Land-sea contrast in lightning activity over the sea and peninsular regions of South/Southeast Asia

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 118, Issue , 2012, Pages 52-67

  Ramesh Kumar, P ^a   Kamra, A K ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Land sea contrast; Lightning; Lightning in SA SEA

Indexed keywords

ARABIAN SEA; BAY OF BENGAL; CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGIES; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; FLASH RATE; LAND-SEA CONTRAST; LIGHTNING ACTIVITY; LIGHTNING IMAGING SENSORS; MONSOON SEASON; OPTICAL TRANSIENT; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; POST-MONSOON; PRE-MONSOON; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEMIANNUAL VARIATION; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SUMMER MONSOON; SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; THERMODYNAMIC CONDITIONS; TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION SATELLITES;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS;

LIGHTNING;

AIR TEMPERATURE; LAND-SEA INTERACTION; LIGHTNING; LONGWAVE RADIATION; MONSOON; POTENTIAL ENERGY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TRMM;

ARABIAN SEA; BAY OF BENGAL; INDIAN OCEAN; INDOCHINA; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTH CHINA SEA;

EID: 84862733408     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.05.027     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Alappattu D.P., Kunhikrishnan P.K. Premonsoon estimates of convective available potential energy over the oceanic region surrounding the Indian subcontinent. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:1-11.
2. Bhat G.S., Gadgil S., Harish Kumar P.V., Kalsi S.R., Madhusoodanan P., Murty V.S.N., Prasada Rao C.V.K., Ramesh Babu V., Rao L.V.G., Rao R.R., Ravichandran M., Reddy K.G., Sanjeeva Rao P., Sengupta D., Sikka D.R., Swain J., Vinayachandran P.N. BOBMEX - the Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 2001, 82:2217-2243.
3. Bhat G.S. Near surface variations and surface fluxes over the North Bay of Bengal during the 1999 Indian Summer Monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres 2002, 107:4336. 10.1029/2001JD000382.
4. Bhowmik S.K., Roy S.S., Kundu P.K. Analysis of large-scale conditions associated with convection over the Indian monsoon region. Int. J. Climatol. 2008, 28:797-821.
5. Biswas K.R., Hobbs P.V. Lightning over the Gulf stream. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1990, 17:941-943.
6. Brooks C.E.P. The distribution of the thunderstorms over the globe. Geophys. Mem. 1925, 24:147.
7. Burns G.B., Frank-Kamenetsky A.V., Troschichev O.A., Bering E.A., Reddell B.D. Interannual consistency of bi-monthly differences in annual variations of the ground-level, vertical electricfield. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110(D10106). 10.1029/2004JD005469.
8. Byers H.R., Rodebush H.R. Causes of thunderstorms of the Florida Peninsula. J. Meteorol. 1948, 6:275-280.
9. Christian H.J., et al. Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108(D1):4005. 10.1029/2002JD002347.
10. Collier A.B., Hughes A.R.W., Lichtenberger J., Steinbach P. Seasonal and diurnal variation of lightning activity over southern Africa and correlation with European whistler observations. Ann. Geophys. 2006, 24:529-542.
11. Das P.K. The Monsoons 1968, 162. National Book Trust, New Delhi.
12. Dube S.K., Rao A.D., Sinha P.C., Murty T.S., Bahulayan N. Storm surge in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea: the problem and its prediction. Mausam 1997, 48:283-304.
13. Emanuel K.A. A similarity theory for unsaturated downdrafts in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 1981, 38:1541-1557.
14. Fu R., Del Genio A.D., Rossow W.B. Influence of ocean surface conditions on atmospheric vertical thermodynamic structure and deep convection. J. Climate 1994, 7:1092-1108.
15. Gadgil S., Joseph P.V., Joshi P.V. Ocean-atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions. Nature 1984, 312:141-143.
16. Goodman S.J., Beuchler D.E., Wright P.D. Lightning and precipitation history of a microburst-producing storm. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1988, 15:1185-1188.
17. Goswami B.N., Venugopal V., Sengupta D., Madhusoodanan M.S., Prince K.X. Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science 2006, 314:1442-1445.
18. Graham N.E., Barnett T.P. Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science 1987, 238:657-659.
19. Hamid E.Y., Kawasaki Z.-I., Mardiana R. Impact of the 1997-98 El Nino events on lightning activity over Indonesia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:147-150.
20. Hidayat S., Ishii M. Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning activity around Java. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(D12):14,001-14,009.
21. Kalapureddy M.C.R., Devara P.C.S. Characterization of aerosols over oceanic regions around India during pre-monsoon 2006. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42(2008):6816-6827.
22. Kandalgaonkar S.S., Tinmaker M.I.R., Kulkarni J.R., Nath A., Kulkarni M.K., Trimbake H.K. Spatio-temporal variability of lightning activity over the Indian region. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:D11108. 10.1029/2004jd005631.
