Sex trafficking in Latin America: Dominant discourse, empirical p paucity, and promising research

Global Crime

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 22-41

  Zhang, Sheldon X ^a   Pacheco McEvoy, Rodrigo ^b   Campos, Roxanna ^a  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Commercial sexual exploitation of children; Human smuggling; Human trafficking; Sex trafficking

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863139960     PISSN: 17440572     EISSN: 17440580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.632504     Document Type: Note

References (41)

1. International Organization for Migration, Deceived Migrants from Tajikistan: A Study of Trafficking in Women (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2001)
2. International Organization for Migration, Journeys of Jeopardy: A Review of Research on Trafficking in Women and Children in Europe (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2002).
3. Elzbieta Gozdziak and Micah N. Bump, Data and Research on Human Trafficking: Bibliography of Research-Based Literature, A Final Report to NIJ Grant 2007-VT-BX-K002 (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University, 2008).
4. Laura Langberg, 'A Review of Recent OAS Research on Human Trafficking in the Latin American and Caribbean Region', International Migration 43, no. 1 & 2 (2005): 129-39.
5. Ibid.
6. US Department of State, Fact Sheet: Distinctions between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking 2006, http://www.state.gov/m/ds/hstcenter/90434.htm (accessed August 30, 2011).
7. United Nations, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against transnational Organized Crime (2000), http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/convention_%20traff_eng.pdf (accessed August 30, 2011).
8. US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (Washington, DC: Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, US Department of State, 2006), http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/ (accessed August 30, 2011).
9. Ibid.
10. Gozdziak and Bump, Data and Research on Human Trafficking, 7.
11. T.K. Logan, Robert Walker, and Gretchen Hunt, 'Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States', Trauma, Violence & Abuse 10, no. 1 (2009): 3-30.
12. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons (2009), http://www.unodc.org/documents/Global_Report_on_TIP.pdf (accessed August 30, 2011)
13. International Labor Organization, Technical Consultation on Forced Labor Indicators, Data Collection and National Estimates (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 2006)
14. and International Organization for Migration, Migrant Trafficking and Human Smuggling in Europe (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2000).
15. Gozdziak and Bump, Data and Research on Human Trafficking.
16. US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (Washington, DC: Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, US Department of State, 2005), http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/ (accessed August 30, 2011).
17. Two types of search keywords were used in this study primary and secondary. The primary keywords included: sex trafficking (trata sexual), human trafficking (trata de humanos), child trafficking (trata de niños, la explotación sexual comercial de niños), human trafficking and sexual exploitation (trata de personas y explotación sexual), sex trafficking and slavery (trata sexual y esclavitud), trafficking in persons (tráta de personas), and migration and trafficking (migración y la trata).
18. In addition to these broad search terms, we also included more specific search terms, including: child commercial sexual exploitation (explotación sexual commercial infantile), child prostitution (prostitución de menores), corruption of minors (corrupción de menores), and white-slave trade (trata de blancas).
19. To ensure that no publications would escape our dragnet, we also used a set of secondary keywords to capture studies that may be published on different topics but in fact directly linked to trafficking topics. These secondary search keywords included: prostitution (prostitución), sexual exploitation (explotación sexual), and reproductive rights (derechos reproductivos).
20. A complete list of websites searched can be provided upon request.
21. The annotated bibliography can be obtained upon request.
22. The terms trata and tráfico are sometimes used interchangeably by the general public, the same way many people in the English-speaking world do not differentiate between trafficking and smuggling. However, in the research community and among advocacy groups, trata equates trafficking while tráfico means smuggling, particularly when referring to moving goods or people illegally across borders.
23. OIT, Explotación sexual comercial de niñas, niños, y adolescentes en Guatemala [Commercial sexual exploitation of girls, boys and adolescents in Guatemala] (2003), http://white.oit.org.pe/ipec/documentos/explotacion_sexual_guate.pdf (accessed November 7, 2009).
24. Luisa María Contreras Leal, Explotación sexual comercial de niñas/niños y adolescentes en la zona fronteriza de Peñas Blancas, del departamento de Rivas [Commercial sexual exploitation of girls/boys and adolescents in the border zone of Peñas Blancas, in the Department of Rivas] (Nicaragua: Universidad Centroamericana, 2007).
25. Ibid.
26. Rodolfo R. Casillas, La trata de mujeres, adolescentes, niñas y niños en México: Un Estudio Exploratorio en Tapachula, Chiapas [Trafficking of women, adolescents, and children in Mexico: an exploratory study in Tapachula, Chiapas] (Mexico: Organization of American States, 2006), http://www.oas.org/atip/Reports/Estudio.Exploratorio.en.Tapachula.pdf (accessed January 7, 2009).
27. Sheldon X. Zhang, 'Beyond the 'Natasha' Story: A Review and Critique of Current Research on Sex Trafficking', Global Crime 10, no. 3 (2009): 178-95.
28. Sheldon X. Zhang, Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: All Roads Lead to America (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007).
29. Oscar Arturo Casto Soto et al., Un grito silenciosa [A silence scream] (Taxcala: Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Centro 'Fray Julián Garcés' and Derechos Humanos y Desarrollo Local, A.C., 2007).
30. Gozdziak and Bump, Data and Research on Human Trafficking; Zhang, Beyond the 'Natasha' Story.
31. Zhang, Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings.
32. Langberg, A Review of Recent OAS Research on Human Trafficking.
33. OIT-IPEC, El comercio sexual con personas menores de edad en Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana: Segundo estudio de tolerancia social. Análisis de resultados, desafíos y recomendaciones [Commercial sex with minors in Central America, Panama and Dominican Republic. Second study on social tolerance. Analysis of Results, Challenges and Recommendations] (San José, Costa Rica: Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2009), http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do?productId=10197 (accessed June 10, 2010).
34. Casto Soto et al., Un grito silenciosa [A silence scream].
35. Audrey Hepburn Children's Foundation, Casa Alianza, and ECPAT International, Investigación regional sobre tráfico, prostitución, pornografía y turismo sexual infantil en México y Centroamérica: un resumen [Regional investigation on trafficking, prostitution, child pornography and child sex tourism in Mexico and Central America] (2001), http://www.tejiendoredes.net/documentos/ecpat_regional_investigation_resume.pdf (accessed December 7, 2008).
36. Codeni, Instituto de Estudios para la Infancia y la Familia, Movimiento El Pozo and Redes, ¿Mercancía sexual? Cómo hemos creado la demanda para la explotación sexual comercial de niños, niñas y adolescentes en el Perú [Sexual merchandise?
37. How we have created the demand for the commercial sexual exploitation of boys, girls and adolescents in Peru] (Bangko: ECPAT International, 2005), http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/ecpat_sexual_05_0708.pdf (accessed December 4, 2008).
38. Ibid., 12
39. Ibid.
40. Oscar Arturo Castro Soto, La Iniciativa Popular en Tlaxcala: Acciones Colectivas Para El Combate a La Trata De Mujeres [The popular initiative in Tlaxcala: collective actions to combat trafficking of women] (Mexico: Centro 'Fray Julian Garces' Derechos Humanos y Desarrollo Local, A.C., 2008).
41. Casillas, La trata de mujeres, adolescentes, niñas y niños en México.