Tai Chi and chronic pain

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 372-382

  Peng, Philip W H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC PAIN; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXERCISE; FIBROMYALGIA; HEADACHE; HUMAN; LOW BACK PAIN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDITATION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PHILOSOPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; TAI CHI;

BONE DENSITY; CHRONIC PAIN; HUMANS; MIND-BODY THERAPIES; MUSCLE STRENGTH; TAI JI;

EID: 84862900874     PISSN: 10987339     EISSN: 15328651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31824f6629     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Verhaak PF, Kerssens JJ, Dekker J, Sorbi MJ, Bensing JM. Prevalence of chronic benign pain disorder among adults: a review of the literature. Pain. 1998;77:231-239.
2. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2006. With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus06. pdf. Accessed August 4, 2011.
3. Turk DC, Theodore BR. Epidemiology and economics of chronic and recurrent pain. In: Lynch ME, Craig K, Peng PWH. Clinical Pain Management: A Practical Guide. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
4. Cauffield JS. The psychosocial aspects of complementary and alternative medicine. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:1289-1294.
5. Lee FH, Raja SN. Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic pain. Pain. 2011;152:28-30.
6. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health. What is complimentary medicine? Available at: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam. Accessed August 7, 2011.
7. Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009;12:1-23.
8. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17:1-12.
9. US. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma. Clinical Practice Guideline 1. Rockville, MD: AHCPR 1993. AHCPR Publication 92-0023-0107.
10. Cheng MC. Cheng-Tzu's Thirteen Treatises on Tai Chi Chuan. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books; 1985.
11. Tam PFN. Tai Chi ChuanVTheory and Practice. Hong Kong: PBI Publication Ltd; 2002.
12. Horwood G. Tai Chi Chuan and the Code of Life. Philadelphia, PA: Singing Dragon; 2008.
13. Zhu W, Guan S, Yang Y. Clinical implications of Tai Chi interventions: a review. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2010;4:418-432.
14. Koh TC. Tai Chin Chuan. Am J Chin Med. 1981;9:15-22.
15. Wolf SL, Coogler C, Xu T. Exploring the basis for Tai Chi Chuan as a therapeutic exercise approach. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1997;78:886-892.
16. Lan C, Chen SY, Wong MK, Lai JS. Tai Chi training for patients with coronary heart disease. Med Sport Sci. 2008;52:182-194.
17. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:498-516.
18. 2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? J Physiol. 2008;586:25-34.
19. Lan C, Lai JS, Wong MK, Yu NIL. Cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, and body composition among geriatric Tai Chi Chuan practitioners. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:612-616.
20. Lai JS, Wong MK, Lan C, Chong CK, Lien IN. Cardiorespiratory responses of Tai Chi Chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects during cycle ergometry. J Formos Med Assoc. 1993;92:894-899.
21. Lee MS, Lee EN, Ernst E. Is Tai Chi beneficial for improving aerobic capacity? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:569-573.
22. Sannes TS, Mansky PJ, Chesney MA. The need for attention to dose in mind-body interventions: lessons from T'ai Chi clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:645-653.
23. Jacobson BH, Chen HC, Cashel C, Guerrero L. The effect of Tai Chi Chuan training on balance, kinesthetic sense, and strength. Percept Mot Skills. 1997;84:27-33.
24. Wu G. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Tai Chi for improving balance and preventing falls in the older population: a review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:746-754.
25. Lan C, Lai J, Chen S, Wong M. Tai Chi Chuan to improve muscular strength and endurance in elderly individuals: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:601-607.
26. Lan C, Lai JS, Chen SY, Wong MK. 12-month Tai Chi training in the elderly: its effect on health fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:345-351.
27. Xu DQ, Li JX, Hong Y. Effects of long term Tai Chi practice and jogging exercise on muscle strength and endurance in older people. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:50-54.
28. Howe TE, Rochester L, Jackson A, Banks PM, Blair VA. Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD004963.
29. Li F, Fisher KJ, Harmer P, McAuley E. Falls self-efficacy as a mediator of fear of falling in an exercise intervention for older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc. 2005;60:34-40.
30. Zijlstra GA, van Haastregt JC, van Rossum E, van Eijk JT, Yardley L, Kempen GI. Interventions to reduce fear of falling in community-living older people: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:603-615.
31. Sattin RW. Falls among older persons: a public health perspective. Annu Rev Public Health. 1992;13:489-508.
32. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD007146.
33. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Hudes ES. Risk factors for injurious falls: a prospective study. J Gerontol. 1991;46:164-170.
34. Low S, Ang LW, Goh KS, Chew SK. A systematic review of the effectiveness of Tai Chi on fall reduction among the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;48:325-331.
