Influence of sea surface temperature on humidity and temperature in the outflow of tropical deep convection

Journal of Climate

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 1340-1348

  Luo, Zhengzhao Johnny ^a   Kley, Dieter ^b,d   Johnson, Richard H ^b   Liu, G Y ^a   Nawrath, Susanne ^c   Smit, Herman G J ^d  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b Department of Mechanical Engineering   (United States)

^c Klimahaus Betriebsgesellschaft mbH   (Germany)

^d FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Convection; Humidity; Sea surface temperature; Temperature; Tropics

Indexed keywords

AIR PROPERTIES; BIMODAL DISTRIBUTION; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; DEEP CONVECTION; FLIGHT LEVELS; IN-SITU MEASUREMENT; MEASUREMENT OF OZONE AND WATER VAPOR BY AIRBUS IN-SERVICE AIRCRAFTS; MODEL SIMULATION; SATELLITE DATA; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES; SPECIFIC HUMIDITY; TEMPERATURE INCREASE; UNIMODAL; VERTICAL MOTIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; HEAT CONVECTION; NATURAL CONVECTION; OZONE; TEMPERATURE; TROPICS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CONVECTION; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; MOZAIC PROGRAM; OUTFLOW; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 84863039550     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI4124.1     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Chuang, H., X. Huang, and K. Minschwaner, 2010: Interannual variations of tropical upper tropospheric humidity and tropical rainy-region SST: Comparisons between models, reanalyses, and observations. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21125, doi:10.1029/2010JD014205.
2. Dessler, A. E., and S. C. Sherwood, 2000: Simulations of tropical upper tropospheric humidity. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20 155- 20 184.
3. Elliot, W. P., and D. J. Gaffen, 1991: On the utility of radiosonde humidity archives for climate studies. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1507-1520.
4. EUMETSAT, 1999: Meteosat archive user handbook, issue 2.2. EUMETSAT.
5. Fetzer, E. J., and Coauthors, 2008: Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22110, doi:10.1029/2008JD010000.
6. Gettelman, A., and Q. Fu, 2008: Observed and simulated uppertropospheric water vapor feedback. J. Climate, 21, 3282-3289.
7. Gettelman, A., E. J. Fetzer, A. Eldering, and F. W. Irion, 2006: The global distribution of supersaturation in the upper troposphere from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder. J. Climate, 19, 6089-6103.
8. Gierens, K., U. Schumann, M. Helten, and H. Smit, 2000: Icesupersaturated regions and subvisible cirrus in the northern midlatitude upper troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D18), 22 743-22 753.
9. Graham, N. E., and T. P. Barnett, 1987: Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science, 238, 657-659.
10. Held, I. M., and B. J. Soden, 2000: Water vapor feedback and global warming. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 25, 441-475.
11. Helten, M., H. G. J. Smit, W. Sträter, D. Kley, M. Zöger, R. Busen, and P. Nedelec, 1998: Calibration and performance of automatic compact instrumentation for the measurement of relative humidity from passenger aircraft. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25 643-25 652.
12. Helten, M., and Coauthors, 1999: In-flight intercomparison of MOZAIC and POLINAT water vapor measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26 087-26 096.
13. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
14. Jensen, E. J., and Coauthors, 2001: Prevalence of ice-supersaturated regions in the upper troposphere: Implications for optically thin ice cloud formation. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D15), 17 253- 17 266.
15. Kley, D., H. G. J. Smit, S. Nawrath, Z. Luo, P. Nedelec, and R. H. Johnson, 2007: Tropical Atlantic convection as revealed by ozone and relative humidity measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23109, doi:10.1029/2007JD008599.
16. Krämer, M., and Coauthors, 2009: Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3505-3522.
17. Lindzen, R. S., 1990: Some coolness concerning global warming. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 288-299.
