Use of SPME-HS-GC-MS for the analysis of herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 293-302

  Cox, Anderson O ^a   Daw, Richard C ^a   Mason, Michele D ^a   Grabenauer, Megan ^a   Pande, Poonam G ^a   Davis, Kenneth H ^a   Wiley, Jenny L ^a   Stout, Peter R ^a   Thomas, Brian F ^a   Huffman, John W ^b  

^a RTI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^b CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABINOID; HERBACEOUS AGENT; DESIGNER DRUG; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT;

ARTICLE; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; DRUG CONTROL; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; METHODOLOGY; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION;

CANNABINOIDS; DESIGNER DRUGS; DRUG AND NARCOTIC CONTROL; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; PLANT PREPARATIONS; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION;

EID: 84863484673     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 19452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks025     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2010) World Drug Report. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html (accessed 5 November 2010).
2. Griffiths, P., Sedefov, R., Gallegos, A.N.A., Lopez, D. (2010) How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think about and respond to drug use: 'Spice' a case study. Addiction, 105, 951-953.
3. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Addiction. Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon.
4. Dargan, P.I., Hudson, S., Ramsey, J., Wood, D.M. (2011) The impact of changes in UK classification of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in 'Spice.' International Journal of Drug Policy, 22, 274-277.
5. Dresen, S., Ferreiros, N., Putz, M., Westphal, F., Zimmermann, R., Auwarter, V. (2010) Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 45, 1186-1194.
6. Emanuel, C.E.J., Ellison, B., Banks, C.E. (2010) Spice up your life: screening the illegal components of 'Spice' herbal products. Analytical Methods, 2, 614-616.
7. Hudson, S., Ramsey, J. (2011) The emergence and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Drug Testing and Analysis, 3, 466-478.
8. Uchiyama, N., Kikura-Hanajiri, R., Ogata, J., Goda, Y. (2010) Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products. Forensic Science International, 198, 31-38.
9. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Drug profile-Synthetic cannabinoids and 'Spice,' European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon.
10. Hurst, D. (2010) Idaho Reporter.Com-Hospital survey shows more than 80 suspected cases of Spice overdose in past six months. http://www.idahoreporter.com/2010/hospital-survey-shows-morethan-80-suspected-cases-of-spice-overdose-in-past-six-months/ (accessed 5 November 2010).
11. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. (2011) National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Special Report: Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones reported in NFLIS, 2009-2010., U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Springfield, VA.
12. Cooper, D.A. Future synthetic drugs of abuse. http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/future_synthetic/future_synthetic.shtml (accessed 5 November 2010).
13. National Conference of State Legislatures. Synthetic cannabinoids legislation. http://www.ncsl.org/?TabId=22431 (accessed 5 November 2010).
14. Pertwee, R.G. (2000) Cannabinoid receptor ligands: Clinical and neuropharmacological considerations, relevant to future drug discovery and development. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 9, 1553-1571.
15. Pertwee, R.G. (2009) Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines. British Journal of Pharmacology, 156, 397-411.
16. Pertwee, R.G., Howlett, A.C., Abood, M.E., Alexander, S.P.H., Di Marzo, V., Elphick, M.R. et al. (2010) International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: Beyond CB1 and CB2. Pharmacological Reviews, 62, 588-631.
17. Thakur, G.A., Tichkule, R., Bajaj, S., Makriyannis, A. (2009) Latest advances in cannabinoid receptor agonists. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 19, 1647-1673.
18. Hudson, S., Ramsey, J., King, L., Timbers, S., Maynard, S., Dorgan, P.I. et al. (2010) Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in "herbal high" products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34, 252-260.
19. Zhang, Z., Pawliszyn, J. (1993) Headspace solid-phase microextraction. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 1843-1852.
20. Hudson, S., Ramsey, J., King, L., Timbers, S., Maynard, S., Dargan, P.I. et al. (2010) Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in herbal high products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34, 252-260.
21. Nakajima, J.I., Takahashi, M., Nonaka, R., Seto, T., Suzuki, J., Yoshida, M. et al. (2011) Identification and quantitation of a benzoylindole (2-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone and a naphthoylindole 1-(5-fluoropentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(naphthalene- 1-yl)methanone (AM-2201) found in illegal products obtained via the Internet and their cannabimimetic effects evaluated by in vitro [35S]GTPgS binding assays. Forensic Toxicology, 29, 132-141.