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Volumn 38, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 445-470

Chartism Remembered: William Aitken, Liberalism, and the Politics of Memory

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EID: 84863444574     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: 15456986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/386203     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (202)
  • 2
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    • 2 October
    • Ashton News (2 October 1869)
    • (1869) Ashton News
  • 3
  • 4
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    • 2 October
    • Ashton News (2 October 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton News
  • 5
    • 6344267100 scopus 로고
    • 2 October
    • Ashton News (2 October 1869)
    • (1869) Ashton News
  • 6
  • 7
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    • Special Report from the Select Committee on the Sale of Liquors on Sunday Bill
    • Special Report from the Select Committee on the Sale of Liquors on Sunday Bill, 1867–1868, British Parliamentary Papers (BPP), [402] XIV: 382–383
    • (1867) British Parliamentary Papers (BPP) , vol.XIV , Issue.402 , pp. 382-383
  • 8
    • 85023151875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with In the latter source the prison inspector estimated that Aitken's school brought in about three pounds a week. For the rise of the “trade of agitation,” Public Record Office (PRO)
    • Interview with William Aitken, Public Record Office (PRO), Home Office (HO) 20/10. In the latter source the prison inspector estimated that Aitken's school brought in about three pounds a week. For the rise of the “trade of agitation,”
    • Home Office (HO) , vol.20-10
    • Aitken, W.1
  • 11
    • 85023081122 scopus 로고
    • Manchester Central Library
    • 19 November M20/1868–69
    • Mason to Wilson, 19 November 1869, Manchester Central Library, George Wilson Papers, M20/1868–69.
    • (1869) George Wilson Papers
    • Mason1    Wilson2
  • 14
    • 0347307559 scopus 로고
    • Chartism, Liberalism, and the Life of Robert Lowery
    • see also the classic work Brian Harrison and Patricia Hollis July
    • see also the classic work Brian Harrison and Patricia Hollis, “Chartism, Liberalism, and the Life of Robert Lowery,” English Historical Review 82 (July 1967): 503–535
    • (1967) English Historical Review , vol.82 , pp. 503-535
  • 16
    • 6344276802 scopus 로고
    • For recent attempts to place Chartism in southeast Lancashire with in the tradition of popular Liberalism, see Keele
    • For recent attempts to place Chartism in southeast Lancashire with in the tradition of popular Liberalism, see Peter Taylor, Popular Politics in Early Industrial Britain: Bolton, 1825–1850 (Keele, 1995)
    • (1995) Popular Politics in Early Industrial Britain: Bolton, 1825–1850
    • Taylor, P.1
  • 17
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    • Oldham Radicalism and the Origins of Popular Liberalism, 1830–52
    • September
    • Michael Winstanley, “Oldham Radicalism and the Origins of Popular Liberalism, 1830–52,” Historical Journal 36 (September 1993): 619–643.
    • (1993) Historical Journal , vol.36 , pp. 619-643
    • Winstanley, M.1
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    • Viewpoint: Analysis and the Autobiography
    • 27 May
    • Charles Rycroft, “Viewpoint: Analysis and the Autobiography,” Times Literary Supplement (27 May 1983), p. 541.
    • (1983) Times Literary Supplement , pp. 541
    • Rycroft, C.1
  • 25
    • 0347937757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who Were ‘the People’ in 1842?
    • in See also ed. Malcolm Chase and Ian Dyck (Aldershot
    • See also, Dorothy Thompson, “Who Were ‘the People’ in 1842?” in Living and Learning: Essays in Honour of J. F. C. Harrison, ed. Malcolm Chase and Ian Dyck (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 118–132.
    • (1996) Living and Learning: Essays in Honour of J. F. C. Harrison , pp. 118-132
    • Thompson, D.1
  • 26
    • 84878551071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a very different perspective on Aitken's use of “the people,” see
    • For a very different perspective on Aitken's use of “the people,” see Patrick Joyce, Visions, pp. 37–38, 60, 103, 108
    • Visions
    • Joyce, P.1
  • 30
    • 85023138456 scopus 로고
    • 30 January
    • Macaulay to Greig, 30 January [1846]
    • (1846)
    • Macaulay1    Greig2
  • 32
    • 85023064437 scopus 로고
    • ed. Thomas Pinney September 1841-December 1848 (Cambridge
    • The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay, ed. Thomas Pinney, vol. 4, September 1841-December 1848 (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 291–293
    • (1977) The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay , vol.4 , pp. 291-293
  • 33
    • 0347937753 scopus 로고
    • Work, Class, and Politics in Ashton-under-Lyne, 1830–1860
    • Vanderbilt University
    • Robert G. Hall, “Work, Class, and Politics in Ashton-under-Lyne, 1830–1860” (Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1991), pp. 137–141.
