Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in China

Parasitology

Volumn 139, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 139-147

  Gao, X J ^a   Zhao, Z J ^a   He, Z H ^b   Wang, T ^a   Yang, T B ^a   Chen, X G ^c   Shen, J L ^d   Wang, Y ^e   Lv, F L ^f   Hide, G ^g   Lun, Z R ^a,g  

^a SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b GUANGZHOU MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d ANHUI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^e NANJING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^f SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

China; Chinese pregnant women; pregnancy; risk factors; seroprevalence; Toxoplasma gondii

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M;

AGRICULTURAL WORKER; CAT; CHINA; CLINICAL FEATURE; DOG; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; FRUIT; GROUPS BY AGE; HEALTH SURVEY; HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INTRAUTERINE INFECTION; MEAT; MEDICAL LITERATURE; NEWBORN INFECTION; PARASITE SERODIAGNOSIS; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAW FOOD; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RURAL AREA; SEROPREVALENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TREND STUDY; VEGETABLE;

CHINA; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; TOXOPLASMA; TOXOPLASMOSIS;

PROTOZOA; TOXOPLASMA GONDII;

EID: 84863011212     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: 14698161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182011001880     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Ao, L. M., Wu, S. M., He, J. M., Jiang,M.H. and Wan, J.W. (1996). The prospective study of intrauterine infection of Toxoplasma. Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 14, 231-233. (In Chinese)
2. Boyer, K. M., Holfels, E., Roizen, N., Swisher, C., Mack, D., Remington, J., Withers, S., Meier, P. and Mcleod, R. Toxoplasmosis Study Group (2005). Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for prenatal management and screening. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 192, 564-571. (Pubitemid 40214997)
3. Chen, C. Y., Yang, L. D., Lu,M. M., Luo, R. Y., Chen, S. Y., Wang, J. E., Gong, F., Lu, J. M., Wu, Y. C., Feng, L. and Le, Z. P. (2005). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in women of child-bearing age. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control 18, 293. (In Chinese)
4. Chen, H. M., Le, Z. P., Chai, H. and Wu,W. Q. (2002). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection among 2845 pregnant women in Huangshi district. Journal of Practical Parasitic Diseases 10, 59. (In Chinese)
5. Chen, X. M. and Lu, W. B. (2010). TORCH infection investigation in pregnant women of Ningbo district. Modern Practical Medicine 22, 393-394. (In Chinese)
6. Chen, X. X. and Zhang, S. T. (2000). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Shaoxing City. Disease Surveillance 15, 140-141. (In Chinese)
7. Cook, A. J. C., Gilbert, R. E., Buffolano, W., Zufferey, J., Petersen, E., Jenum, P. A., Foulon, W., Semprini, A. E. and Dunn, D. T. (2000). Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study Commentary: Congenital toxoplasmosis-further thought for food. BMJ 321, 142-147. (Pubitemid 30447005)
8. Cui, J. Z. (1991). Evaluation of Toxoplasma infection and toxoplasmosis in Chinese population. Chinese Journal of Public Health 7, 312-314. (In Chinese)
9. Dunn, D., Wallon, M., Peyron, F., Petersen, E., Peckham, C. and Gilbert, R. (1999). Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling. The Lancet 353, 1829-1833. (Pubitemid 29251014)
10. Elsheikha, H. M. (2008). Congenital toxoplasmosis: Priorities for further health promotion action. Public Health 122, 335-353. (Pubitemid 351298567)
11. Frenkel, J. K., Hassanein, K. M., Hassanein, R. S., Brown, E., Thulliez, P. and Quintero-Nunez, R. (1995). Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Panama City, Panama: A five-year prospective cohort study of children, cats, rodents, birds, and soil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53, 458-468.
