Which psychoactive prescription drugs are illegally obtained and through which ways of acquisition? About OPPIDUM survey

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 549-556

  Frauger, Elisabeth ^a,b   Nordmann, Sandra ^a,b   Orleans, Veronica ^c   Pradel, Vincent ^a,b,c   Pauly, Vanessa ^c   Thirion, Xavier ^c   Micallef, Joëlle ^a,b  

^a TIMONE HOSPITAL   (France)

^b AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^c AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

Diversion; Drug surveillance system; Pharmacoepidemiology; Prescription drug abuse

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; BROMAZEPAM; BUPRENORPHINE; CLONAZEPAM; CLORAZEPATE; CODEINE; CYAMEMAZINE; DIAZEPAM; FLUNITRAZEPAM; HYDROXYZINE; KETAMINE; LORMETAZEPAM; MEPROBAMATE; METHADONE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MIANSERIN; MORPHINE; OXAZEPAM; PRESCRIPTION DRUG; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; TRIHEXYPHENIDYL; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; DRUG TRAFFIC; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERNET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADULT; DATA COLLECTION; FEMALE; FRANCE; HUMANS; MALE; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84863544841     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: 14728206     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00950.x     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Inciardi J.A., Surratt H.L., Kurtz S.P., Cicero T.J. Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. Pain Med. (2007) 8 171-183.
2. Inciardi J.A., Surratt H.L., Cicero T.J., Beard R.A. Prescription opioid abuse and diversion in an urban community: the results of an ultrarapid assessment. Pain Med. (2009) 10 537-548.
3. Rosenblum A., Parrino M., Schnoll S.H. et al. Prescription opioid abuse among enrollees into methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2007) 90 64-71.
4. Cicero T.J., Shores C.N., Paradis A.G., Ellis M.S. Source of drugs for prescription opioid analgesic abusers: a role for the Internet? Pain Med. (2008) 9 718-723.
5. Fountain J., Strang J., Gossop M., Farrell M., Griffiths P. Diversion of prescribed drugs by drug users in treatment: analysis of the UK market and new data from London. Addiction (2000) 95 393-406.
6. McCabe S.E., Cranford J., Boyd C.J., Teter C.J. Motives, diversion and routes of administration associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Addict. Behav. (2007) 32 562-575.
7. McCabe S.E., Teter C.J., Boyd C.J. Medical use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs. J. Am. Coll. Health (2006) 54 269-278.
8. McCabe S.E., Boyd C.J., Young A. Medical and nonmedical use of prescription drugs among secondary school students. J. Adolesc. Health (2007) 40 76-83.
9. McCabe S.E., Boyd C.J., Teter C.J. Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2009) 102 63-70.
10. Inciardi J.A., Surratt H.L., Cicero T.J., Kurtz S.P., Martin S.S., Parrino M.W. The "black box" of prescription drug diversion. J. Addict. Dis. (2009) 28 332-347.
11. Pradel V., Thirion X., Ronfle E., Masut A., Micallef J., Bégaud B. Assessment of doctor-shopping for high dosage buprenorphine maintenance treatment in a French region: development of a new method for prescription database. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. (2004) 13 473-481.
12. Pradel V., Frauger E., Thirion X. et al. Impact of a prescription monitoring program on doctor-shopping for high dosage buprenorphine. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. (2009) 18 36-43.
13. Pradel V., Delga C., Rouby F., Micallef J., Lapeyre-Mestre M. Assessment of abuse potential of benzodiazepines in prescription database with doctor shopping indicator. CNS Drugs (2010) 24 611-620.
14. Bergman U., Dahl-Puustinen M.-L. Use of prescription forgeries in a drug abuse surveillance network. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1989) 36 621-623.
15. Boeuf O., Lapeyre-Mestre M.; French Network of Centers for Evaluation and Information Pharmacodependence (CEIP). Survey of forged prescriptions to investigate risk of psychoactive medications abuse in France: results of OSIAP survey. Drug Saf. (2007) 30 265-276.
16. Lord S., Downs G., Furtaw P. et al. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids and stimulants among student pharmacists. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (2009) 49 519-528.
17. Forman R.F., Marlowe D.B., McLellan A.T. The Internet as a source of drugs of abuse. Curr. Psychiatr. Rep. (2006) 8 377-382.
18. Schepis T.S., Marlowe D.B., Forman R.F. The availability and portrayal of stimulants over the Internet. J. Adolesc. Health (2008) 42 458-465.
19. The national center on addiction and substance abuse at columbia university (CASA). You 've got drugs V : prescription drug pushers on the internet. July 2008.
20. Forgione D.A., Neuenschwander P., Vermeer T.E. Diversion of prescription drugs to the black market: what the states are doing to curb the tide. J. Health Care Finance (2001) 27 65-78.
21. Inciardi J.A., Surratt H.L., Kurtz S.P., Burke J.J. The diversion of prescription drugs by health care workers in Cincinnati, Ohio. Subst. Use Misuse (2006) 41 255-264.
22. Sajan A., Corneil T., Grzybowski S. The street value of prescription drugs. CMAJ (1998) 159 139-142.
23. Tarasoff G. Black-Market value of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and hypnotics in Las Vegas, Nevada. Am. J. Psychiatry (2007) 164 350.