    • (1991) Ph.D. diss , pp. 137-141
    • Hall, R.G.1
  • 35
    • 84929398498 scopus 로고
    • Popular Memory: Theory, Politics, Method
    • in For the growing literature on history and memory, see ed. Richard Johnson et al. (Minneapolis
    • For the growing literature on history and memory, see Popular Memory Group, “Popular Memory: Theory, Politics, Method,” in Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics, ed. Richard Johnson et al. (Minneapolis, 1982), pp. 205–252
    • (1982) Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics , pp. 205-252
  • 37
    • 85127676447 scopus 로고
    • The Anzac Legend: Exploring National Myth and Memory in Australia
    • in By, ed. Raphael Samuel and Paul Thompson (London
    • Alistair Thomson, “The Anzac Legend: Exploring National Myth and Memory in Australia,” in The Myths We Live By, ed. Raphael Samuel and Paul Thompson (London, 1990), pp. 73–82
    • (1990) The Myths We Live , pp. 73-82
    • Thomson, A.1
  • 39
    • 11544353079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past
    • ed. trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York
    • Pierre Nora, ed., Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, vol. 1, Conflicts and Divisions, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York, 1996)
    • (1996) Conflicts and Divisions , vol.1
    • Nora, P.1
  • 40
    • 0041016845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Striking Lives: Oral History and the Politics of Memory
    • Spring
    • Emily Honig, “Striking Lives: Oral History and the Politics of Memory,” Journal of Women's History 9 (Spring 1997): 139–157.
    • (1997) Journal of Women's History , vol.9 , pp. 139-157
    • Honig, E.1
  • 44
    • 85023089976 scopus 로고
    • For the 1862 trip, see 23 August
    • For the 1862 trip, see Ashton Reporter (23 August 1862).
    • (1862) Ashton Reporter
  • 45
    • 60950602546 scopus 로고
    • Introduction: The Institution of Autobiography
    • in See ed. Robert Folkenflik (Stanford, Calif
    • See Robert Folkenflik, “Introduction: The Institution of Autobiography,” in The Culture of Autobiography: Constructions of Self-Representation, ed. Robert Folkenflik (Stanford, Calif., 1993), pp. 12–16.
    • (1993) The Culture of Autobiography: Constructions of Self-Representation , pp. 12-16
    • Folkenflik, R.1
  • 51
    • 6344254530 scopus 로고
    • quoted in Aitken's obituary 2 October
    • quoted in Aitken's obituary, Ashton Reporter (2 October 1869)
    • (1869) Ashton Reporter
  • 54
    • 0343592130 scopus 로고
    • autobiography was published as and Early Days (1849). The memoirs of Thomas Hardy came out in 1832 the autobiographies of the Chartists John James Bezer and Robert Lowery were published, in serial form, in 1851 and 1856–57, respectively.
    • Samuel Bamford's autobiography was published as Passages in the Life of a Radical (1844) and Early Days (1849). The memoirs of Thomas Hardy came out in 1832 the autobiographies of the Chartists John James Bezer and Robert Lowery were published, in serial form, in 1851 and 1856–57, respectively.
    • (1844) Passages in the Life of a Radical
    • Bamford's, S.1
  • 56
    • 84971870848 scopus 로고
    • Radicalism and the Victorian Working Class: The Case of Samuel Bamford
    • For a nuanced perspective on Bamford's life and career, see December
    • For a nuanced perspective on Bamford's life and career, see Martin Hewitt, “Radicalism and the Victorian Working Class: The Case of Samuel Bamford,” Historical Journal 34 (December 1991): 873–892.
