Four days in August: The UK riots

Race and Class

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-12

  Bridges, Lee ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

David Lammy; Gary Younge; Independent Police Complaints Commission; Mark duggan; Metropolitan police; Riots; Stop and search; Tottenham

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862702074     PISSN: 03063968     EISSN: 17413125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0306396812446564     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Metropolitan Police Service, Strategic Review into the Disorders of August 2011 - Final Report (London, 2012), p. 14.
2. Roger Sylvester from Tottenham died in 1999 following his restraint by the police. Joy Gardner died in Haringey in 1993 in a struggle with police, who used thirteen feet of tape to restrain her during an attempted deportation.
3. As quoted from the Daily Telegraph in Steve Reicher and Cliff Stott, Mad Mobs and Englishmen? Myths and realities of the 2011 riots (London, Constable & Robinson, 2011), Chapter 4. This description of Duggan continues to be repeated, for example by Nirpal Dhaliwal in the London Evening Standard on 29 March 2012: 'The killing of a known criminal and gang member in Tottenham triggered an orgy of looting.'
4. As noted from the London Evening Standard in Metropolitan Police Service, op. cit., p. 24.
5. Ibid., pp. 24-5.
6. Ibid., pp. 26-30.
7. Ibid., p. 28.
8. Ibid., p. 32.
9. David Lammy, Out of the Ashes: Britain after the riots (London, Guardian Books, 2011).
10. Although Lammy had returned to Tottenham from holiday on Friday 5 August and reported finding that the 'intrigue, the anger, the suspicion - call it what you want - was spreading through Tottenham like wildfire', there is no indication in the Metropolitan Police's strategic review that they received any representations from him about the situation, and it does not appear that he was present during the protest march to Tottenham police station the following afternoon.
11. Metropolitan Police Service, op. cit., pp. 42-5.
12. Lammy, op. cit., 'Introduction'.
13. As quoted in Reicher and Scott, op. cit., Chapter 4.
14. Reading the Riots: investigating England's summer of disorder (London, Guardian/LSE, 2011), Chapter 5.
15. Lammy, op. cit., Chapter 5.
16. Reading the Riots, op. cit., Chapter 3.
17. Metropolitan Police Service, op. cit., pp. 41-2, 119.
18. HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, The Rules of Engagement: a review of the August 2011 disorders (London, HMIC, 2011), p. 7.
19. After the Riots: the final report of the Riots Communities and Victims Panel (London, Riots Communities and Victims Panel, 2012), p. 17.
20. Ibid., p. 22.
21. Reicher and Scott, op. cit., 'Conclusion'.
22. Bob Jeffery and Will Jackson, 'The Pendleton riot: a political sociology', Criminal Justice Matters (Vol. 87, no. 1, 2012), pp. 18-20.
23. Gary Younge, 'These riots were political: they were looting, not shoplifting', in Reading the Riots, op. cit., Comment 2.
24. These and subsequent data on the post-riot arrests in London are taken from Metropolitan Police Service, op. cit., Sections 7.7 and 7.8.
25. See summary of the Panel's interim recommendations in their final report, After the Riots, op. cit., p. 134.
26. Ministry of Justice, Statistical Bulletin on the Public Disorders of 6th to 9th August 2011-February 2012 Update (London, Ministry of Justice, 2012).
27. For a list of these, see After the Riots, op. cit., Appendix 4.
28. After the Riots, op. cit.
29. The Negro Family: the case for national action (Washington, DC, US Department of Labor Office of Policy Planning and Research, 1965).
30. Younge, op. cit.
31. Reicher and Scott, op. cit., Chapter 4.
32. After the Riots, op. cit., p. 103.
33. Ibid., p. 105.
34. Metropolitan Police Service, op. cit., p. 8.
35. After the Riots, op. cit., p. 106.
36. Metropolitan Police Service, op. cit., p. 8.
37. George Galloway, 'This was Bradford's version of the riots', Guardian (30 March 2012).
38. Younge, op. cit.