23. Kandalgaonkar S.S., Kulkarni J.R., Tinmaker M.I.R., Kulkarni M.K. Land-ocean contrasts in lightning activity over the Indian region. Int. J. Climatol. 2010, 30:137-145.
24. Kartalev M.D., Rycroft M.J., Fuellekrug M., Papitashvili V.O., Keremidarska V.I. A possible explanation for the dominant effect of South American thunderstorms on the Carnegie curve. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 2006, 68:457-468.
25. Khole M., De U.S. Application of Indian Ocean remote sensing data for study of NE monsoon in relation to SHET activity. Proceedings of Pacific Ocean Remote Sensing Conference (PORSEC) held at Goa, India, during 5-8 Dec., 2000 2001, vol. I:479-481.
26. Kodama Y.-M., Ohta A., Katsumata M., Mori S., Satoh S., Ueda H. Seasonal transition of predominant precipitation type and lightning activity over tropical monsoon areas derived from TRMM observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L14710.
27. Koshak W.J. Optical characteristics of OTD flashes and the implications for flash-type discrimination. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2010, 27:1822-1838.
28. Koshak W.J. A mixed exponential distribution model for retrieving ground flash fraction from satellite lightning imager data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2011, 28:475-492.
29. Koshak W.J., Solakiewicz R.J. Retrieving the fraction of ground flashes from satellite lightning imager data using CONUS-based optical statistics. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2011, 28:459-473.
30. Koshak W.J., Bergstrom J.W., Stewart M.F., Christian H.J., Hall J.M., Solakiewicz R.J. Laboratory calibration of the Optical Transient Detector and Lightning Imaging Sensor. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2000, 17:905-915.
31. Kotaki M., Kuriki I., Katoh C., Sugiuchi H. Global distribution of thunderstorm activity observed with ISS-b. J. Radiol. Res. Lab. Jpn. 1981, 28:49-71.
32. Krishna Kumar K., Rajagopalan B., Cane M. On the weakening relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science 1999, 284:2156-2159.
33. Kumar P.R., Kamra A.K. Lightning activity variations over three islands in a tropical monsoon region. Atmos. Res. 2010, 98:309-316.
34. Kumar P.R., Kamra A.K. Variability of lightning activity in South/Southeast Asia during 1997-98 and 2002-03 El Nino/La Nina events. Atmos. Res. 2012, 98. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.004.
35. Kurz C., Grewe V. Lightning and thunderstorms, part I: observational data and model results. Meteorol. Z. 2002, 11:379-393.
36. Lal D.M., Pawar S.D. Relationship between rainfall and lightning over central Indian region in monsoon and premonsoon seasons. Atmos. Res. 2009, 92:402-410.
37. Lau K.M., Yang S. Climatology and interannual variability of the southeast Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 1997, 14:141-162.
38. LeMone M.A., Moncrieff M.W. Momentum and mass transport by convective bands: comparisons of highly idealized dynamical models to observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 1994, 51:281-305.
39. Lhermitte R., Williams E.R. Cloud electrification. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 1983, 21:984-992.
40. Liu C., Williams E.R., Zipser E.J., Burns G. Diurnal variations of global thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds, and their contribution to the global electrical circuit. J. Atmos. Sci. 2010, 67:309-323.
41. Lucas C., Zipser E., LeMone M. Vertical velocity in oceanic convection off tropical Australia. J. Atmos. Sci. 1994, 51:3183-3193.
42. Lucas C., Zipser E., LeMone M. Convective available energy in the environment of oceanic and continental clouds: corrections and comments. J. Atmos. Sci. 1994, 51:3829-3830.
43. Lyons W.A., Uliasz M., Nelson T.E. Climatology of large peak current cloud-to ground lightning flashes in the contiguous United States. Mon. Weather Rev. 1998, 126:2217-2233.
44. Mach D.M., Blakeslee R.J., Bateman M.G., Bailey J.C. Electric fields, conductivity, and estimated currents from aircraft over flights of electrified clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D10.
45. Mach D.M., Blakeslee R.J., Bateman M.G., Bailey J.C. Comparisons of total currents based on storm location, polarity, and flash rates. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D3.
46. Mach D.M., Blakeslee R.J., Bateman M.G. Global electric circuit implications of combined aircraft storm electric current measurements and satellite-based diurnal lightning statistics. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:D05201.
47. Manohar G.K., Kesarkar A.P. Climatology of thunderstorm activity over Indian region: a study of east-west contrast. Mausam 2003, 54:819-828.
48. Michuad l.M. Comments on "Convective Available Potential Energy in the Environment of Oceanic and Continental Clouds". J. Atmos. Sci. 1996, 1209-1211.
49. Molinie J., Pontikis C.A. Climatological study of tropical thunderstorm clouds and lightning frequencies on the French Guyana coast. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22:1085-1088.
50. Mujumdar M., Salunke K., Suryachandra Rao A., Ravichandran M., Goswami B.N. Diurnal cycle induced amplification of sea surface temperature intraseasonal oscillations over the Bay of Bengal in summer monsoon season. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 2011, 206-210.