    • (1991) Historical Journal , vol.34 , pp. 873-892
    • Hewitt, M.1
  • 58
    • 85023015765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with
    • Interview with William Aitken, PRO, HO 20/10
    • PRO, HO , vol.20-10
    • Aitken, W.1
  • 59
    • 85023109371 scopus 로고
    • Special Report from the Select Committee on the Sale of Liquors on Sunday Bill
    • Special Report from the Select Committee on the Sale of Liquors on Sunday Bill, 1867–1868, BPP, [402] XIV: 382–383
    • (1867) BPP , vol.XIV , Issue.402 , pp. 382-383
  • 60
    • 6344267100 scopus 로고
    • 2 October
    • Ashton News (2 October 1869)
    • (1869) Ashton News
  • 61
  • 64
    • 84900884297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will the Real Mary Lovett Please Stand Up? Chartism, Gender, and Autobiography
    • in Chase and Dyck, eds.
    • Eileen Janes Yeo, “Will the Real Mary Lovett Please Stand Up? Chartism, Gender, and Autobiography,” in Chase and Dyck, eds., Living and Learning, pp. 163–164.
    • Living and Learning , pp. 163-164
    • Janes Yeo, E.1
  • 65
    • 85023146677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For his use of the terms “working men” and “the working-classes,” see
    • For his use of the terms “working men” and “the working-classes,” see William Aitken, pp. 14, 19–22, 26, 28.
    • William Aitken
  • 70
  • 71
    • 85023141338 scopus 로고
    • the 1851 census listed her as a schoolmistress. See 15 July
    • the 1851 census listed her as a schoolmistress. See Northern Star (15 July 1843)
    • (1843)
  • 72
    • 85022996525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 107/2233
    • PRO, HO 107/2233.
    • HO
  • 76
  • 83
    • 0010705434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the cult of the hero, see
    • For the cult of the hero, see Houghton, Victorian Frame of Mind, pp. 305–340
    • Victorian Frame of Mind , pp. 305-340
    • Houghton1
  • 85
    • 6344267100 scopus 로고
    • 2 October
    • Ashton News (2 October 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton News
  • 87
    • 85023042938 scopus 로고
    • Over the Atlantic, from the Mersey to the Mississippi
    • April
    • William Aitken, “Over the Atlantic, from the Mersey to the Mississippi,” Oddfellows' Magazine (April 1864): 371
    • (1864) Oddfellows' Magazine , pp. 371
    • Aitken, W.1
  • 89
    • 0042549746 scopus 로고
    • London, 1903; reprint, New York
    • W. E. Adams, Memoirs of a Social Atom (London, 1903; reprint, New York, 1967), pp. 211–212.
    • (1967) Memoirs of a Social Atom , pp. 211-212
    • Adams, W.E.1
  • 90
    • 85000608223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pills, Pamphlets and Politics: The Career of Peter Murray McDouall (1814–54)
    • See also
    • See also P. Pickering and S. Roberts, “Pills, Pamphlets and Politics: The Career of Peter Murray McDouall (1814–54),” Manchester Region History Review 11 (1997): 34–43
    • (1997) Manchester Region History Review , vol.11 , pp. 34-43
    • Pickering, P.1    Roberts, S.2
  • 91
    • 0347800905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nineteenth-Century Gentleman Leader Revisited
    • May
    • John Belchem and James Epstein, “The Nineteenth-Century Gentleman Leader Revisited,” Social History 22 (May 1997): 178–181
    • (1997) Social History , vol.22 , pp. 178-181
    • Belchem, J.1    Epstein, J.2
  • 92
    • 84878551071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joyce, Visions, pp. 34–40.
    • Visions , pp. 34-40
    • Joyce1
  • 95
    • 84878280432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Popular Memory Group
    • Popular Memory Group, “Popular Memory,” pp. 241–243
    • Popular Memory , pp. 241-243
  • 98
    • 0003316467 scopus 로고
    • ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago
    • Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, 1992), pp. 38–39.
    • (1992) On Collective Memory , pp. 38-39
    • Halbwachs, M.1
  • 99
    • 6344267100 scopus 로고
    • 2 October
    • Ashton News (2 October 1869)
    • (1869) Ashton News
  • 100
  • 101
    • 85023089976 scopus 로고
    • 27 December
    • Ashton Reporter (27 December 1862).
