 2009.
18. FLO-Cert. 2010. List of Certified Operators. (http://www.flo-cert.net/ flocert/operators2.php?id=10). Accessed 2 June, 2011.
19. Fridell, G. 2007. Fair Trade Coffee: The Prospects and Pitfalls of Market-Driven Social Justice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
20. Fox, J. 1996. How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in rural Mexico. World Development, 24(6): 1089-1103.
21. Gobbi, J. A. 2000. Is Biodiversity-Friendly Coffee Financially Viable? An Analysis of Five Different Coffee Production Systems in Western El Salvador. Ecological Economics, 33(2): 267-281. (Pubitemid 30247444)
22. Holt-Gimenez,J. Bailey, I. and Sampson, D. November 2007a. Fair to the Last Drop: The Corporate Challenges to Fair Trade Coffee. Development Report #17, Food First. (http://www.foodfirst.org/files/pdf/DR17-FairtotheLastDrop.pdf) . Accessed 20 March, 2009.
23. Holt-Gimenez, J., Bailey, I. and Sampson D. 2007b. Organic Coffee Crisis? Food First. Backgrounder, 13(1): 1-4.
24. International Coffee Organization (ICO). 2008. Development Strategy for Coffee. (http://dev.ico.org/documents0809-e.asp) Accessed 15 July 2009.
25. -. 2010. Coffee Prices-Monthly Averages. (http://www.ico.org/coffee- prices.asp). Accessed 15 July 2009.
26. Jaffee, D. 2007. Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27. Jaffee, D., and Howard, P. H. 2010. Corporate Cooptation of Organic and Fair Trade Standards. Agriculture and Human Values, 27(4): 1-13.
28. Klawiter, R. F. 1990. La tierra es Nuestra! The Campesino Struggle in El Salvador and a Vision of Community-Based Lawyering. Stanford Law Review, 42(6): 1625-1689.
29. Kowalchuk, L. 2003. Political Opportunities and the Unfinished Agrarian Reform in El Salvador. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 28(3): 309-340.
30. Láderach, P. 2010. Coffee Area Production Map of El Salvador. CIAT, Managua.
31. Láderach, P., Lundy, M., Jarvis, A., Ramirez, J., Portilla, E. P., Schepp, K., and Eitzinger, A. 2011. Predicted Impact of Climate Change on Coffee Supply Chains. In Leal Filho, W. (ed.), The Economic, Social and Political Elements of Climate Change, pp. 703-723. New York: Springer Verlag.
32. Lauria-Santiago, A. A. 1999. An Agrarian Republic. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
33. Linton, A. 2008. A Niche for Sustainability? Fair Labor and Environmentally Sound Practices in the Specialty Coffee Industry. Globalizations, 5(2): 231-245.
34. Lyon, S., Bezaury, J.A., and Mutersbaugh, T. 2010. Gender Equity in Fairtrade-Organic Coffee Producer Organizations: Cases from Mesoamerica. Geoforum, 41(1): 93-103.
35. Mendez, V. E. 2002. Fair Trade Networks in Two Coffee Cooperatives in Western El Salvador: An analysis of insertion through a second level organization. September 2002. Case Study for the Project on "Poverty Alleviation Through Current Benefits and Future Potential" Colorado State University/DESAL/Ford Foundation.
36. -. 2008. Farmer Livelihoods and Biodiversity Conservation in a Coffee Landscape of El Salvador. In Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Fair Trade, Sustainable Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Mexico and Central America, C. M. Bacon, V. E. Mendez, S. R. Gliessman, D. Goodman and J. A. Fox, V (eds.), pp. 207-236. Cambridge: MIT Press.
37. Mendez, V., Bacon, C., Olson, M., Petchers, S., Herrador, D., Carranza., Trujillo, L., Guadarrama-Zugasti,C., Cordon, A., and Mendoza, A,. 2010. Effects of Fair Trade and Organic Certifications on Small-scale Coffee Farmer Households in Central America and Mexico. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 25(3): 236-251.
38. Méndez, V. E., E. N. Shapiro and G. S. Gilbert (2009) Cooperative Management and its Effects on Shade Tree Diversity, Soil Properties and Ecosystem Services of Coffee Plantations in Western El Salvador. Special Issue on Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services and Environmental Benefits. Agroforestry Systems, 76(1): 111-126.
39. Méndez,V. E., Bacon, C., Petchers, S. Herrador, D., Carranza, C., Trujillo, L. Guadarrama-Zugasti, C., Cordon, A. and Mendoza, A. 2006. Sustainable Coffee From the Bottom up: Impacts of Certification Initiatives on Small-Scale Farmer and Estate Worker Households and Communities in Central America and Mexico. Oxfam America, Final Research Report.
40. Mutersbaugh, T. 2002. The Number is the Beast: A Political Economy of Organic-Coffee Certification and Producer Unionism. Environment and Planning A, 34(7): 1165-1184. (Pubitemid 34838394)
41. Nicholls, A., and C. Opal. 2005. Fair trade: Market-Driven Ethical Consumption. Sage Publications Ltd.
42. Paige, J. M. 1996. Land Reform and Agrarian Revolution in El Salvador: Comment on Seligson and Diskin. Latin American Research Review. 31(2): 127-139.
