Geochronologic-petrochemical studies of the Hongshishan mafic-ultramafic intrusion, Beishan area, Xinjiang (NW China): Petrogenesis and tectonic implications

International Geology Review

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 270-289

  Su, Benxun ^a   Qin, Kezhang ^a   Sakyi, Patrick Asamoah ^b   Tang, Dongmei ^a   Liu, Pingping ^a   Malaviarachchi, Sanjeewa P K ^c   Xiao, Qinghua ^a   Sun, He ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GHANA   (Ghana)

^c AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Beishan; eastern Tianshan; fractional crystallization; mafic ultramafic intrusions; mantle plume

Indexed keywords

FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; IGNEOUS INTRUSION; MAFIC ROCK; MANTLE PLUME; MANTLE SOURCE; MASS BALANCE; METASOMATISM; MINERALIZATION; PARTIAL MELTING; PETROGENESIS; PETROLOGY; SUBDUCTION ZONE; TECTONIC SETTING; THOLEIITIC BASALT; ULTRAMAFIC ROCK;

BEISHAN; CHINA; NEI MONGGOL; TIEN SHAN; XINJIANG UYGUR;

EID: 84863395324     PISSN: 00206814     EISSN: 19382839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00206814.2010.543011     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Anders, E., and Grevess, N., 1989, Abundances of the elements: Meteoric and solar: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p.197-214.
2. Banner, J.L., 2006, Application of the trace element and isotope geochemistry of strontium to studies of carbonate diagenesis: Sedimentology, v. 42, p. 805-824.
3. Barnes, S.J., 1986, The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 93, p. 524-531.
4. Basu, A.R., Wang, J.W., Huang, W.K., Xie, G.H., and Tatsumoto, M., 1991, Major element, REE and Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks of eastern China: Implications for origin from suboceanic-type mantle reservoirs: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 105, p. 149-169.
5. BGMRXUAR (Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), 1993, Regional geology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Beijing, Geological Press, p. 1-841 (in Chinese).
6. 18O values, 87Sr/86Sr and Sr/Mg ratios of late Devonian abiotic marine calcite: Implications for the composition of ancient seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 1991-2010.
7. Chai, F.M., Zhang, Z.C., Mao, J.W., Dong, L.H., Zhang, Z.H., and Wu, H., 2008, Geology, petrology and geochemistry of the Baishiquan Ni-Cu-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Xinjiang, NW China: Implications for tectonics and genesis of ores: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 218-235.
8. Chai, F.M., Zhang, Z.C., Mao, J.W., Dong, L.H., Zhang, Z.H., Ye, H.T., Wu, H., and Mo, X.H., 2006, Petrography and mineralogy of Baishiquan Cu-Ni-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Xinjiang: Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, v. 25, p. 1-12 (in Chinese with English abstract).
9. Chai, G., and Naldrett, A.J., 1992, The Jinchuan ultramafic intrusion: Cumulate of a high-Mg basaltic magma: Journal of Petrology, v. 33, p. 277-303.
10. Chen, C.M., Lu, H.F., Jia, D., Cai, D.S., and Wu, S.M., 1999, Closing history of the southern Tianshan oceanic basin, western China: An oblique collisional orogeny: Tectonophysics, v. 302, p. 23-40. (Pubitemid 29253364)
11. Chu, Z.Y., Wu, F.Y., Walker, R.J., Rudnick, R.L., Pitcher, L., Puchtel, I.S., Yang, Y.H., and Wilde, S.A., 2009, Temporal evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton: Journal of Petrology, doi:10.1093/petrology/egp055.
12. Chung, S.L., and Jahn, B.M., 1995, Plume-lithosphere interaction in generation of the Emeishan flood basalts at the Permian-Triassic boundary: Geology, v. 23, p. 889-892.
13. Chung, S.L., Wang, K.L., Crawford, A.J., Kamenetsky, V.S., Chen, C.H., Lan, C.Y., and Chen, C.H., 2001, High-Mg potassic rocks from Taiwan: Implications for the genesis of orogenic potassic lavas: Lithos, v. 59, p. 153-170. (Pubitemid 34021303)
14. Gao, J., Li, M., Xiao, X., Tang, Y., and He, G., 1998, Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogen, northwestern China: Tectonophysics, v. 287, p. 213-231.