    • (1862) Ashton Reporter
  • 102
    • 6344228072 scopus 로고
    • See also July
    • See also Oddfellows' Magazine (July 1857): 129–132.
    • (1857) Oddfellows' Magazine , pp. 129-132
  • 103
    • 84940236744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • For Aitken's activities in the 1860s on behalf of the Confederacy, see in
    • For Aitken's activities in the 1860s on behalf of the Confederacy, see Robert G. Hall and Stephen Roberts, “Introduction,” in William Aitken, pp. 10–11
    • William Aitken , pp. 10-11
    • Hall, R.G.1    Roberts, S.2
  • 104
    • 84948113581 scopus 로고
    • Pressure from Without: African Americans, British Public Opinion, and Civil War Diplomacy
    • in ed. Robert E. May (West Lafayette, Ind.
    • R. J. M. Blackett, “Pressure from Without: African Americans, British Public Opinion, and Civil War Diplomacy,” in The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim, ed. Robert E. May (West Lafayette, Ind., 1995), pp. 83–84.
    • (1995) The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic Rim , pp. 83-84
    • Blackett, R.J.M.1
  • 105
    • 85023135578 scopus 로고
    • 10 November
    • Ashton Reporter (10 November 1855).
    • (1855) Ashton Reporter
  • 106
    • 6344226206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also
    • See also Aitken, Journey, p. 29.
    • Journey , pp. 29
    • Aitken1
  • 107
    • 85023129640 scopus 로고
    • A Story of the First French Revolution
    • July
    • William Aitken, “A Story of the First French Revolution,” Oddfellows' Magazine (July 1869): 203–4
    • (1869) Oddfellows' Magazine , pp. 203-204
    • Aitken, W.1
  • 108
    • 85023064779 scopus 로고
    • A Story of the First French Revolution
    • January
    • “A Story of the First French Revolution,” Oddfellows' Magazine (January 1870): 284, 289.
    • (1870) Oddfellows' Magazine , vol.284 , pp. 289
  • 109
    • 85022985304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In his autobiography Aitken also used the phrase William Aitken
    • In his autobiography Aitken also used the phrase “liberty without licentiousness” (William Aitken, p. 27).
    • liberty without licentiousness , pp. 27
  • 110
    • 85023086311 scopus 로고
    • 3 October
    • Ashton Reporter (3 October 1868).
    • (1868) Ashton Reporter
  • 111
    • 6344254530 scopus 로고
    • See also 16 and 30 January
    • See also Ashton Reporter (16 and 30 January 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton Reporter
  • 112
    • 85023132016 scopus 로고
    • 8 September
    • Ashton Reporter (8 September 1860).
    • (1860) Ashton Reporter
  • 113
    • 84872620846 scopus 로고
    • For an overview of the Hobson family's involvement in radical publishing, see 17 August
    • For an overview of the Hobson family's involvement in radical publishing, see Ashton Reporter (17 August 1867).
    • (1867) Ashton Reporter
  • 114
    • 6344235035 scopus 로고
    • 26 December
    • Ashton Reporter (26 December 1857).
    • (1857) Ashton Reporter
  • 115
    • 85023023832 scopus 로고
    • Liberal principles
    • For the war of the unstamped as part of the struggle for see 5 October
    • For the war of the unstamped as part of the struggle for “Liberal principles,” see Ashton Reporter (5 October 1861).
    • (1861) Ashton Reporter
  • 116
    • 6344254530 scopus 로고
    • 30 January
    • Ashton Reporter (30 January 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton Reporter
  • 117
    • 85023012950 scopus 로고
    • For explicit attempts to come to terms with Chartism in this way, see 19 March 1859 and 20 September
    • For explicit attempts to come to terms with Chartism in this way, see Ashton Reporter (19 March 1859 and 20 September 1856).
    • (1856) Ashton Reporter
  • 120
    • 85023146677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For instance, the 16 October installment contained only two paragraph breaks. In the 1996 edition, the obvious errors have been corrected, and the text has been broken up into more frequent paragraphs. See
    • For instance, the 16 October installment contained only two paragraph breaks. In the 1996 edition, the obvious errors have been corrected, and the text has been broken up into more frequent paragraphs. See William Aitken, p. 56.
