Semi-continuous gas and inorganic aerosol measurements at a Finnish urban site: Comparisons with filters, nitrogen in aerosol and gas phases, and aerosol acidity

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 5617-5631

  Makkonen, U ^a   Virkkula, A ^a,b   Mantykentta J ^a   Hakola, H ^a   Keronen, P ^b   Vakkari, V ^b   Aalto, P P ^b  

^a FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACIDITY; AEROSOL; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); FILTER; FRACTIONATION; NITROGEN; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SULFUR DIOXIDE; URBAN SITE;

FINLAND; HELSINKI; VARSINAIS-SUOMI;

EID: 84863456147     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-5617-2012     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Aan de Brugh, J. M. J., Henzing, J. S., Schaap, M., Morgan, W. T., van Heerwaarden, C. C., Weijers, E. P., Coe, H., and Krol, M. C.: Modelling the partitioning of ammonium nitrate in the convective boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3005-3023, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3005-2012, 2012.
2. Asman, W. A. H., Sutton, M. A., and Schjørring, J. K.: Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition, New Phy-tol., 139, 27-48, doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00180.x, 1998. (Pubitemid 28266042)
3. Butterbach-Bahl, K., Gundersen, P., Ambus, P., Augustin, J., Beier, C., Boeckx, P., Dannenmann, M., Gimeno, B. S., Ibrom, A., Kiese, R., Kitzler, B., Rees, R. M., Smith, K. A., Stevens, C., Vesala, T., and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems, in: The European Nitrogen Assessment, edited by: Sutton, M. A., Howard C. M., Erisman, J. W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Grennfelt, P., van Grinsven, H., and Grizzetti, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Books Online, 99-125, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511976988. 009, 2011.
4. Cape, J. N.: Operation of EMEP "supersites" in the United Kingdom, Annual report for 2007, ISBN: 978-1-906698-15-7, available at: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/8660/2/EMEP supersite report 2007N008660CR.pdf, 2009.
5. Corbett, J. J., Fischbeck, P. S., and Pandis, S. N.: Global nitrogen and sulfur inventories for oceangoing ships, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3457-3470, doi:10.1029/1998jd100040, 1999. (Pubitemid 29298425)
6. Corbett, J. J., Lack, D. A., Winebrake, J. J., Harder, S., Silber-man, J. A., and Gold, M.: Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9689-9704, doi:10.5194/acp-10-9689-2010, 2010.
7. Draxler, R. and Hess, G.: An Overview of the HYSPLIT 4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition, Aust. Met. Mag. 47, 295-308, available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/amoj/docs/1998/draxler.pdf, 1998. (Pubitemid 128184063)
8. EMEP: manual for sampling and chemical analysis, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, EMEP/CCC-Report 1/95, Rev. 2007, available at: http://www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/manual/index.html, 2007.
9. Erisman, J. W., Otjes, R., Hensen, A., Jongejan, P., van den Bulk, P., Khlystov, A., Mols, H., and Slanina, J.: Instrument development and application in studies and monitoring of ambient ammonia, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1913-1922, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00544-6, 2001.
10. EU 2008/50/EC: Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0050:EN:NOT, 2008.
11. Ferm, M.: Atmospheric ammonia and ammonium transport in Europe and critical loads-A review, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 51, 5-17, doi:10.1023/A: 1009780030477, 1998. (Pubitemid 28242569)
12. Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts, J. N.: Chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere: theory, experiments and application, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (ISBN: 0-12-257060-x), 2000.
13. Fisseha, R., Dommen, J., Gutzwiller, L., Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., Emmenegger, C., Kalberer, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Seasonal and diurnal characteristics of water soluble inorganic compounds in the gas and aerosol phase in the Zurich area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1895-1904, doi:10.5194/acp-6- 1895-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198638)
14. Godri, K. J., Evans, G. J., Slowik, J., Knox, A., Abbatt, J., Brook, J., Dann, T., and Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E.: Evaluation and application of a semi-continuous chemical characterization system for water soluble inorganic PM2.5 and associated precursor gases, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 65-80, doi:10.5194/amt-2-65-2009, 2009.
15. Gutzwiller, L., Arens, F., Baltensperger, U., Gäggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Significance of Semivolatile Diesel Exhaust Or-ganics for Secondary HONO Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 677-682, doi:10.1021/es015673b, 2002. (Pubitemid 34157509)