35. Logghe IHJ, Verhagen AP, Rademaker ACHJ, et al. The effects of Tai Chi on fall prevention, fear of falling and balance in older people: a meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2010;51:222-227.
36. Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt M, et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet. 1993;341:72-75.
37. Wayne PM, Kiel DP, Krebs DE, et al. The effects of Tai Chi on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:673-680.
38. US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General 2004. Available at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/ library/bonehealth/docs/OsteoBrochure1mar05.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2011.
39. Yeh GY, Wang C, Wayne PM, Phillips R. Tai Chi exercise for patients with cardiovascular conditions and risk factors: a systematic review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009;29:152-160.
40. Channer KS, Barrow D, Barrow R. Changes in haemodynamic parameters following Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med. 1996;72:349-351.
41. Jackson L, Leclerc J, Erskine Y, Linden W. Getting the most out of cardiac rehabilitation: a review of referral and adherence predictors. Heart. 2005;91:10-14.
42. Yeh GY, Wood MJ, Lorell BH, et al. Effects of Tai Chi mind-body movement therapy on functional status and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2004;117:541-548.
43. Yeh GY, Wang C, Wayne PM, Phillips RS. The effect of Tai Chi exercise on blood pressure: a systematic review. Prev Cardiol. 2008;11:82-89.
44. Tracey I, Mantyh PW. The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. Neuron. 2007;55:377-391.
45. Legrain V, Van Damme S, Eccleston C, Davis KD, Seminowicz DA, Crombez G. A neurocognitive model of attention to pain: behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Pain. 2009;144:230-232.
46. Desimone R, Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1995;18:193-222.
47. Crombez G, Van Damme S, Eccleston C. Hypervigilance to pain: an experimental and clinical analysis. Pain. 2005;116:4-7.
48. Ingvar M. Descending pain control and fibromyalgia syndrome [editorial]. Pain. 2009;145:1.
49. Diederich NJ, Goetz CG. The placebo treatments in neurosciences: new insights from clinical and neuroimaging studies. Neurology. 2008;71:677-684.
50. Zubieta JK, Stohler CS. Neurobiological mechanisms of placebo responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1156:198-210.
51. Pollo A, Benedetti F. Placebo/nocebo: a two-sided coin in the clinician's hand. In: Lynch ME, Craig K, Peng PWH. Clinical Pain Management: A Practical Guide. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
52. Goffaux P, Redmond WJ, Rainville P, Marchand S. Descending analgesiaVwhen the spine echoes what the brain expects. Pain. 2007;130:137-143.
53. Menzies V, Taylor AG. The idea of imagination: a concept analysis of imagery. J Mind-Body Med. 2004;20:4-10.
54. Buhle J. Does meditation training lead to enduring changes in the anticipation and experience of pain? Pain. 2010;150:382-383.
55. Wile D. Lost Tai-Chi Classics From the Late Ch'ing Dynasty. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; 1996.
56. Yang JM. The Essence of Tai Chi Chi KungVHealth and Martial Arts. Boston, MA: YMAA Publication Center; 1990.
57. Wayne PM, Kaptchuk TK. Challenges inherent to T'ai Chi research: part 1VT'ai Chi as a complex multicomponent intervention. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:95-102.
58. Vitetta L, Anton B, Cortizo F, Sali A. Mind-body medicine: stress and its impact on overall health and longevity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1057:492-505.
59. Kubota Y, Sato W, Toichi M, et al. Frontal midline theta rhythm is correlated with cardiac autonomic activities during the performance of an attention demanding meditation procedure. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2001;11:281-287.
60. Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:564-570.
61. Kingston J, Chadwick P, Meron D, Skinner TC. A pilot randomized control trial investigating the effect of mindfulness practice on pain tolerance, psychological well-being, and physiological activity. J Psychosom Res. 2007;62:297-300.
62. Achterberg J. Imagery in Healing: Shamanism and Modern Medicine. Austin, TX: Shambhala Publications; 1985.
63. Kirsch I. How Expectancies Shape Experience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999.
64. Kaptchuk TJ. The placebo effect in alternative medicine: can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance? Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:817-825.
65. Choinière M, Dion D, Peng P, and the Canadian STOP-PAIN Research Group. Who are the patients on wait-lists of multidisciplinary pain treatment facilities? Can J Anesth. 2010;57:539-548.
66. Ashburn MA, Staats PS. Management of chronic pain. Lancet. 1999;353:1865-1869.
67. Gureje O, Simon GE, Von Korff M. A cross-national study of the course of persistent pain in primary care. Pain. 2001;92:195-200.
68. Guerriere DN, Choinière M, Dion D, Peng P, and the Canadian STOP-PAIN Research Group. What is the cost of pain for patients on wait-lists of multidisciplinary pain treatment facilities? Can J Anesth. 2010;57:549-558.
69. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. JAMA. 2003;290:2443-2454.