    • William Aitken , pp. 56
  • 122
    • 0003986595 scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of the challenges of serial publication, see London
    • For a discussion of the challenges of serial publication, see John Butt and Kathleen Tillotson, Dickens at Work (London, 1957), pp. 15–16, 21–25, 202–3
    • (1957) Dickens at Work
    • Butt, J.1    Tillotson, K.2
  • 125
    • 85023066886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Samuel Hill listed, for the Ashton and Stalybridge area, around nine dialect poets who were active in the nineteenth century, the most famous of whom was Samuel Laycock Ashton-under-Lyne, n.d.
    • Samuel Hill listed, for the Ashton and Stalybridge area, around nine dialect poets who were active in the nineteenth century, the most famous of whom was Samuel Laycock (Samuel Hill, Old Lancashire Songs and Their Singers [Ashton-under-Lyne, n.d.], pp. 51–52).
    • Old Lancashire Songs and Their Singers , pp. 51-52
    • Hill, S.1
  • 129
    • 6344254530 scopus 로고
    • 16 and 30 January
    • Ashton Reporter (16 and 30 January 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton Reporter
  • 131
    • 6344235035 scopus 로고
    • 14 November and 5 February and 20 August 1859
    • Ashton Reporter (14 November 1857, and 5 February and 20 August 1859)
    • (1857) Ashton Reporter
  • 132
  • 134
    • 85023132016 scopus 로고
    • 27 October local politics
    • Ashton Reporter (27 October 1860) (local politics)
    • (1860) Ashton Reporter
  • 135
    • 61249102531 scopus 로고
    • 17 February
    • People's Paper (17 February 1855)
    • (1855) People's Paper
  • 136
    • 85023086311 scopus 로고
    • 10 March 1860 and 28 March Chartist Institute
    • Ashton Reporter (10 March 1860 and 28 March 1868) (Chartist Institute)
    • (1868) Ashton Reporter
  • 137
    • 85023089976 scopus 로고
    • 6 December and 26 September 1863
    • Ashton Reporter (6 December 1862 and 26 September 1863)
    • (1862) Ashton Reporter
  • 138
    • 85022610084 scopus 로고
    • 30 January (Secularist Society
    • National Reformer (30 January 1864) (Secularist Society).
    • (1864) National Reformer
  • 148
    • 85023039878 scopus 로고
    • 2 February
    • Northern Star (2 February 1839).
    • (1839)
  • 149
    • 0041067747 scopus 로고
    • See also 24 April
    • See also, Manchester Guardian (24 April 1839)
    • (1839) Manchester Guardian
  • 150
    • 85023056159 scopus 로고
    • 27 April
    • Northern Star (27 April 1839)
    • (1839)
  • 151
    • 10044242184 scopus 로고
    • 31 March and 28 April
    • Operative (31 March and 28 April 1839).
    • (1839) Operative
  • 152
    • 6344254530 scopus 로고
    • 30 January
    • Ashton Reporter (30 January 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton Reporter
  • 156
    • 0039741708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the tendency of the Ten Hours movement to portray women as dependents and to use “the language of patriarchal protection,” see Cambridge
    • For the tendency of the Ten Hours movement to portray women as dependents and to use “the language of patriarchal protection,” see Robert Gray, The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830–1860 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 29–31, 36–37.
    • (1996) The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830–1860
    • Gray, R.1
  • 158
    • 0040333612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gendered Discourses and the Making of Protective Labor Legislation in England, 1830–1914
    • April
    • Carolyn Malone, “Gendered Discourses and the Making of Protective Labor Legislation in England, 1830–1914,” Journal of British Studies 37 (April 1998): 166–191.
    • (1998) Journal of British Studies , vol.37 , pp. 166-191
    • Malone, C.1
  • 161
    • 85023100761 scopus 로고
    • A Story of the First French Revolution
    • For this same point, see Aitken July
    • For this same point, see Aitken, “A Story of the First French Revolution,” Oddfellows' Magazine (July 1869): 204.