15. Gao, J., Long, L.L., Qian, Q., Huang, D.Z., Su,W., and Klemd, R., 2006, South Tianshan: A late Paleozoic or a Triassic orogen? Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 22, p. 1049-1061 (in Chinese with English abstract). (Pubitemid 44501036)
16. Han, B.F., Ji, J.Q., Song, B., Chen, L.H., and Li, Z.H., 2004, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of Kalatongke No. 1 and Huangshandong Cu-Ni-bearing mafic-ultramafic complexes, North Xinjiang, and geological implications: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 49, p. 2424-2429. (Pubitemid 44552752)
17. Han, C.M., Xiao, W.J., Zhao, G.C., Mao, J.W., Yang, J.M., Wang, Z.L., Yan, Z., and Mao, Q.Q., 2006, Geological characteristics and genesis of the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Hami, Xinjiang, Central Asia: Ore Geological Review, v. 29, p. 77-94. (Pubitemid 43811837)
18. Hansen, H., and Nielsen, T.F.D., 1999, Crustal contamination in Palaeogene East Greenland flood basalts: Plumbing system evolution during continental rifting: Chemical Geology, v. 157, p. 89-118. (Pubitemid 29308323)
19. He, B., Xu, Y.G., Chung, S.L., Xiao, L., and Wang, Y.M., 2003, Sedimentary evidence for a rapid, kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 213, p. 391-405. (Pubitemid 37061279)
20. Hu, A.Q., Jahn, B.M., Zhang, G.X., Chen, Y.B., and Zhang, Q.F., 2000, Crustal evolution and Phanerozoic crustal growth in northern Xinjiang: Nd isotopic evidence: Part I. Isotopic characterization of basement rocks: Tectonophysics, v. 328, p. 15-51.
21. Jahn, B.M., Wu, F.Y., and Chen, B., 2000, Massive granitoid generation in Central Asia: Nd isotope evidence and implications for continental growth in the Phanerozoic: Episodes, v. 23, p. 82-92.
22. Jiang, C.Y., Cheng, S.L., Ye, S.F., Xia, M.Z., Jiang, H.B., and Dai, Y.C., 2006, Lithogeochemistry and petrogenesis of Zhongposhanbei mafic rock body, at Beishan region, Xinjiang: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 22, p. 115-126 (in Chinese with English abstract). (Pubitemid 43870660)
23. Latypov, R.M., Chistyakova, S., and Alapieti, T., 2007, Revisiting problem of chilled margins associated with marginal reversals in mafic-ultramafic intrusive bodies: Lithos, v. 99, p. 178-206. (Pubitemid 350082183)
24. Latypov, R.M., Chistyakova, S., and Alapieti, T., 2008, Infiltration metasomatism in layered intrusions revisited: A reinterpretation of compositional reversals at the base of cyclic units: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, p. 243-258.
25. Li, C.S., Maier, W.D., and Waal, S.A., 2001, Magmatic Ni-Cu versus PGE deposits: Contrasting genetic controls and exploration implications: South African Journal of Geology, v. 104, p. 309-318. (Pubitemid 33745413)
26. Li, C.S., Ripley, E.M., Maier, W.D., and Gomwe, T.E.S., 2002, Olivine and sulfur isotopic compositions of the Uitkomst Ni-Cu sulfide ore-bearing complex, South Africa: Evidence for sulfur contamination and multiple magma emplacements: Chemical Geology, v. 188, p. 149-159.
27. Li, C.S., Xu, Z.H., Waal, S.A., Ripley, E.M., and Maier, W.D., 2004, Compositional variations of olivine from the Jinchuan Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, western China: Implications for ore genesis: Mineralium Deposita, v. 39, p. 159-172. (Pubitemid 38485245)
28. Li, J.X., Qin, K.Z., Xu, X.W., Sun, H., Cheng, S.L., Wu, H., and Mo, X.H., 2007, Geochemistry of Baishiquan Cu-Nibearing mafic-ultramafic complex in East Tianshan, Xinjiang: Constraints on ore genesis and tectonic setting: Mineral Deposits, v. 26, p. 43-57 (in Chinese with English abstract).
29. Li, J.Y., 2004, Late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic tectonic framework and evolution of eastern Xinjiang, NW China: Geological Review, v. 50, p. 304-322 (in Chinese with English abstract).
30. Li, X.H., Liu, Y., Li, Q.L., Guo, C.H., and Chamberlain, K.R., 2009, Precise determination of Phanerozoic zircon Pb/Pb age by multi-collector SIMS without external standardization: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 10, p. Q04010.