70. Wang C, Bannuru R, Ramel J, Kupelnick B, Scott T, Schmid CH. Tai Chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:23.
71. Wang WC, Zhang AL, Rasmussen B, et al. The effect of Tai Chi on psychosocial well-being: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2009;2:171-181.
72. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10:144-156.
73. Sephton SE, Salmon P, Weissbecker I, et al. Mindfulness meditation alleviates depressive symptoms in women with fibromyalgia: results of a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:77-85.
74. Hill K, Smith R, Fearn M, Rydberg M, Oliphant R. Physical and psychological outcomes of a supported physical activity program for older carers. J Aging Phys Act. 2007;15:257-271.
75. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Georgiades A, Hinderliter A, Sherwood A. Effects of exercise and weight loss on depressive symptoms among men and women with hypertension. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63:463-469.
76. Tsang HW, Chan EP, Cheung WM. Effects of mindful and non-mindful exercises on people with depression: a systematic review. Br J Clin Psychol. 2008;47:303-322.
77. Conn V, Hafdahl A, Porock D, McDaniel R, Nielsen P. A meta-analysis of exercise interventions among people treated for cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2006;14:699-712.
78. Biddle S, Fox KR, Boutcher SH. Physical Activity and Psychological Well-being. New York, NY: Routledge; 2000.
79. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:778-799.
80. Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A, Bliddal H. Effect of weight reduction in obese patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:433-439.
81. Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M. Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:544-548.
82. Buszewicz M, Rait G, Griffin M, et al. Self management of arthritis in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;333: 879-883.
83. Wang C. Tai Chi and rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2011;37:19-32.
84. Hartman CA, Manos TM, Winter C, Hartman DM, Li B, Smith JC. Effects of T'ai Chi training on function and quality of life indicators in older adults with osteoarthritis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1553-1559.
85. Song R, Lee EO, Lam P, Bae SC. Effects of Tai Chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2039-2044.
86. Brismee JM, Paige RL, Chyu MC, et al. Group and home-based Tai Chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21:99-111.
87. Fransen M, Nairn L, Winstanley J, Lam P, Edmonds J. Physical activity for osteoarthritis management: a randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating hydrotherapy or Tai Chi classes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:407-414.
88. Wang C, Schmid CH, Hibberd PL, et al. Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:1545-1553.
89. Lee MS, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Tai Chi for osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:211-218.
90. Hall A, Maher C, Latimer J, Ferreira M. The effectiveness of Tai Chi for chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:717-724.
91. Escalante Y, Saavedra JM, Garcia-Hermoso A, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM. Physical exercise and reduction of pain in adults with lower limb osteoarthritis: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2010;23:175-186.
92. Adler P, Good M, Roberts B, Snyder S. The effects of Tai Chi on older adults with chronic arthritis pain. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2000;32:377.
93. Adler PA. The Effects of Tai Chi on Pain and Function in Older Adults With Osteoarthritis [dissertation]. Athens, OH: University of Ohio. 2007.
94. Song R, Lee EO, Lam P, Bae SC. Effects of a Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on arthritic symptoms, motivation and the performance of health behaviors in women with osteoarthritis. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2007;37:249-256.
95. An B, Dai K, Zhu Z, et al. Baduanjin alleviates the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:167-174.
96. Lee HY, Lee KJ. Effects of Tai Chi exercise in elderly with knee osteoarthritis. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2008;38:11-18.
97. Lee HJ, Park HJ, Chae Y, et al. Tai Chi Qigong for the quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot, randomized, waiting list controlled trial. Clin Rehabilitation. 2009;23:504-511.
98. Ni GX, Song L, Yu B, Huang CH, Lin JH. Tai Chi improves physical function in older Chinese women with knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2010;16:64-67.
99. Mease P. Fibromyalgia syndrome: review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, outcome measures, and treatment. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:6-21.
100. Wolfe F, Clauw D, Fitzcharles MA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:600-610.
101. Goffaux P, de Souza JB, Potvin S, Marchand S. Pain relief through expectation supersedes descending inhibitory deficits in fibromyalgia patients. Pain. 2009;145:18-23.
102. Goffaux P, Redmond WJ, Rainville P, Marchand S. Descending analgesia Y when the spine echoes what the brain expects. Pain. 2007;130:137-143.
103. Häuser W, Schiltenwolf M, Henningsen P: Fibromyalgia syndrome and myofascial pain syndrome. In: Lynch ME, Craig K, Peng PWH. Clinical Pain Management: A Practical Guide. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
104. Ramel J, Bannuru R, Griffith M, Wang C. Exercise for fibromyalgia pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2009;5:188-193.
105. Häuser W, Bernardy K, Offenbächer M, Offenbacher M, Schilten wolf M. Efficacy of multicomponent treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:216-224.