51. Murthy B.S., Sivaramakrishnan S. Moist convective instability over the Arabian Sea during summer monsoon 2002. Meteorol. Appl. 2006, 13:1-10.
52. Murugavel P., Pawar S.D., Gopalakrishnan V. Trends of Convective Available Potential Energy over the Indian region and its effect on rainfall. Int. J. Climatol. 2012, 32:1362-1372.
53. Orville R.E. Peak-current variations of lightning return strokes as a function of latitude. Nature 1990, 343:149-151.
54. Orville R.E., Henderson R.W. Global distribution of midnight lightning: December 1977 to August 1978. Mon. Weather Rev. 1986, 114:2640-2653.
55. Pielke R.A. A three-dimensional numerical model of the sea breezes over south Florida. Mon. Weather Rev. 1974, 102:115-139.
56. Pontikis C., Hicks E., Michalon N. The physics of thundercloud and lightning discharge. Comment on the note by Earle Williams and Sharon Stanfill. The physical origin of the land-ocean contrast in lightning activity. C.R. Geosci. 2004, 336(15):1409-1412.
57. Price C. Global surface temperatures and the atmospheric electrical circuit. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1993, 20:1363-1366.
58. Rajeev K., Nair S.K., Parameswaran K., Raju C.S. Satellite observations of the regional aerosol distribution and transport over the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 2004, 33:11-29.
59. Ranalkar M., Chaudhari H. Seasonal variation of lightning activity over the Indian subcontinent. Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 2009, 104:125-134.
60. Rao S.A., Dhakate A.R., Saha S.K., Mahapatra S., Chaudhari H.S., Pokhrel S., Sahu S.K. Why is Indian Ocean warming consistently?. Clim. Chang. 2011, 10.1007/s10584-011-0121-x, 1-11.
61. Rutledge S.A., Williams E.R., Keenan T.D. The down under Doppler and electricity experiment (DUNDEE): overview and preliminary results. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1992, 73:3-16.
62. Santer B.D., et al. Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104:15,248-15,253.
63. Satheesh S.K., Moorthy K.K., Das I. Aerosol spectral optical depths over Bay of Bengal. Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. Curr. Sci. 2001, 81:1617-1625.
64. Satori G., Williams E., Lemperger I. Variability of global lightning activity on the ENSO time scale. Atmos. Res. 2009, 91:500-509.
65. Takahashi T. Near absence of lightning in torrential rainfall producing Micronesian thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1990, 17:2381-2384.
66. Tinmaker M.I.R., Ali Kaushar, Beig G. Relationship between lightning activity over Peninsular India and sea surface temperature. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 2010, 49:828-835.
67. Ushio T., Heckman S.J., Boccippio D.J., Christian H.J., Kawasaki Z.-I. A survey of thunderstorm flash rates compared to cloud top height using TRMM satellite data. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:24,89-24,95.
68. Whipple F.J.W. On the association of the diurnal variation of electric potential on fine weather with the distribution of thunderstorms over the globe. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1929, 55:1-17.
69. Williams E.R. The Schumann resonance: a global tropical thermometer. Science 1992, 256:1184-1187.
70. Williams E.R. Global circuit response to seasonal variations in global surface air temperature. Mon. Weather Rev. 1994, 122:1917-1929.
71. Williams E.R. The global electrical circuit: a review. Atmos. Res. 2009, 91:140-152.
72. Williams E.R., Heckman S.J. The local diurnal variation of cloud electrification and the global diurnal variation of negative charge on earth. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98D3:5221-5234.
73. Williams E.R., Renno N.O. An analysis of the conditional instability of the tropical atmosphere. Mon. Weather Rev. 1993, 121:21-36.
74. Williams E., Chan T., Boccippio D. Islands as miniature continents: another look at the land-ocean lightning contrast. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D16206. 10.1029/2003JD003833.
75. Williams E., Stanfill S. The physical origin of the land-ocean contrast in lightning activity. C. R. Phys. 2002, 3:1277-1292.
76. Williams E.R., Weber M.E., Orville R.E. The relationship between lightning type and convective state of thunderclouds. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94. (3,213-13,220.6).
77. Williams E.R., Rutledge S.A., Geotis S.G., Renno N., Rasmussen E., Rickenbach T. A radar and electrical study of tropical hot towers. J. Atmos. Sci. 1992, 49:1386-1395.
78. Williams E., et al. Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: implications for cloud electrification. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107(D20):8082.
79. Yoshida S., Morimoto T., Ushio T., Kawasaki Z. ENSO and convective activities in Southeast Asia and western Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L21806.
80. Yoshida S., Morimoto T., Ushio T., Kawasaki Z. A fifth power relationship for lightning activity from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D09104. 10.1029/2008JD010370.
81. Zhang G.J., McFarlane N.A. Convective stabilization in midlatitudes. Mon. Weather Rev. 1991, 119:1915-1928.
82. Zipser E.J. Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning. Mon. Weather Rev. 1994, 122:1837-1851.