Optimization of insulin therapy in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Beyond basal insulin

Diabetic Medicine

Volumn 29, Issue 7, 2012, Pages

  Blak, B T ^a   Smith, H T ^b   Hards, M ^a   Curtis, B H ^c   Ivanyi, T ^d  

^a Cegedim Strategic Data Medical Research Ltd ^*  (United Kingdom)

^b ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

^c Lilly USA   (United States)

^d Lilly Hungary   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Basal insulin; Prandial insulin; Premixed insulin; Type 2 diabetes; UK General Practice

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; BIGUANIDE; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; SULFONYLUREA;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; INSULIN TREATMENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

AGED; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD GLUCOSE SELF-MONITORING; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GREAT BRITAIN; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; INSULIN, LONG-ACTING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84862686725     PISSN: 07423071     EISSN: 14645491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03586.x     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 193-203.
2. Holt RIG. Insulin initiation in Type 2 diabetes: the implications of the 4-T study. Diabet Med 2010; 27: 1-3.
3. Liebl A. Insulin intensification - the rationale and the target. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2009; 63(Suppl 164): 1-5.
4. Holman RR, Thorne KI, Farmer AJ, Davies MJ, Keenan JF, Paul S et al. Addition of biphasic, prandial, or basal insulin to oral therapy in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1716-1730.
5. Liebl A, Prager R, Binz K, Kaiser M, Bergenstal R, Gallwitz B. Comparison of insulin analogue regimens in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the PREFER Study: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes, Obes Metab 2009; 11: 45-52.
6. Gumprecht J, Benroubi M, Borzi V, Kawamori R, Shaban J, Shah S et al. Intensification to biphasic insulin aspart 30/70 (BIAsp 30, NovoMix 30) can improve glycaemic control in patients treated with basal insulins: a subgroup analysis of the IMPROVE observational study. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63: 966-972.
7. Rosenstock J, Ahmann AJ, Colon G, Scism-Bacon J, Jiang H, Martin S. Advancing insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes previously treated with glargine plus oral agents: prandial premixed (insulin lispro protamine suspension/lispro) versus basal/bolus (glargine/lispro) therapy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 20-25.
8. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Guzman S, Villa-Caballero L, Edelman SV. Psychological insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes: the scope of the problem. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2543-2545.
9. Kunt T, Snoek FJ. Barriers to insulin initiation and intensification and how to overcome them. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2009; 63(Suppl 164): 6-10.
10. Fitzsimons B, Wilton L, Lamont T, McCulloch L, Boyce J. The Audit Commission review of diabetes services in England and Wales, 1998-2001. Diabet Med 2002; 19(Suppl 4): 73-78.
11. Department of Health. National Service Framework for Diabetes: Delivery Strategy. London: Department of Health, 2003.
12. Fox KM, Gerber Pharmd RA, Bolinder B, Chen J, Kumar S. Prevalence of inadequate glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom general practice research database: A series of retrospective analyses of data from 1998 through 2002. Clin Ther 2006; 28: 388-95.
13. National Diabetes Audit. Executive Summary: Key Findings about the Quality of Care for People with Diabetes in England and Wales. Report for the Audit Period 2008-2009. Leeds: NHS Information Centre, 2010.
14. Blak BT, Thompson M. How does The Health Improvement Network (THIN) data on prevalence of chronic diseases compare with national figures? Value Health 2009; 12: A253.
15. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, Brindle P. Performance of the QRISK cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm in an independent UK sample of patients from general practice: a validation study. Heart 2008; 94: 34-39.
16. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Type 2 Diabetes: Newer Agents for Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Short Clinical Guideline 87. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009.
17. Jones S, Benroubi M, Castell C, Goday A, Liebl A, Timlin L et al. Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating insulin therapy: baseline data from the INSTIGATE study. Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25: 691-700.
18. Pollock RF, Erny-Albrecht KM, Kalsekar A, Bruhn D, Valentine WJ. Long-acting insulin analogs: a review of 'real-world' effectiveness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2011; 7: 61-74.
19. Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Gerich J, Insulin Glargine 4002 Study Investigators. The treat-to-target trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 3080-3086.
20. Metabolic Pulse Website. How to Initiate Basal-Prandial Insulin Therapy for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (Internet). Available at, last accessed 7 march 2011.