106. Häuser W, Bernardy K, Üceyler N, Sommer C. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with gabapentin and pregabalin: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain. 2009;145:69-81.
107. Häuser W, Petzke F, Sommer C. Systematic review: comparative efficacy and harms of duloxetine, milnacipran and pregabalin in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain. 2010;11:505-521.
108. Häuser W, Bernardy K, Ü ceyler N, Sommer C. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301:198-209.
109. Yeh GY, Mietus JE, Peng CK, et al. Enhancement of sleep stability with Tai Chi exercise in chronic heart failure: preliminary findings using an ECG-based spectrogram method. Sleep Med. 2008;9:527-536.
110. Taggart HM, Arslanian CL, Bae S, Singh K. Effects of T'ai Chi exercise on fibromyalgia symptoms and health-related quality of life. Orthop Nurs. 2003;22:353-360.
111. Carbonell-Baeza A, Romero A, Aparicio VA, Tercedor P, Delgado-Fernandez M, Ruiz JR. T'ai-Chi intervention in men with fibromyalgia: a multiple-patient case report. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17:187-189.
112. Wang C, Schmid CH, Rones R, et al. A randomized trial of Tai Chi for fibromyalgia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:743-754.
113. Walker BF, Muller R, Gran WD. Low back pain in Australian adults: the economic burden. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2003;15:79-87.
114. Von Korff M, Crane P, Lane M et al. Chronic spinal pain and physical-mental comorbidity in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Pain. 2005;113:331-339.
115. Chou R, Huffman LH. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:492-504.
116. Ferreira ML, Smeets RJ, Kamper SJ, Ferreira PH, Machado LA. Can we explain heterogeneity among randomized clinical trials of exercise for chronic back pain? A meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2010;90:1383-1403.
117. Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:776-785.
118. Kanodia AK, Legedza ATR, Davis RB, Eisenberg DM, Phillips RS. Perceived benefit of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for back pain: a national survey. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010;23:354-362.
119. Hall AM, Maher CG, Lam P, Ferreira M, Latimer J. Tai Chi exercise for treatment of pain and disability in people with persistent low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;62:1576-1583.
120. Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Paget S. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2009;373:659-672.
121. Uhlig T, Smedstad LM, Vaglum P, Moum T, Gerard N, Kvien TK. The course of rheumatoid arthritis and predictors of psychological, physical and radiographic outcome after 5 years of follow-up. Rheumatology. 2000;39:732-741.
122. Symmons DP, Jones MA, Scott DL, Prior P. Long term mortality outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: early presenters continue to do well. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1072-1077.
123. Michel BA, Bloch DA, Fries JF. Predictors of fractures in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:804-808.
124. Han A, Robinson V, Judd M, Taixiang W, Wells G, Tugwell P. Tai Chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD004849.
125. American College of Rheumatology. Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: 2002 update. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:328-346.
126. Stenström CH, Minor MA. Evidence for the benefit of aerobic and strengthening exercise in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:428-434.
127. Kirsteins AE, Dietz F, Hwang SM. Evaluating the safety and potential use of a weight-bearing exercise, Tai-Chi Chuan, for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;70:136-141.
128. Lee MS, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Tai Chi for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatology. 2007;46:1648-1651.
129. Wang C. Tai Chi improves pain and functional status in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a pilot single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Med Sport Sci. 2008;52:218-229.
130. Lee EO. Effects of a Tai-Chi program on pain, sleep disturbance, mood and fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis patients [in Korean]. J Rheumatol Health. 2005;12:57-68.
131. Silberstein SD. Headache. In: Lynch ME, Craig K, Peng PWH. Clinical Pain Management: A Practical Guide. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
132. Schoenen J, Boureau F, Kunkel R, et al. Guidelines for Trials of Drug Treatments in Tension-type Headache. The IHS' Members Handbook 1997/1998. Oxford, UK: International Headache Society; 1998.
133. Abbott RB, Hui KK, Hays RD, Li MD, Pan T. A randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi for tension headaches. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2007;4:107-113.
134. Wayne PM, Kaptchuk TJ. Challenges inherent to T'ai Chi research: part IIVdefining the intervention and optimal study design. J Altern Complement Med. 200b;14:191-197.
135. Birdee GS, Wayne PM, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Yeh GY. T'ai Chi and Qigong for health: patterns of use in the United States. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:969-973.
136. Dixon KE, Keefe FJ, Scipio CD, Perri LCM, Abernethy AP. Psychological interventions for arthritis pain management in adults: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 2007;26:241-250.
137. Hall H. Acupuncture's claims punctured: not proven effective for pain, not harmless. Pain. 2011;152:711-712.
138. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Peirce-Sandner S, Baron R, Bellamy N, Burke LB, et al. Research design considerations for confirmatory chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2010;149:177-193.