31. Maier, W.D., Arndt, N.T., and Curl, E.A., 2000, Progressive crustal contamination of the Bushveld complex: Evidence from Nd isotopic analysis of the cumulate rocks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 140, p. 316-327. (Pubitemid 32164250)
32. Mao, J.W., Pirajno, F., Zhang, Z.H., Chai, F.M., Wu, H., Chen, S.P., Cheng, S.L., Yang, J.M., and Zhang, C.Q., 2008, A review of the Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in the Chinese Tianshan and Altay orogens (Xinjiang Autonomous Region, NW China): Principal characteristics and ore-forming processes: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 184-203.
33. Mao, J.W., Pirajno, F., Zhang, Z.H., Chai, F.M., Yang, J.M., Wu, H., Chen, S.P., Cheng, S.L., and Zhang, C.Q., 2006, Late Variscan post-collisional Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in East Tianshan and Altay in China: Principal characteristics and possible relationship with mantle plume: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 80, p. 925-942. (Pubitemid 44488985)
34. Marsh, J.S., 1989, Geochemical constraints on coupled assimilation and fractional crystallization involving upper crustal compositions and continental tholeiitic magma: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 92, p. 70-80.
35. Montañez, I.P., Banner, J.L., Osleger, D.A., Borg, L.E., and Bosserman, P.J., 1996, Integrated Sr isotope variations and sea-level history of middle to upper Cambrian platform carbonates: Implications for the evolution of Cambrian seawater 87Sr/86Sr: Geology, v. 24, p. 917-920.
36. Naldrett, A.J., 1999, World-class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: Key factors in their genesis: Mineralium Deposita, v. 34, p. 227-240. (Pubitemid 29257328)
37. Naldrett, A.J., 2005, A history of our understanding of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 43, p. 2069-2098.
38. Nisbet, E.G., Cheadle, M.J., Arndt, N.T., and Bickle, M.J., 1993, Constraining the potential temperature of the Archean mantle-a review of the evidence from komatiites: Lithos, v. 30, p. 291-307. (Pubitemid 24420747)
39. Qin, K.Z., Ding, K.S., Xu, Y.X., Sun, H., Xu, X.W., Tang, D.M., and Mao, Q., 2007, Ore potential of protoliths and modes of Co-Ni occurrence in Tulargen and Baishiquan Cu-Ni-Co deposits, East Tianshan, Xinjiang: Mineral Deposits, v. 26, p. 1-14 (in Chinese with English abstract).
40. Qin, K.Z., Fang, T.H., and Wang, S.L., 2002, Plate tectonics division, evolution and metallogenic settings in eastern Tianshan mountains, NW China: Xinjiang Geology, v. 20, p. 302-308 (in Chinese with English abstract).
41. Qin, K.Z., Zhang, L.C., Xiao, W.J., Xu, X.W., Yan, Z., and Mao, J.W., 2003, Overview of major Au, Cu, Ni and Fe deposits and metallogenic evolution of the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Northwestern China, in Mao, J.W., Goldfarb, R.J., Seltmann R., Wang, D.W., Xiao, W.J., Hart, C., eds., Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan: London, International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits and CERCAMS, p. 227-249.
42. Roeder, P.L., and Emslie, R.F., 1970, Olivine-liquid equilibrium: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 29, p. 275-289.
43. Rogers, N., Macdonald, R., Fitton, J.G., George, R., Smith, M., and Barreiro, B., 2000, Two mantle plumes beneath the East African rift system: Sr, Nd and Pb isotope evidence from Kenya rift basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 176, p. 387-400. (Pubitemid 30234131)
44. Rollison, H., 1993, Using geochemical data: Evaluation, presentation, interpretation: Singapore, Longman, p. 352.
45. Sarkar, A., Ripley, E.M., Li, C.S., and Maier, W.D., 2008, Stable isotope, fluid inclusion, and mineral chemistry constraints on contamination and hydrothermal alteration in the Uitkomst complex, South Africa: Chemical Geology, v. 257, p. 129-138.
46. Sproule, R.A., Lambert, D.D., and Hoatson, D.M., 2002, Decoupling of the Sm-Nd and Re-Os isotopic systems in sulphide-saturated magmas in the Halls Creek Orogen, Western Australia: Journal of Petrology, v. 43, p. 375-402. (Pubitemid 34152571)
47. Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p. 207-221.
48. Stevenson, R.K., Henry, P., and Gariepy C., 2009, Isotopic and geochemical evidence for differentiation and crustal contamination from granitoids of the Berens river subprovince, Superior province, Canada: Precambrian Research, v. 168, p. 123-133.