43. -. 1998. Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
44. Pelupessy, W. and Diaz, R. 2008. Upgrading of Lowland Coffee in Central America. Agribusiness. Vol 24(1): 119-140.
45. Perla, H. 2008. If Nicaragua Conquered, El Salvador Will Win. Central American Agency in the Creation of the US-Central American Peace and Solidarity Movement. Latin American Research Review, 43(2): 136-158.
46. Philips, B. D. 2002. Qualitative Methods and Disaster Research. In Qualitative Methods and Disaster Research. R. A Stallings (ed.), pp. 194-211. Xlibris Cooperation. USA.
47. PROCAFE. 2010. Boletín Estadísticos de la Caficultura 2010. (http://www.procafe.com.sv/menu/Investigacion/Estadisticas.htm). Accessed June 2 2011.
48. PROEXCAFE. (http://www.proexcafe.com/). Accessed 21 July, 2009.
49. Raynolds, L. T., Murray, D.L. and Wilkinson, J. 2007. Fair Trade: The Challenges of Transforming Globalization. London: Routledge.
50. Reed, D. 2009. What do Corporations Have to do with Fair Trade? Positive and Normative Analysis from a Value Chain Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 86: 3-26.
51. Renard, M. C. 2005. Quality Certification, Regulation and Power in Fair Trade. Journal of Rural Studies, 21(4): 419-431.
52. Seligson, M. A. 1995. Thirty years of Transformation in the Agrarian Structure of El Salvador, 1961-1991. Latin American Research Review, 30(3): 43-74 (Pubitemid 26435304)
53. Smith, A. M. 2008. Fair Trade in the 'Periphery': The Development of Comercio Justo México and Potential Lessons for FLO Fairtrade. Comment and Analysis Paper. BRASS (Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability, and Society). (www.brass.cf.ac.uk/uploads/AS1411008.pdf). Accessed 21 July, 2009.
54. Strasma, J. 1989. Unfinished Business: Consolidating Land Reform in El Salvador. In Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America. W. C. Thiesenhusen (ed.), pp. 408-428. London: Unwin Hyman.
55. Taylor, P. L. 2002. Poverty Alleviation through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Synthesis of Case Study Research Question Findings. Report Prepared for Project Funded by the Community Resource and Development Program, The Ford Foundation, New York.
56. Topik, S., Talbot, J. M., and Samper, M. 2010. Globalization, Neoliberalism, and the Latin American Coffee Societies, an Introduction. Latin American Perspectives, 37: 5-20.
57. Towers, M. and Borzutzky, S. 2004. The Socioeconomic Implications of Dollarization in El Salvador. Latin American Politics and Society, 46(3): 29-54.
58. TransFair USA. 2006. Coffee Cooperative, Fair Trade Producer Profile. ApeCafe, El Salvador. (http://www.transfairusa.org/pdfs/profiles/APECAFE- ElSalvador.pdf).Accessed 5 July, 2009.
59. -2007. Mission, Vision, and Values at TransFair USA (http://www. transfairusa.org/content/about/mission.php). Accessed 20 March, 2009.
60. -2009. Asociasion de pequenos productores de café de el Salvador, elSalvador (http://www.transfairusa.org/content/certification/producer.php? floid=857).Accessed 10 July, 2009.
61. -. 2010. Fair Trade USA 2011 Almanac. (http://www.fairtradeusa.org/ resource-library/downloads. Accessed 2 June 2011).
62. Utting-Chamorro, K. 2009. Assessing the Impact of Fair Trade Coffee: Towards an Integrative Framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 86: 127-149.
63. USAID, 2006. 'Coffee Makes a Comeback in El Salvador.' USAID From the American People-Telling our Story. (http://www.usaid.gov/stories/elsalvador/cs- elsalvador-coffee.html). Accessed 20 November, 2009.
64. VanderHoff Boersma, F. 2009. The Urgency and Necessity of a Different Type of Market: The Perspective of Producers Organized Within the Fair Trade Market. BusinessEthics, 89(1), 51-61.
65. Varangis, P., Siegel, D., Giavannucci,. Lewin, B. 2003. Dealing with the Coffee Crisis in Central America: Impacts and Strategies. Policy Research Working Paper 2993, Development Research Group, World Bank.
66. Von Braun, J. 2008. The World Food Situation: New Driving Forces and Required Actions. International Food Policy Research Institute. (http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpr/pr18.pdf.) Accessed 10 September, 2009.
67. Wilson, B. R. 2010. Indebted to Fair Trade? Coffee and Crisis in Nicaragua. Geoforum 41(1): 84-92.
68. Weber, J. 2008. Fair Trade Coffee Enthusiasts Should Confront Reality. Cato Journal, 27(1): 109-117.
69. Westphal, S. M.. 2008. Coffee Agroforestry in the Aftermath of Modernization: Diversified Production and Livelihood Strategies in Post-Reform Nicaragua. In Confronting the coffee crisis: Fair Trade, sustainable livelihoods and ecosystems in Mexico and Central America, C. M. Bacon, V. E. Mendez, S. R. Gliessman, D. Goodman & J. A. Fox. (eds.), pp. 179-207. Cambridge: MIT Press.
70. Wietzman, H. 2006. The Bitter Costs of 'Fair Trade' Coffee. The Financial Times. (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d191adbc-3f4d-11db-a37c-0000779e2340.html). Accessed 12July 2009.
71. Yin, R. K. 2006. Mixed Methods Research: Methods Genuinely Integrated or Merely Parallel. Research in the Schools, 13(1): 41-47.