12. Gan, S. B. (2001). Diagnosis standard of toxoplasmosis. Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology 30, 117. (In Chinese)
13. Gilbert, R., Tan, H. K., Cliffe, S., Guy, E. and Stanford, M. (2006). Symptomatic toxoplasma infection due to congenital and postnatally acquired infection. Archives of Disease in Childhood 91, 495-498. (Pubitemid 43836100)
14. Guerina, N. G., Hsu, H.W., Meissner, H. C., Maguire, J. H., Lynfield, R., Stechenberg, B., Abroms, I., Pasternack, M. S., Hoff, R., Eaton, R. B. and Grady, G. F. (1994). Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. The New England Journal of Medicine 330, 1858-1863. (Pubitemid 24188138)
15. Gu, J. X. and Yu, X. X. (1998). Infection of Toxoplasma in 356 pregnant women of Shanchuan, Shanghai City. Journal of Radioimmunology 11, 385-386. (In Chinese)
16. Guo, L. P., Zou, L., Wang, M. M., Chen, J. D. and Yu, S. G. (1997). The examination of pregnant women virus and Toxoplasma gondii antibody of Han nationality and the minority group in Guiyang. Journal of Guiyang Medical College 22, 26-29. (In Chinese)
17. Guo, X. B., Su, C. J., Wu, Z. B., Su, Z. K. and Xiao, X. Y. (1998).Investigation of Toxoplasma infection in mothers and fetus. Chinese Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1, 123. (In Chinese)
18. He, F. H., Wu, C. and Wang, C. Y. (1999). Astudy of Toxoplasma infection among 800 pregnant women. Journal of Linyi Medical College 21, 215. (In Chinese)
19. Hide, G., Morley, E. K., Hughes, J. M., Gerwash, O., Elmahaishi, M. S., Elmahaishi, K. H., Thomasson, D., Wright, E. A., Williams, R. H., Murphy, R. G. and Smith, J. E. (2009). Evidence for high levels of vertical transmission in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 136, 1877-1885.
20. Huang, H., Liang, L. Q., Huang, J. C., Zhang, K. X. and Zhu, T. Y. (2010). Serological investigation of Toxoplasma infection among Renshou pregnant women. Chinese Jounal of Health Laboratory Technology 20, 1226-1227. (In Chinese)
21. Huang, M. C. (1996). Study of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in 2076 pregnant women. Youjiang Medical Journal 24, 101-103. (In Chinese)
22. Hu, I., Chen, P. and Su, F. (2006). Perinatal toxoplasmosis, Northern Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, 1460-1461.
23. Jenum, P. A. and Stray-Pedersen, B. (1998). Development of specific immunoglobulins G, M, and a following primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 2907-2913. (Pubitemid 28429413)
24. Jenum, P. A., Stray-Pedersen, B., Melby, K. K., Kapperud, G., Whitelaw, A., Eskild, A. and Eng, J. (1998). Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in 35940 pregnant women in Norway and pregnancy outcome for infected women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 2900-2906. (Pubitemid 28429412)
25. Ji, J. F., Luo, X. M. and Lv, G. M. (2009). Serological analysis of Toxoplasma IgG & IgM in 1491 pregnant women. Contemporary Medicine 15, 157. (In Chinese)
26. Ji, Y. H., Wang, Y. P., Wang, J. D., Ruan, Q. and Sun, Z. R. (2007). Research of Toxoplasma specific IgM during pregnancy by LIAISON ELISA. Chinese Journal of Practical Gynecology and Obstetrics 23, 877-878. (In Chinese)
27. Jiang, S. Y., Bian, H. Z., Yang, Y., Zhou, H. J., Zhou, J. H. and Dan, L. (2005). Study on Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Hongkou district, Shanghai. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine 17, 210-12. (In Chinese)
28. Jones, J. L., Dargelas, V., Roberts, J., Press, C., Remington, J. S. and Montoya, J. G. (2009). Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49, 878-884.
29. Jones, J. L., Kruszon-Moran, D., Sanders-Lewis, K. and Wilson, M. (2007). Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 1999-2004, decline from the prior decade. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, 405-410. (Pubitemid 351844310)
30. Kapperud, G., Jenum, P. A., Stray-Pedersen, B., Melby, K. K., Eskild, A. and Eng, J. (1996). Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Results of a prospective case-control study in Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology 144, 405-412. (Pubitemid 26262204)
