Prebiopsy magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

International Journal of Urology

Volumn 19, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 602-613

  Kumar, Virendra ^a   Jagannathan, Naranamangalam R ^a   Thulkar, Sanjay ^a   Kumar, Rajeev ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Diffusion weighted imaging; Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging; Prebiopsy; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

GADOLINIUM PENTETATE;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE BIOPSY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW;

BIOPSY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84863417598     PISSN: 09198172     EISSN: 14422042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02995.x     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ etal. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or=4.0ng per milliliter. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 2239-46.
2. Wilson SS, Crawford ED. Screening for prostate cancer: current recommendations. Urol. Clin. North Am. 2004; 31: 219-26.
3. Prostate specific antigen best practice statement: 2009 update. [Cited 27 Aug 2011.] Available from URL:
4. Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Males RG, Swanson MG, Yu KK, Hricak H. The prostate: MR imaging and spectroscopy. Present and future. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 2000; 38: 115-38, viii-ix.
5. Turkbey B, Albert PS, Kurdziel K, Choyke PL. Imaging localized prostate cancer: current approaches and new developments. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2009; 192: 1471-80.
6. Bonekamp D, Macura KJ. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the prostate. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008; 19: 273-84.
7. Futterer JJ, Heijmink SW, Scheenen TW etal. Prostate cancer localization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 2006; 241: 449-58.
8. Kayhan A, Fan X, Oto A. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009; 20: 105-12.
9. Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Kochi M etal. Usefulness of diffusion-weighted MRI with echo-planar technique in the evaluation of cellularity in gliomas. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999; 9: 53-60.
10. Gibbs P, Liney GP, Pickles MD, Zelhof B, Rodrigues G, Turnbull LW. Correlation of ADC and T2 measurements with cell density in prostate cancer at 3.0 Tesla. Invest. Radiol. 2009; 44: 572-6.
11. Yamashita Y, Kumabe T, Higano S, Watanabe M, Tominaga T. Minimum apparent diffusion coefficient is significantly correlated with cellularity in medulloblastomas. Neurol. Res. 2009; 31: 940-6.
12. Woodhams R, Kakita S, Hata H etal. Diffusion-weighted imaging of mucinous carcinoma of the breast: evaluation of apparent diffusion coefficient and signal intensity in correlation with histologic findings. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2009; 193: 260-6.
13. Barajas RF Jr, Rubenstein JL, Chang JS, Hwang J, Cha S. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging derived apparent diffusion coefficient is predictive of clinical outcome in primary central nervous system lymphoma. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2010; 31: 60-6.
14. Issa B. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissues using echo-planar imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002; 16: 196-200.
15. Hosseinzadeh K, Schwarz SD. Endorectal diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer to differentiate malignant and benign peripheral zone tissue. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004; 20: 654-61.
16. Manenti G, Carlani M, Mancino S etal. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer. Invest. Radiol. 2007; 42: 412-19.
17. Gurses B, Tasdelen N, Yencilek F etal. Diagnostic utility of DTI in prostate cancer. Eur. J. Radiol. 2011; 79: 172-6.
18. Shimofusa R, Fujimoto H, Akamata H etal. Diffusion-weighted imaging of prostate cancer. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2005; 29: 149-53.
19. Sato C, Naganawa S, Nakamura T etal. Differentiation of noncancerous tissue and cancer lesions by apparent diffusion coefficient values in transition and peripheral zones of the prostate. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005; 21: 258-62.
20. Sinha S, Sinha U. In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of the human prostate. Magn. Reson. Med. 2004; 52: 530-7.
21. Henkelman RM, Stanisz GJ, Graham SJ. Magnetization transfer in MRI: a review. NMR Biomed. 2001; 14: 57-64.
22. Arima K, Hayashi N, Yanagawa M etal. The progress in diagnostic imaging for staging of bladder and prostate cancer: endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetization transfer contrast. Hinyokika Kiyo 1999; 45: 553-7.
23. Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Kumar R etal. Evaluation of the role of magnetization transfer imaging in prostate: a preliminary study. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008; 26: 644-9.
24. Costello LC, Franklin RB. The intermediary metabolism of the prostate: a key to understanding the pathogenesis and progression of prostate malignancy. Oncology 2000; 59: 269-82.
25. Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P. Mitochondrial function, zinc, and intermediary metabolism relationships in normal prostate and prostate cancer. Mitochondrion 2005; 5: 143-53.
26. Marberger H, Marberger E, Mann T, Lutwak-Mann C. Citric acid in human prostatic secretion and metastasizing cancer of prostate gland. Br. Med. J. 1962; 1: 835-6.
27. Costello LC, Franklin RB. Concepts of citrate production and secretion by prostate. 1. Metabolic relationships. Prostate 1991; 18: 25-46.
28. Costello LC, Franklin RB, Narayan P. Citrate in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Prostate 1999; 38: 237-45.
29. Jung JA, Coakley FV, Vigneron DB etal. Prostate depiction at endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging: investigation of a standardized evaluation system. Radiology 2004; 233: 701-8.
30. Jagannathan NR, Kumar V, Kumar R, Thulkar S. Role of magnetic resonance methods in the evaluation of prostate cancer: an Indian perspective. MAGMA 2008; 21: 393-407.
31. Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Hricak H, Narayan P, Carroll P, Nelson SJ. Three-dimensional H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging of the in situ human prostate with high (0.24-0.7-cm3) spatial resolution. Radiology 1996; 198: 795-805.
32. Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Hricak H etal. Prostate cancer: metabolic response to cryosurgery as detected with 3D H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1996; 200: 489-96.
33. Lagemaat MW, Zechmann CM, Futterer JJ etal. Reproducibility of 3D 1 H MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate at 1.5T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012; 35: 166-173.
34. Scheidler J, Hricak H, Vigneron DB etal. Prostate cancer: localization with three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging - clinicopathologic study. Radiology 1999; 213: 473-80.
35. Wefer AE, Hricak H, Vigneron DB etal. Sextant localization of prostate cancer: comparison of sextant biopsy, magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with step section histology. J. Urol. 2000; 164: 400-4.
36. Carter HB, Partin AW. Diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. In: Walsh PC (ed.). Campbell's Urology, 8th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 2002; 3058.
37. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E etal. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2006; 56: 106-30.
38. Lattouf JB, Grubb RL III, Lee SJ etal. Magnetic resonance imaging-directed transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsies in patients at risk of prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2007; 99: 1041-6.
39. Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Kumar R etal. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of prostate voxels identified as suspicious of malignancy on three-dimensional (1)H MR spectroscopic imaging in patients with abnormal digital rectal examination or raised prostate specific antigen level of 4-10ng/mL. NMR Biomed. 2007; 20: 11-20.
40. Chen M, Dang HD, Wang JY etal. Prostate cancer detection: comparison of T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, and the three techniques combined. Acta Radiol. 2008; 49: 602-10.
41. Chen YJ, Pu YS, Chueh SC, Shun CT, Chu WC, Tseng WY. Diffusion MRI predicts transrectal ultrasound biopsy results in prostate cancer detection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011; 33: 356-63.
42. Yagci AB, Ozari N, Aybek Z, Duzcan E. The value of diffusion-weighted MRI for prostate cancer detection and localization. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2011; 17: 130-4.
43. Ahmed HU, Kirkham A, Arya M etal. Is it time to consider a role for MRI before prostate biopsy? Nature Reviews. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 6: 197-206.
44. Kubota Y, Kamei S, Nakano M, Ehara H, Deguchi T, Tanaka O. The potential role of prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging combined with prostate-specific antigen density in the detection of prostate cancer. Int. J. Urol. 2008; 15: 322-6; discussion 327.
45. Choi MS, Choi YS, Yoon BI etal. The clinical value of performing an MRI before prostate biopsy. Korean J. Urol. 2011; 52: 572-7.
46. Squillaci E, Manenti G, Mancino S etal. MR spectroscopy of prostate cancer. Initial clinical experience. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005; 24: 523-30.
47. Manenti G, Squillaci E, Carlani M, Mancino S, Di Roma M, Simonetti G. Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate with spectroscopic imaging using a surface coil. Initial clinical experience. Radiol. Med. 2006; 111: 22-32.