18. Livesey, N. J., W. V. Snyder, W. G. Read, and P. A. Wagner, 2006: Retrieval algorithms for the EOS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1144-1155.
19. Luo, Z., and W. B. Rossow, 2004: Characterizing tropical cirrus life cycle, evolution, and interaction with upper-tropospheric water vapor using Lagrangian trajectory analysis of satellite observations. J. Climate, 17, 4541-4563.
20. Luo, Z., D. Kley, R. H. Johnson, and H. Smit, 2007: Ten years of measurements of tropical upper-tropospheric water vapor by MOZAIC. Part I: Climatology, variability, transport, and relation to deep convection. J. Climate, 20, 418-435.
21. Maddy, E. S., and C. D. Barnet, 2008: Vertical resolution estimates in version 5 of AIRS operational retrievals. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46, 2375-2384.
22. Marenco, A., and Coauthors, 1998: Measurement of ozone and water vapor by Airbus in-service aircraft: The MOZAIC airborne program, an overview. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25 631-25 642.
23. Minschwaner, K., and A. E. Dessler, 2004: Water vapor feedback in the tropical upper atmosphere: Model results and observations. J. Climate, 17, 1272-1282.
24. Nawrath, S., 2002: Water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere: On the influence of deep convection. Ph.D. thesis, Universität zu Köln, 104 pp. [Available online at http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/volltexte/2003/411/.]
25. Peter, T., M. Krämer, and O. Möhler, 2008: Upper tropospheric humidity: A report on an international workshop. SPARC Newsletter, No. 30, SPARC Office, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 9-15.
26. Pierrehumbert, R. T., and R. Roca, 1998: Evidence for control of Atlantic subtropical humidity by large scale advection. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4537-4540.
27. Pierrehumbert, R. T., H. Brogniez, and R. Roca, 2007: On the relative humidity of the atmosphere. The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere, T. Schneider and A. H. Sobel, Eds., Princeton University Press, 400 pp.
28. Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes, and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625.
29. Riehl, H., and J. S. Malkus, 1958: On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone. Geophysica, 6, 503-538.
30. Sherwood, S. C., 1996: Maintenance of the free-tropospheric tropical water vapor distribution. Part II: Simulation by largescale advection. J. Climate, 9, 2919-2934.
31. Sherwood, S. C., R. Roca, T. M. Weckwerth, and N. G. Andronova, 2010: Tropical water vapor, convection, and climate. Rev. Geophys., 48, RG2001, doi:10.1029/2009RG000301.
32. Soloviev, A., R. Lukas, and H. Matsuura, 2002: Sharp frontal interfaces in the near-surface layer of the tropical ocean. J. Mar. Syst., 37, 47-68.
33. Stephens, G. L., and Coauthors, 2002: The CloudSat mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1771- 1790.
34. Su,H., W. G. Reid, J.H. Jiang, J.W.Waters,D. L.Wu, and E. J. Fetzer, 2006: Enhanced positive water vapor feedback associated with tropical deep convection: New evidence from Aura MLS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05709, doi:10.1029/2005GL025505.
35. Susskind, J., C. Barnet, J. Blaisdell, L. Iredell, F. Keita, L. Kouvaris, G. Molnar, and M. Chahine, 2006: Accuracy of geophysical parameters derived from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave SoundingUnit as a function of fractional cloud cover. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09S17, doi:10.1029/2005JD006272.
36. Waliser, D. E., and N. E. Graham, 1993: Convective cloud systems and warm-pool sea surface temperatures: Coupled interactions and self-regulation. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12 881-12 893.
37. Wang, J., D. J. Carlson, D. B. Parsons, T. F. Hock, D. Lauritsen, H. L. Cole, K. Beierle, and E. Chamberlain, 2003: Performance of operational radiosonde humidity sensors in direct comparison with a chilled mirror dew-point hygrometer and its climate implication. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1860, doi:10.1029/2003GL016985.
38. Wu, D. L., J. H. Jiang, and C. P. Davis, 2006: EOS MLS cloud ice measurements and cloudy-sky radiative transfer model. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1156-1165.
39. Zhang, C., B. E. Mapes, and B. J. Soden, 2003: Bimodality in tropical water vapour. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 2847-2866.