24. Modelon H., Frauger E., Laurenceau D., Thirion X., Mallaret M., Micallef J.; ŕeseau des CEIP Psychotropic drug addiction: consumption study of specific population by the survey OPPIDUM 2004 from the CEIP network. Therapie (2007) 62 337-346.
25. Barrau K., Thirion X., Micallef J., Chuniaud-Louche C., Bellemin B., San Marco J.L. Comparison of methadone and high dosage buprenorphine users in French care centres. Addiction (2001) 96 1433-1441.
26. Thirion X., Micallef J., Barrau K. et al. Recent evolution in opiate dependence in France during generalisation of maintenance treatments. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2001) 61 281-285.
27. Thirion X., Micallef J., Barrau K., Djezzar S., Sanmarco J.L., Lagier G. Observation of psychoactive substance consumption: methods and results of the French OPPIDUM programme. Eur. Addict. Res. (2001) 7 32-36.
28. Grzybowski S. The black market in prescription drugs. Lancet (2004) 364 28-29.
29. Dart R.C. Monitoring risk: post marketing surveillance and signal detection. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2009) 105 26-32.
30. Thirion X., Lapierre V., Micallef J. et al. Buprenorphine prescription by general practitioners in a French region. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2002) 65 197-204.
31. Woods J.H., Winger G. Abuse liability of flunitrazepam. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1997) 17 1S-57S.
32. Micallef-Roll J., Lapeyre-Mestre M. Second meeting of the French CEIP (centres d'evaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodependance). How to evaluate, and prevent the abuse and dependence on hypnotic/anxiolytic drugs? Therapie (2009) 64 355-364.
33. Micaleff J., Jolliet P., Victorri-Vigneau C. et al. First meeting of the French CEIP (centres d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance). Assessment of the abuse and pharmacodependence potential during drug development. Therapie (2008) 63 55-65.
34. Frauger E., Pauly V., Thirion X. et al. Estimation of clonazepam abuse liability: a new method using a reimbursed drug database. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2009) 24 318-324.
35. Gerada C., Ashworth M. ABC of mental health. Addiction and dependence I: illicit drugs. BMJ (1997) 315 297-300.
36. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2006. National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits - 2008. Avaialble at: (Accessed on 22 September 2010)
37. Sec I., Questel F., Rey C., Pourriat J.L. Misuse of psychotropic medications in a population of subjects held for custody in the city of Paris. Therapie (2009) 64 129-134.
38. Mowla A., Firoozabadi A., Haghighi A.B., Sahraian A. Megadose clonazepam dependence: a case report. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2007) 27 542-543.
39. Steentoft A., Linnet K. Blood concentrations of clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam in forensic cases in Denmark for the period 2002-2007. Forensic Sci. Int. (2009) 184 74-79.
40. Djezzar S., Questel F., Burin E., Dally S.; French Network of Centers for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence. Chemical submission: results of 4-year French inquiry. Int. J. Legal Med. (2009) 123 213-219.
41. Hurwitz W. The challenge of prescription drug misuse: a review and commentary. Pain Med. (2005) 6 152-161.
42. Horowitz A., Galanter M., Dermatis H., Franklin J. Use of and attitudes toward club drugs by medical students. J. Addict. Dis. (2008) 27 35-42.
43. Morgan C.J., Muetzelfeldt L., Curran H.V. Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: a comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex-users with polydrug and non-using controls. Addiction (2009) 104 77-87.
44. Gjerden P., Bramness J.G., Slørdal L. The use and potential abuse of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs in Norway: a pharmacoepidemiological study. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2009) 67 228-233.
45. Frauger E., Thirion X., Chanut C. et al. Misuse of trihexyphenidyl (Artane, Parkinane): recent trends. Therapie (2003) 58 541-547.
46. Buhrich N., Weller A., Kevans P. Misuse of anticholinergic drugs by people with serious mental illness. Psychiatr. Serv. (2000) 51 928-929.
47. WHO expert committee on drug dependence Thirty-third Report Gznzva 2003. Available at: (Accessed on 22 September 2010)
48. McCabe S.E., Teter C.J., Boyd C.J., Guthrie S.K. Prevalence and correlates of illicit methylphenidate use among 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in the United States, 2001. J. Adolesc. Health (2004) 35 501-504.
49. Stoops W.W., Glaser P.E., Rush C.R. Reinforcing, subject-rated, and physiological effects of intranasal methylphenidate in humans: a dose-response analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2003) 20 179-186.
50. Knellwolf A.L., Deligne J., Chiarotti F. et al. Prevalence and patterns of methylphenidate use in French children and adolescents. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2008) 64 311-317.
51. Frauger E., Pauly V., Natali F. et al. Patterns of methylphenidate use and assessment of its abuse and diversion in two french administrative areas using a proxy of deviant behaviour determined from a reimbursement database. CNS Drug (2011) 25 415-424.
52. Harrison L. The validity of self-reported drug use in survey research: an overview and critique of research methods. NIDA Res. Monogr. (1997) 167 17-36.
53. Zacny J., Bigelow G., Compton P., Foley K., Iguchi M., Sannerud C. College on problems of drug dependence taskforce on prescription opioid non-medical use and abuse: position statement. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2003) 69 215-232.