31. Lebech, M., Andersen, O., Christensen, N. C., Hertel, J., Nielsen, H. E., Peitersen, B., Rechnitzer, C., Larsen, S. O., Nørgaard-Pedersen, B. and Petersen, E. (1999). Feasibility of neonatal screening for toxoplasma infection in the absence of prenatal treatment. Danish Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study Group. The Lancet 353, 1834-1837. (Pubitemid 29251015)
32. Lebech, M., Joynson, D. H., Seitz, H. M., Thulliez, P., Gilbert, R. E., Dutton, G. N., Ovlisen, B. and Petersen, E. (1996). Classification system and case definitions of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mmunocompetent pregnant women and their congenitally infected offspring. European Research Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 15, 799-805. (Pubitemid 26386122)
33. Li, L. Z., Gao, L. S., Liao, L., Zhang, Y. K., Mo, C. S. and Tang, X. Y. (1994). Toxoplasma IHA seroprevalence of pregnant women in Hengyang City. Journal of Hengyang Medical College 22, 152-153. (In Chinese)
34. Li, M. and Wu, J. H. (2002). Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Zhoushan city, Zhejiang Province. Chinese Journal of Health Education 18, 734-735. (In Chinese)
35. Li, P., Lan, Z. F., Tan, J. Y., Du, Y. J., Gao, J. and Cui, L. X. (1994). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and neonates in Lanzhou area. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 24, 16-17. (In Chinese)
36. Li, R. P., Wang, X. Y., Chen, L. J., Shi, C. M., Yang, L. P. and Feng, Z. M. (1994). Toxoplasma serological detection in 449 pregnant women in Zhengzhou City. Henan Journal of Preventive Medicine 5, 241. (In Chinese)
37. Li, W. (2007). Epidemiological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Baoding distrist. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 15, 65-66. (In Chinese)
38. Li, Y. C., Zhang, L. H. and Yuan, K. (2001). Investigation of TORCH infection in pregnant women and newborns in Insular district in Zhejiang Province. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 18, 87-88. (In Chinese)
39. Li, Z., Yan, C., Liu, P., Yan, R. and Feng, Z. (2009). Prevalence of serum antibodies to TORCH among women before pregnancy or in the early period of pregnancy in Beijing. Clinica Chimica Acta 403, 212-215.
40. Liang, D. H., Wang, F. Z., Fan, H., Han, S., Duan, L. and Cui, C. (2004). A seroepidemiologic survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection of pregnant women. Chinese Primary Health Care 18, 29-30. (In Chinese)
41. Lin, H. B. (2001). Toxoplasma serological testing in 31 720 pregant womenor women of child-bearing age in Ningbo area. Journal of Radioimmunology 14, 186. (In Chinese)
42. Lin, M. C., Weng, Q. G., Xiao, X. R., Cai, G. Y., Ning, X. M. and Lv, L. (2001). Preliminary investigation of Toxoplasma infective charateristics in premarital or pregnant women. Chinese Journal of Birth Health&Heredity 9, 100-101. (In Chinese)
43. Lin, Y. L., Liao, Y. S., Liao, L. R., Chen, F. N., Kuo, H. M. and He, S. P. (2008). Seroprevalence and sources of Toxoplasma infection among indigenous and immigrant pregnant women in Taiwan. Parasitology Research 103, 67-74.
44. Liu, J. and Jun, Z. (2009). TORCH infection among women at early pregnancy in Hanyang district,Wuhan. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 17, 70-71. (In Chinese)
45. Liu, P. L., Wang, Y. F., Lu, J. L., Wu, Z. P. and Xiao, H. F. (1995). A preliminary study of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women of Shanghai City. China Public Health 11, 29-30. (In Chinese)
46. Liu, Q., Wei, F., Gao, S., Jiang, L., Lian, H., Yuan, B., Yuan, Z., Xia, Z., Liu, B., Xu, X. and Zhu, X. Q. (2009). Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in China. Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, 162-166.
47. Liu, Q. and Yao, L. P. (2003). Serological analysis of Toxoplasma infection among 15655 pregnant women or women at child-bearing age in Shaoxing City. Jiangxi Journal of Medical Laboratory Science 21, 501-502. (In Chinese)
48. Liu, W. Y. and Lu, W. B. (2010). The analysis of 1220 pregnant woman's TORCH in Ningbo. Chinese Journal of Birth Health&Heredity 18, 59-60. (In Chinese)