    • (1869) Oddfellows' Magazine , pp. 204
  • 164
  • 166
  • 168
    • 84963055078 scopus 로고
    • Physical-Force Chartism: The Cotton District and the Chartist Crisis of 1839
    • Robert Sykes, “Physical-Force Chartism: The Cotton District and the Chartist Crisis of 1839,” International Review of Social History 30, no. 2(1985): 211–217.
    • (1985) International Review of Social History , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 211-217
    • Sykes, R.1
  • 169
    • 85023042927 scopus 로고
    • 18 May
    • Northern Star (18 May 1839)
    • (1839)
  • 171
    • 85023005331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meeting of Chartists at Ashton under Lyne, Held in the Market Place on Saturday Evening April 20th 1839
    • “Meeting of Chartists at Ashton under Lyne, Held in the Market Place on Saturday Evening April 20th 1839,” PRO, HO 40/37
    • PRO, HO , vol.40-37
  • 172
    • 85023153558 scopus 로고
    • 11 April
    • Northern Star (11 April 1840).
    • (1840)
  • 173
    • 85023034492 scopus 로고
    • 17 November
    • Northern Star (17 November 1838).
    • (1838)
  • 174
    • 85023130730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘ ’To the Non-Electors and Electors of the Borough of Ashton-under-Lyne” (Ashton-under-Lyne, 1841)
    • William Aifken, ‘ ’To the Non-Electors and Electors of the Borough of Ashton-under-Lyne” (Ashton-under-Lyne, 1841), Tameside Local Studies Library, L322.
    • Tameside Local Studies Library , pp. L322
    • Aifken, W.1
  • 175
    • 85023146677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a copy, see
    • For a copy, see William Aitken, p. 33.
    • William Aitken , pp. 33
  • 181
    • 85023099253 scopus 로고
    • Returns of Every Person Confined for Charges for Printing and Publishing Seditious or Blasphemous Libels
    • Returns of Every Person Confined for Charges for Printing and Publishing Seditious or Blasphemous Libels, 1840, BPP, [600] XXXVIII: 10, 12, 8.
    • (1840) BPP , vol.XXXVIII , Issue.600
  • 182
    • 85023013309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See TS 11/813/2677 The day after the general strike of 1842 had begun, an Ashton meeting of striking factory workers appointed six delegates to spread the strike for a fair day's wages and the Charter
    • The day after the general strike of 1842 had begun, an Ashton meeting of striking factory workers appointed six delegates to spread the strike for a fair day's wages and the Charter: William Aitken, Alexander Challenger, Richard Pilling, Thomas Storer, George Johnson, and James Taylor. See Treasury Solicitor's Papers, PRO, TS 11/813/2677
    • Treasury Solicitor's Papers, PRO
    • Aitken, W.1    Challenger, A.2    Pilling, R.3    Storer, T.4    Johnson, G.5    Taylor, J.6
  • 183
    • 85023098895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deposition of Joseph Armitage, Records of the Palatine of Lancaster
    • Deposition of Joseph Armitage, Records of the Palatine of Lancaster, PRO, PL 27/11, part 2.
    • PRO, PL , vol.27-11
  • 186
    • 85023105742 scopus 로고
    • London, 1873; reprint ed., New York
    • Thomas Wright, Our New Masters (London, 1873; reprint ed., New York, 1969), p. 62.
    • (1969) Our New Masters , pp. 62
    • Wright, T.1
  • 188
  • 189
    • 85023133344 scopus 로고
    • 19 August and 25 September ed. Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindley
    • Mill to Kinnear, 19 August and 25 September 1865, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindley, vol. 16
    • (1865) The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill , vol.16
    • Mill1    Kinnear2
  • 194
    • 6344267100 scopus 로고
    • 2 October
    • Ashton News (2 October 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton News
  • 195
    • 6344254530 scopus 로고
    • 30 January
    • Ashton Reporter (30 January 1869).
    • (1869) Ashton Reporter
  • 197
    • 85023049035 scopus 로고
    • 18 May
    • Northern Star (18 May 1839).
    • (1839)
  • 198
    • 85023089207 scopus 로고
    • For other accounts of this event, see 9 May
    • For other accounts of this event, see Mott to Poor Law Commissioners, 9 May 1839, PRO, HO 73/55
    • (1839) PRO, HO , vol.73-55


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.