48. Villers A, Puech P, Mouton D, Leroy X, Ballereau C, Lemaitre L. Dynamic contrast enhanced, pelvic phased array magnetic resonance imaging of localized prostate cancer for predicting tumor volume: correlation with radical prostatectomy findings. J. Urol. 2006; 176: 2432-7.
49. Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Kumar R etal. Correlation between metabolite ratios and ADC values of prostate in men with increased PSA level. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006; 24: 541-8.
50. Perdona S, Di Lorenzo G, Autorino R etal. Combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging for prostate cancer detection. Urol. Oncol. 2011; in press.
51. Tanimoto A, Nakashima J, Kohno H, Shinmoto H, Kuribayashi S. Prostate cancer screening: the clinical value of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic MR imaging in combination with T2-weighted imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007; 25: 146-52.
52. Kitajima K, Kaji Y, Fukabori Y, Yoshida K, Suganuma N, Sugimura K. Prostate cancer detection with 3 T MRI: comparison of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in combination with T2-weighted imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010; 31: 625-31.
53. Kozlowski P, Chang SD, Jones EC, Berean KW, Chen H, Goldenberg SL. Combined diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis - correlation with biopsy and histopathology. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006; 24: 108-13.
54. Haffner J, Lemaitre L, Puech P etal. Role of magnetic resonance imaging before initial biopsy: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging-targeted and systematic biopsy for significant prostate cancer detection. BJU Int. 2011; 108: E171-8.
55. Costouros NG, Coakley FV, Westphalen AC etal. Diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients with an elevated prostate-specific antigen level: role of endorectal MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007; 188: 812-16.
56. Kozlowski P, Chang SD, Goldenberg SL. Diffusion-weighted MRI in prostate cancer - comparison between single-shot fast spin echo and echo planar imaging sequences. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008; 26: 72-6.
57. Manenti G, Squillaci E, Di Roma M, Carlani M, Mancino S, Simonetti G. In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissue using thin-slice echo-planar imaging. Radiol. Med. 2006; 111: 1124-33.
58. Shimizu T, Nishie A, Ro T etal. Prostate cancer detection: the value of performing an MRI before a biopsy. Acta Radiol. 2009; 50: 1080-8.
59. Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Kumar R etal. Apparent diffusion coefficient of the prostate in men prior to biopsy: determination of a cut-off value to predict malignancy of the peripheral zone. NMR Biomed. 2007; 20: 505-11.
60. Nishida S, Kinoshita H, Mishima T, Kurokawa H, Sakaida N, Matsuda T. Prostate cancer detection by prebiopsy 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Urol. 2011; 18: 653-8.
61. Hara N, Okuizumi M, Koike H, Kawaguchi M, Bilim V. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is a useful modality for the precise detection and staging of early prostate cancer. Prostate 2005; 62: 140-7.
62. Kozlowski P, Chang SD, Meng R etal. Combined prostate diffusion tensor imaging and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI at 3T - quantitative correlation with biopsy. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010; 28: 621-8.
63. Naughton CK, Smith DS, Humphrey PA, Catalona WJ, Keetch DW. Clinical and pathologic tumor characteristics of prostate cancer as a function of the number of biopsy cores: a retrospective study. Urology 1998; 52: 808-13.
64. Ouzzane A, Puech P, Lemaitre L etal. Combined multiparametric MRI and targeted biopsies improve anterior prostate cancer detection, staging, and grading. Urology 2011; 78: 1356-62.
65. Yuen JS, Thng CH, Tan PH etal. Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for the detection of tumor foci in men with prior negative transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy. J. Urol. 2004; 171: 1482-6.
66. Amsellem-Ouazana D, Younes P, Conquy S etal. Negative prostatic biopsies in patients with a high risk of prostate cancer. Is the combination of endorectal MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) a useful tool? A preliminary study. Eur. Urol. 2005; 47: 582-6.
67. Prando A, Kurhanewicz J, Borges AP, Oliveira EM Jr, Figueiredo E. Prostatic biopsy directed with endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging findings in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels and prior negative biopsy findings: early experience. Radiology 2005; 236: 903-10.
68. Wetter A, Hubner F, Lehnert T etal. Three-dimensional 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the prostate in clinical practice: technique and results in patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen and negative or no previous prostate biopsies. Eur. Radiol. 2005; 15: 645-52.