49. Su, B.X., Qin, K.Z., Sakyi, P.A., Li, X.H., Yang, Y.H., Sun, H., Tang, D.M., Liu, P.P., Xiao, Q.H., and Malaviarachchi, S.P.K., 2010, U-Pb ages and Hf-O isotopes of zircons from late Paleozoic mafic-ultramafic units in southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Tectonic implications and evidence for and Early-Permian mantle plume: Gondwana Research, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.015.
50. Su, B.X., Qin, K.Z., Sun, H., Tang, D.M., Xiao, Q.H., and Cao, M.J., 2009, Petrological and mineralogical characteristics of Hongshishan mafic-ultramafic complex in Beishan area, Xinjiang: Implications for assimilation and fractional crystallization: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 25, p. 873-887 (in Chinese with English abstract).
51. Sun, H., Qin, K.Z., Li, J.X., Xu, X.W., San, J.Z., Ding, K.S., Hui, W.D., and Xu, Y.X., 2006, Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Tulargen Cu-Ni-Co sulfide deposits, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, and its tectonic setting: Geology in China, v. 33, p. 606-617 (in Chinese with English abstract). (Pubitemid 44390161)
52. Sun, H., Qin, K.Z., Xu, X.W., Li, J.X., Ding, K.S., Xu, Y.X., and San, J.Z., 2007, Petrological characteristics and copper-nickel ore-forming processes of early Permian mafic-ultramafic intrusion belts in East Tianshan: Mineral Deposits, v. 26, p. 98-108 (in Chinese with English abstract).
53. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the ocean basins: Special Publication, London, Geological Society, p. 313-345.
54. Sun, W.D., Hu, Y.H., Kamenetsky, V.S., Eggins, S.M., Chen, M., and Arculus, R.J., 2008, Constancy of Nb/U in the mantle revisited: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, p. 3542-3549.
55. Tang, D.M., Qin, K.Z., Sun, H., Qi, L., Xiao, Q.H., and Su, B.X., 2009a, PGE geochemical characteristics of Tianyu magmatic Cu-Ni deposit: Implications for magma evolution and sulfide segregation: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 5, p. 680-697 (in Chinese with English abstract).
56. Tang, D.M., Qin, K.Z., Sun, H., Su, B.X., Xiao, Q.H., Cheng, S.L., and Li, J., 2009b, Zircon U-Pb age and geochemistrical characteristics of Tianyu intrusion, East Tianshan: Constraints on source and genesis of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in East Xinjiang: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 25, p. 817-831 (in Chinese with English abstract).
57. Tang, Y.J., Zhang, H.F., and Ying, J.F., 2006, Asthenospherelithospheric mantle interaction in an extensional regime: Implication from the geochemistry of Cenozoic basalts from Taihang Mountains, North China Craton: Chemical Geology, v. 233, p. 309-327.
58. Wang, J.B., Wang, Y.W., and He, Z.J., 2006, Ore deposits as a guide to the tectonic evolution in the East Tianshan Mountains, NW China: Geology in China, v. 33, p. 461-469 (in Chinese with English abstract).
59. Wu, S.M., Ma, R.S., Lu, H.F., Jia, D., and Cai, D.S., 1996, The Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the western Tianshan, Xinjiang: Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology, v. 16, p. 95-101 (in Chinese with English abstract).
60. Xia, L.Q., Li, X.M., Xia, Z.C., Xu, X.Y., Ma, Z.P., and Wang, L.S., 2006, Carboniferous-Permian rift-related volcanism and mantle plume in the Tianshan, northwestern China: Northwestern Geology, v. 39, p. 1-49 (in Chinese with English abstract).
61. Xia, L.Q., Xu, X.Y., Xia, Z.C., Li, X.M., Ma, Z.P., and Wang, L.S., 2003, Carboniferous post-collisional rift volcanism of the Tianshan mountains, northwestern China: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 77, p. 338-360.
62. Xia, M.Z., Jiang, C.Y., Qian, Z.Z., Sun, T., Xia, Z.D., and Lu, R.H., 2008, Geochemistry and petrogenesis for Hulu intrusion in East Tianshan, Xinjiang: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 24, p. 2749-2760 (in Chinese with English abstract).
63. Xiao, L., Xu, Y.G., Chung, S.L., He, B., and Mei, H.J., 2003, Chemostratigraphic correlation of upper Permian lavas, from Yunnan Province, China: Extent of the Emeishan large igneous province: International Geology Review, v. 45, p. 754-766.