49. Liu, X. Y. and Li, S. Y. (2001). Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Rizhao City. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 17, 28. (In Chinese)
50. Liu, Y. R. and Guo, S. J. (2009). Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women. Public Med Forum Magazine 13, 271-272. (In Chinese)
51. Liu, Z. H. and Wei, S. Y. (2010). TORCH test in 359 progestation women: results and clinical significance. Chinese Journal of Birth Health&Heredity 18, 130-131. (In Chinese)
52. Lu, C. Q. (1992). Toxoplasma serology of 8953 puerperants in Tianjin district. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi. 20, 229-231. (In Chinese)
53. Luft, B. J. and Remington, J. S. (1992). Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clinical Infectious Diseases 15, 211-222.
54. Luo, M. Y., Zhu, S. H., Luo, J. P. and Yu, H. L. (2005). Serological screening of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women. Jiangsu Preventive Medicine 16, 62-63. (In Chinese)
55. Lv, Y. C., Cui, J. Z., Zheng, T., Xie, L. Q., Liang, C. J. and Ruan, H. B. (1995). Investigation of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in 786 pregnant women of Binyang, Guangxi. Guangxi Medical Journal 17, 172-174. (In Chinese)
56. Montoya, J. G. (2002). Laboratory Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases Suppl, S73-82. (Pubitemid 34142832)
57. Montoya, J. G. and Liesenfeld, O. (2004). Toxoplasmosis. The Lancet 363, 1965-1976. (Pubitemid 38759657)
58. Montoya, J. G. and Remington, J. S. (2008). Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 47, 554-566.
59. Pan, J. C., Zhou, D. H., Li, P. Y., Gu, J. H. and Luo, S. Y. (1992). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in 709 pregnant women. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 8, 62-63. (In Chinese)
60. Pan, X. P. (2005). Toxoplasma antibody test in pregnant women. Zhejiang Practical Medicine 10, 132. (In Chinese)
61. Pappas, G., Roussos, N. and Falagas, M. E. (2009). Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. International Journal for Parasitology 39, 1385-1394.
62. Qian, Y. Q., Li, X.W. and Ren, X. Y. (2008). TORCH Infection in pregnant women of Zhejiang Province. Zhejiang Clinical Medical Journal 10, 11. (In Chinese)
63. Qiu, H. L., Shi, X. B., Shen, G. P. and Wang, L.N. (1997). Investigation of Toxoplasma infection in 2772 pregnant women in Huzhou district. Zhejiang Practical Medicine 2, 61-62. (In Chinese)
64. Remington, J. S., Mcleod, R., Wilson, C. B. and Desmonts, G. (2010). Toxoplasmosis. In Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 7th Edn. (ed. Remington, J. S., Klein, J. O., Wilson C. B., Nizet, V. and Maldonado, Y.), pp. 918-1041. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
65. Sun, X. F., Liu, P. Z., Song, Y. N., Zhang, S. J. and Ren, J. Q. (2006). Study on Toxoplasma infection among some pregnant women in Qingdao in 2005. Preventive Medicine Tribune 12, 675-676. (In Chinese)
66. Suo, Q. L. and Yao, T. (2009). A study of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Wuhan City. Maternal and Child Health Care of China 24, 598-600. (In Chinese)
67. Tang, D. S., Xu, Y. and Xu, T. (1994). Preliminary survey of Toxoplasma seroprevalence among pregnant women in Hefei district. Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology 23, 55-56. (In Chinese)
68. Tang, L. N., Xu, L. N., Lu, L. D., Li, A. M., Zhou, G. R. and Lin, G. C. (2007). Serological detection and evaluation of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Guizhou province. Guizhou Medical Jounal 31, 847-848. (In Chinese)
69. Tenter, A. M., Heckeroth, A. R. and Weiss, L. M. (2000). Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1217-1258.
70. Vogel, N., Kirisits, M., Michael, E., Bach, H., Hosteter, M., Boyer, K., Simpson, R., Holfels, E., Hopkins, J., Mack, D., Mets, M. B., Swisher, C. N., Patel, D., Roizen, N., Stein, L., Stein, M., Withers, S., Mui, E., Eqwuaqu, C., Remington, J., Dorfman, R. and Mcleaod, R. (1996). Congenital toxoplasmosis transmitted from an immunologically competent mother infected before conception. Clinical Infectious Diseases 23, 1055-1060. (Pubitemid 26367493)