69. Anastasiadis AG, Lichy MP, Nagele U etal. MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate increases diagnostic performance in men with elevated or increasing PSA levels after previous negative TRUS biopsies. Eur. Urol. 2006; 50: 738-748.
70. Bhatia C, Phongkitkarun S, Booranapitaksonti D, Kochakarn W, Chaleumsanyakorn P. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI/MRSI for patients with persistently high PSA levels and negative TRUS-guided biopsy results. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2007; 90: 1391-9.
71. Testa C, Schiavina R, Lodi R etal. Accuracy of MRI/MRSI-based transrectal ultrasound biopsy in peripheral and transition zones of the prostate gland in patients with prior negative biopsy. NMR Biomed. 2010; 23: 1017-26.
72. Lawrentschuk N, Fleshner N. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in targeting prostate cancer in patients with previous negative biopsies and elevated prostate-specific antigen levels. BJU Int. 2009; 103: 730-3.
73. Schmuecking M, Boltze C, Geyer H etal. Dynamic MRI and CAD vs. choline MRS: where is the detection level for a lesion characterisation in prostate cancer? Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2009; 85: 814-24.
74. Sciarra A, Panebianco V, Ciccariello M etal. Value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging for detecting prostate cancer foci in men with prior negative biopsy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010; 16: 1875-83.
75. Susil RC, Camphausen K, Choyke P etal. System for prostate brachytherapy and biopsy in a standard 1.5 T MRI scanner. Magn. Reson. Med. 2004; 52: 683-7.
76. Beyersdorff D, Winkel A, Hamm B, Lenk S, Loening SA, Taupitz MM. R imaging-guided prostate biopsy with a closed MR unit at 1.5 T: initial results. Radiology 2005; 234: 576-81.
77. Krieger A, Susil RC, Menard C etal. Design of a novel MRI compatible manipulator for image guided prostate interventions. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2005; 52: 306-13.
78. Mozer PC, Partin AW, Stoianovici D. Robotic image-guided needle interventions of the prostate. Rev. Urol. 2009; 11: 7-15.
79. Macura KJ, Stoianovici D. Advancements in magnetic resonance-guided robotic interventions in the prostate. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008; 19: 297-304.
80. Pondman KM, Futterer JJ, ten Haken B etal. MR-guided biopsy of the prostate: an overview of techniques and a systematic review. Eur. Urol. 2008; 54: 517-27.
81. Xu H, Lasso A, Vikal S etal. Accuracy validation for MRI-guided robotic prostate biopsy. Proc. SPIE 2010; 7625: 762517-18.
82. Nayyar R, Singh P, Gupta NP etal. Upgrading of Gleason score on radical prostatectomy specimen compared to the pre-operative needle core biopsy: an Indian experience. Indian J. Urol. 2010; 26: 56-9.
83. Rouviere O, Raudrant A, Ecochard R etal. Characterization of time-enhancement curves of benign and malignant prostate tissue at dynamic MR imaging. Eur. Radiol. 2003; 13: 931-42.
84. Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Kumar R etal. Potential of (1)H MR spectroscopic imaging to segregate patients who are likely to show malignancy of the peripheral zone of the prostate on biopsy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009; 30: 842-8.
85. Vilanova JC, Comet J, Barcelo-Vidal C etal. Peripheral zone prostate cancer in patients with elevated PSA levels and low free-to-total PSA ratio: detection with MR imaging and MR spectroscopy. Radiology 2009; 253: 135-43.
86. Vilanova JC, Barcelo-Vidal C, Comet J etal. Usefulness of prebiopsy multifunctional and morphologic MRI combined with free-to-total prostate-specific antigen ratio in the detection of prostate cancer. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2011; 196: W715-22.
87. Villeirs GM, De Meerleer GO, De Visschere PJ, Fonteyne VH, Verbaeys AC, Oosterlinck W. Combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in the assessment of high grade prostate carcinoma in patients with elevated PSA: a single-institution experience of 356 patients. Eur. J. Radiol. 2011; 77: 340-5.
88. Kumar R, Nayyar R, Kumar V etal. Potential of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in predicting absence of prostate cancer in men with serum prostate-specific antigen between 4 and 10ng/mL: a follow-up study. Urology 2008; 72: 859-63.