16. Heinzerling, D.: Automation of HYSPLIT trajectory generation and subsequent analysis, Washington university, Research for Undergraduates Program 2004, HYSPLIT-web, ARL Air Resources Laboratory: HYSPLIT-Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model, http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT. php, 2004.
17. Järvi, L., Hannuniemi, H., Hussein, T., Junninen, H., Aalto, P. P., Hillamo, R., Mäkelä, T., Keronen, P., Siivola, E., Vesala, T., and Kulmala, M.: The urban measurement station SMEAR III: Continuous monitoring of air pollution and surface-atmosphere interactions in Helsinki, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 86-109, 2009.
18. Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submi-cron particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33, 49-70, 2000. (Pubitemid 32001928)
19. Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J.H., Flagan, R. C., Zhang, X., Smith, K. A., Morris, J. W., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geo-phys Res., 108, 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.
20. Khlystov, A., Wyers, G. P., and Slanina, J.: The Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector, Atmos. Environ., 29, 2229-2234, 1995. (Pubitemid 26440655)
21. Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Almeida, J., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Franchin, A., Gagné, S., Ickes, L., Kürten A., Kupc, A., Met-zger, A., Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Schobesberger, S., Tsagko-georgas, G., Wimmer, D., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlech-ner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Downard, A., Ehn, M., Fla-gan, R. C., Haider, S., Hansel, A., Hauser, D., Jud, W., Junni-nen, H., Kreissl, F., Kvashin, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Lima, J., Lovejoy, E. R., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Mikkilä, J., Minginette, P., Mogo, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pereira, P., Petäjä, T., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé A., Vanhanen, J., Viisanen, Y., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Walther, H., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Win-kler, P. M., Carslaw, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Kulmala, M.: Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation, Nature, 476, 429-433, doi:10.1038/nature10343, 2011.
22. Knipping, E. and Dabdub, D.: Impact of Chlorine Emissions from Sea-Salt Aerosol on Coastal Urban Ozone, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 37, 275-284, doi:10.1021/es025793z, 2003. (Pubitemid 36109772)
23. Kurtenbach, R., Becker, K. H., Gomes, J. A. G., Kleffmann, J., Lorzer, J. C., Spittler, M., Wiesen, P., Ackermann, R., Geyer, A., and Platt, U.: Investigations of emissions and heterogeneous formation of HONO in a road traffic tunnel, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3385-3394, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00138- 8, 2001.
24. Lipfert, F. W.: Filter Artifacts Associated with Particulate Measurements-Recent-Evidence and Effects on Statistical Relationships, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3233-3249, 1994.
25. Makkonen, U. et al.: Seasonal cycles of water-soluble ions and gases at a boreal forest site in Finland, in preparation, 2012.
26. Mosier, A. R.: Exchange of gaseous nitrogen compounds between agricultural systems and the atmosphere, Plant Soil, 228, 17-2, 10.1023/A:1004821205442, 2001. (Pubitemid 32145138)
27. Mulik, J. and Sawicki, E.: Ion chromatography, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 13, 804-809, doi:10.1021/es60155a014, 1979. (Pubitemid 9183131)
28. Mulik, J., Puckett, R., Williams, D., and Sawicki, E.: Ion chromato-graphic analysis of sulfate and nitrate in ambient aerosols, Anal. Lett., 9, 653-663, doi:10.1080/00032717608059128, 1976.
29. Nie, W., Wang, T., Gao, X., Pathak, R.K., Wang, X., Gao, R., Zhang, Q., Yang, L., and Wang, W. X.: Comparison among filter-based, impactor-based and continuous techniques for measuring atmospheric fine sulfate and nitrate, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4396-4403, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.047, 2010.
30. Orsini, D., Ma, Y., Sullivan, A., Sierau, B., Baumann, K., and Weber, R.: Refinements to the Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler (PILS) for Ground and Airborne Measurements of Water Soluble Aerosol Composition, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1243-1259, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01015-4, 2003. (Pubitemid 36294077)
31. Ruoho-Airola, T., Leppänen, S., and Makkonen, U.: Changes in the concentration of reduced nitrogen in the air in Finland between 1990 and 2007, Boreal Environ. Res., 15, 427-436, 2010.
32. Schaap, M., Otjes, R. P., and Weijers, E. P.: Illustrating the benefit of using hourly monitoring data on secondary inorganic aerosol and its precursors for model evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11041-11053, doi:10.5194/acp-11- 11041-2011, 2011.
33. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, J. Wiley, New York, 1998.