71. Wang, L. B. and Li, M. Z. (2008). TORCH test in 124 pregnant women. Zhejiang Clinical Medical Journal 10, 1335-1336. (In Chinese)
72. Weiss, L. M. and Dubey, J. P. (2009). Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. International Journal for Parasitology 39, 895-901.
73. Wu, J. M. (2004). Survey of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in 2503 pregnant women. Jiangsu Preventive Medicine 15, 63-64. (In Chinese)
74. Wu, S. M., Huang, S. Y., Fu, B. Q., Liu, G. Y., Chen, J. X., Chen,M. X., Yuan, Z. G., Zhou, D. H., Weng, Y. B., Zhu, X. Q., and Ye, D. H. (2011). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet dogs in Lanzhou, Northwest China. Parasites & Vectors 4, 64.
75. Xiong, X. F., Li, W. H., Cai, C. and Qin, Z. Q. (2005). Serological detection of Toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant or premarital women in Yiyang suburban district. Chinese Journal of Parasit Disease Control 18, S1. (In Chinese)
76. Xu, G. Z., Ye, L. P., Wang, R. Y., Zhu, C. G. and Zhao, M. J. (2001). Studies of risk factors on Toxoplasma gondii infection in maternal women and newborn infants. China Public Health 17, 877-878. (In Chinese)
77. Xu, L. Q., Chen, Y. D., Sun, F. H., Cai, L., Fang, L. L., Wang, L. P., Liu, X., Li, L. S., Feng, Y. and Li, H. (2005). A National survey on current status of the important parasitic diseases in human population. Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi. 23(S1), 283-287. (In Chinese)
78. Xu, S. Q. (2007). An eight-year Epidemiological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Wuhan District. Chinese Journal of Birth Health and Heredity 15, 46. (In Chinese)
79. Xu, Z. M. and Zhong, W. F. (2004). TORCH serological test of pregnant women in Xiangfan area. China Preventive Medicine 5, 57-58. (In Chinese)
80. Yang, H. L. (1998). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Yongzhou City. Journal of Hengyang Medical College 39-40. (In Chinese)
81. Yu, X. Y., Yu, Z. K., Pan, C.W., Zhang, Z. Y. and Xing, W. L. (1994). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Wenzhou City. Journal of Wenzhou Medical College 1, 54-55. (In Chinese)
82. Zhang, A. M., Zhang, T., Hao, Z. Y., Lv, J. R., Fu, Y. S. and Wang, H. Q. (1996). A seroepidemic survey on the infection of Toxoplasma in pregnant women and its significance to better child-bearing. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi 17, 278-280. (In Chinese)
83. Zhang, H., Zhang, Z. P. and Liu, X. P. (1999). Diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and their newborns by combining ELISA & PCR. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 15, 11. (In Chinese)
84. Zhang, J., Dan, J. Q., Zhu, Z. H., Chen, L. C. and Wang, Y. P. (2006). Survey of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in pregnant women of Daqing City. Heilongjiang Medicine and Pharmacy 29, 69-70. (In Chinese)
85. Zhang, R. F. (1996). Serological analysis of maternal infection of Toxoplasma. Chineses Journal of Zoonoses 12, 47-48. (In Chinese)
86. Zhang, W. H., Zhao, R. Z., Qiu, H. L. and Wang, Y. M. (1997). Toxoplasmosis infection in pregnant women in Lanzhou. Zhonghua fu chan ke za zhi 32, 208-210. (In Chinese)
87. Zhao, G-H., Zhang, M-T., Lei, L-H., Shang, C-C., Cao, D-Y., Tian, TT., Li, J., Xu, J-Y., Yao, Y. L., Chen, D-K. and Zhu, X-Q. (2011). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dairy goats in Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China. Parasites & Vectors 4:47.
88. Zhao, L. H., Yang, D. M. and Zhang, P. (2006). Survey of TORCH infection in women before pregnancy or in the early period of pregnancy in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice 12, 1008-1009. (In Chinese)
89. Zhao, R., Li, Y. B. and Yu, L. M. (1999). Study on detection antibody Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregants and in foetus. Ningxia Medical Journal 21, 209-210. (In Chinese)
90. Zheng, Y.X. (2007). 78 cases of maternal infection of Toxoplasma. Guizhou Medical Journal 11, 78. (In Chinese)
91. Zhou, Q. X. and Wu, J. H. (2007). The relationship of maternal Toxoplasma infection and abnormal pregnant outcome. Chinese Journal of Public Health 23, 29. (In Chinese