64. Xiao, L., Xu, Y.G., Mei, H.J., Zheng, Y.F., He, B., and Pirajno, F., 2004a, Distinct mantle sources of low-Ti and high-Ti basalts from the western Emeishan large igneous province, SW China: Implications for plume-lithosphere interaction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 228, p. 525-546. (Pubitemid 39660488)
65. Xiao, W.J., Han, C.M., Yuan, C., Sun, M., Lin, S.F., Chen, H.L., Li, Z.L., Li, J.L., and Sun, S., 2008, Middle Cambrian to Permian subduction-related accretionary orogenesis of North Xinjiang, NW China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of Central Asia: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 102-117.
66. Xiao, W.J., Kröner, A., and Windley, B.F., 2009, Geodynamic evolution of Central Asia in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic: International Journal of Earth Sciences, doi:10.1007/s00531-009-0418-4.
67. Xiao, W.J., Zhang, L.C., Qin, K.Z., Sun, S., and Li, J.L., 2004b, Paleozoic accretionary and collisional tectonics of the eastern Tianshan (China): Implications for the continental growth of central Asia: American Journal of Science, v. 304, p. 370-395. (Pubitemid 39047887)
68. Xu, Y.G., Chung, S.L., Jahn, B.M., and Wu, G.Y., 2001, Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Permian-Triassic Emeishan flood basalts in southwestern China: Lithos, v. 58, p. 145-168.
69. Zhang, H.F., Sun, M., Lu, F.X., Zhou, X.H., Zhou, M.F., Liu, Y.S., and Zhang, G.H., 2001, Geochemical significance of a garnet lherzolite from the Dahongshan kimberlite, Yangtze Craton, southern China: Geochemical Journal, v. 35, p. 315-331. (Pubitemid 33056180)
70. Zhang, H.F., Sun, M., Zhou, X.H., Fan, W.M., Zhai, M.G., and Ying, J.F., 2002, Mesozoic lithosphere destruction beneath the North China Craton: Evidence from major-, trace-element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope studies of Fangcheng basalts: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 144, p. 241-253.
71. Zhang, L.C., Qin, K.Z., and Xiao, W.J., 2008a, Multiple mineralization events in the eastern Tianshan district, NW China: Isotopic geochronology and geological significance: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 236-246.
72. Zhang, Q., Wang, C.Y., Liu, D.Y., Jian, P., Qian, Q., Zhou, G.Q., and Robinson, P.T., 2008b, A brief review of ophiolites in China: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 308-324.
73. Zhang, Z.C., Mao, J.W., Chai, F.M., Yan, S.H., Chen, B.L., and Pirajno, F., 2009, Geochemistry of the Permian Kalatongke mafic intrusions, Northern Xinjiang, Northwest China: Implications for the genesis of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 104, p. 185-203.
74. Zhao, D.P., Lei, J.S., Inoue, T., Yamada, A., and Gao, S.S., 2006, Deep structure and origin of the Baikal rift zone: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 243, p. 681-691. (Pubitemid 43380926)
75. Zhou, M.F., Lesher, C.M., Yang, Z.X., Li, J.W., Sun, M., 2004, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of 270 Ma Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide-bearing mafic intrusions in the Huangshan district, Eastern Xinjang, Northwest China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Central Asian orogenic belt. Chemical Geology, v. 209, p.233-257. (Pubitemid 40106370)
76. Zhou, M.F., Zhao, J.H., Jiang, C.Y., Gao, J.F., Wang, W., and Yang, S.H., 2009, OIB-like, heterogeneous mantle sources of Permian basaltic magmatism in the western Tarim Basin, NW China: Implications for a possible Permian large igneous province: Lithos, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2009.06.027.
77. Zhou, T.F., Yuan, F., Fan, Y., Zhang, D.Y., Cooke, D., and Zhao, G.C., 2008, Granites in the Sawuer region of the west Junggar, Xinjiang Province, China: Geochronological and geochemical characteristics and their geodynamic significance: Lithos, v. 106, p. 191-206.
78. Zindler, A., and Hart, S.R., 1986, Chemical geodynamics: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 14, p. 493-571.
79. Zorin, Y.A., Turutanov, E.K., Mordvinova, V.V., Kozhevnikov, V.M., Yanovskaya, T.B., and Treussov, A.V., 2003, The Baikal rift zone: The effect of mantle plumes on older structure: Tectonophysics, v. 371, p. 153-173. (Pubitemid 37050110)