34. Slanina, J., ten Brink, H. M., Otjes, R. P., Even, A., Jonge-jan, P., Khlystov, S., Waijers-Ijpelaan, A., Hu, M., and Lu, Y.: The continuous analysis of nitrate and ammonium in aerosols by the steam jet aerosol collector (SJAC): extension and validation of the methodology, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2319-2330, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00556-2, 2001. (Pubitemid 32244008)
35. Stern, D. I.: Global sulfur emissions from 1850 to 2000, Chemo-sphere, 58, 163-175, 2005. (Pubitemid 39572127)
36. Stevens, R. K., Dzubay, T. G., Russwurm, G., and Rickel, D.: Sampling and analysis of atmospheric sulfates and related species, Atmos. Environ., 12, 55-68, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(78)90188-9, 1978. (Pubitemid 8345943)
37. Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., Clements, A. L., Turner, J. R., Bae, M. S., and Schauer, J. J.: A method for on-line measurement of watersoluble organic carbon in ambient aerosol particles: Results from an urban site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13105, doi:10.1029/2004GL019681, 2004. (Pubitemid 39250734)
38. ten Brink, H. M., Otjes, R., Jongejan, P., and Slanina, J.: An instrument for semi-continuous monitoring of the size-distribution of ammonium nitrate aerosol, Atmos. Environ. 41, 2768-2779, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.041, 2007. (Pubitemid 46453244)
39. Timonen, H., Saarikoski, S., Tolonen-Kivimäki, O., Aurela, M., Saarnio, K., Petäjä, T., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Pakkanen, T., and Hillamo, R.: Size distributions, sources and source areas of water-soluble organic carbon in urban background air, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5635-5647, doi:10.5194/acp-8-5635-2008, 2008.
40. Trebs, I., Meixner, F. X., Slanina, J., Otjes, R., Jongejan, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Real-time measurements of ammonia, acidic trace gases and water-soluble inorganic aerosol species at a rural site in the Amazon Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 967-987, doi:10.5194/acp-4-967-2004, 2004. (Pubitemid 39239246)
41. Trebs, I., Andreae, M. O., Elbert, W., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Soto-Garć?a, L. L., Rudich, Y., Falkovich, A. H., Maenhaut, W., Ar-taxo, P., Otjes, R., and Slanina, J.: Aerosol inorganic composition at a tropical site: discrepancies between filter-based sampling and a semi-continuous method, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 4, 255-269, doi:10.1080/02786820801992899, 2008. (Pubitemid 351519660)
42. Vakkari, V., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mabaso, D., Molefe, M., Kgabi, N., and Laakso, L.: New particle formation events in semi-clean South African savannah, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3333-3346, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3333- 2011, 2011.
43. Vestreng, V., Myhre, G., Fagerli, H., Reis, S., and Tarrasón, L.: Twenty-five years of continuous sulphur dioxide emission reduction in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3663-3681, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3663-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47154490)
44. Von Bobrutzki, K., Braban, C. F., Famulari, D., Jones, S. K., Black-all, T., Smith, T. E. L., Blom, M., Coe, H., Gallagher, M., Gha-laieny, M., McGillen, M. R., Percival, C. J., Whitehead, J. D., Ellis, R., Murphy, J., Mohacsi, A., Pogany, A., Junninen, H., Ranta-nen, S., Sutton, M. A., and Nemitz, E.: Field inter-comparison of eleven atmospheric ammonia measurement techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 91-112, doi:10.5194/amt-3-91-2010, 2010.
45. Weber, R. J., Orsini, D., Daun, Y., Lee, Y.-N., Klotz, P. J., and Brechtel, F.: A Particle into-Liquid Collector for Rapid Measurement of Aerosol Bulk Chemical Composition, Aerosol Sci. Tech-nol. 35, 718-727, doi:10.1080/02786820152546761, 2001. (Pubitemid 32823710)
46. Wittig, A. E., Takahama, S., Khlystov, A. Y., Pandis, S. N., Hering, S., Kirby, B., and Davidson, C.: Semi-continuous PM2.5 inorganic composition measurements during the Pittsburgh air quality study, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3201-3213, 2004. (Pubitemid 38638426)
47. Wolff, V., Trebs, I., Ammann, C., and Meixner, F. X.: Aerodynamic gradient measurements of the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 triad using a wet chemical instrument: an analysis of precision requirements and flux errors, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 187-208, doi:10.5194/amt-3-187-2010, 2010.
48. Wu, W. S. and Wang, T.: On the performance of a semi-continuous PM2.5 sulphate and nitrate instrument under high loadings of particulate and sulphur dioxide, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5442-5451, 2007. (Pubitemid 47043524)
49. Wyers, G. P., Otjes, R. P., and Slanina, J.: A continuous flow denuder for the measurement of ambient concentrations and surface fluxes of NH3, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2085-2090, doi:10.1016/0960-1686(93)90280-C, 1993.