Unraveling the central Appalachian fold-thrust belt, Pennsylvania: The power of sequentially restored balanced cross sections for a blind fold-thrust belt

Geosphere

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 685-702

  Sak, Peter B ^a   McQuarrie, Nadine ^b,c   Oliver, Benjamin P ^b,d   Lavdovsky, Natasha ^b   Jackson, Margaret S ^a,e  

^a DICKINSON COLLEGE   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION MECHANISM; DETACHMENT FOLD; DISPLACEMENT; FOLD AND THRUST BELT; FOLDING; FORELAND BASIN; ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN BOUNDARY; PASSIVE MARGIN; STRAIN; WAVELENGTH;

APPALACHIAN PLATEAU; APPALACHIANS; PENNSYLVANIA; UNITED STATES;

EQUIDAE;

EID: 84862681299     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00676.1     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Ayrton, W.G., 1963, Isopach and lithofacies map of the Upper Devonian of northeastern United States, in Schepps, V.C., ed., Symposium on Middle and Upper Devonian stratigraphy of Pennsylvania and adjacent states: Pennsylvania Geological Survey General Geology Report 39, p. 3-21.
2. Beardsley, R.W., and Cable, M.S., 1983, Overview of the evolution of the Appalachian Basin: Northeastern Geology, v. 5, p. 137-145.
3. Beardsley, R.W., Campbell, R.C., and Shaw, M.A., 1999, Appalachian plateaus, in Schultz, C.H., ed., The geology of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, Special Publication 1, p. 287-297.
4. Berg, T.M., and Edmunds, W.E., 1979, The Huntley Mountain Formation: Catskill to Burgoon transition in northcentral Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Information Circular 83, 80 p.
5. Berg, T.M., Edmunds, W.E., Geyer, A.R., Glover, A.D., Hoskins, D.M., MacLachlan, D.B., Root, S.I., Sevon, W.D., and Socolow, A.A., compilers, 1980, Geologic map of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Map 1, scale 1:250,000.
6. Berg, T.M., McInerney, M.K., Way, J.H., and MacLachlan, D.B., 1983, Stratigraphic correlation chart of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, General Geology Report, 1 sheet.
7. Berg, T.M., McInerney, M.K., Way, J.H., and MacLachlan, D.B., 1993, Stratigraphic correlation chart of Pennsyl-vania (slightly revised): Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, General Geology Report 75, 1 plate.
8. Boyer, S.E., 1972, Jointing in the Miffl inburg area [B.S. thesis]: Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, Bucknell University, 70 p.
9. Boyer, S.E., and Elliott, D., 1982, Thrust systems: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1196-1230.
10. Colton, G.W., 1963, Devonian and Mississippian correlations in part of north-central Pennsylvania-A report of progress, in Schepps, V.C., ed., Symposium on Middle and Upper Devonian stratigraphy of Pennsylvania and adjacent states: Pennsylvania Geological Survey General Geology Report 39, p. 115-125.
11. Costa, E., and Vendeville, B.C., 2002, Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak, viscous evaporitic decollement: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 24, p. 1729-1739, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00169-9.
12. Dahlstrom, C.D.A., 1969, Balanced cross sections: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 743-757, doi: 10.1139/e69-069.
13. Davis, D.M., and Engelder, T., 1985, The role of salt in foldand-thrust belts: Tectonophysics, v. 119, p. 67-88, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90033-2.
14. Dyson, J.L., 1967, Geology and mineral resources of the northern half of the New Bloomfi eld quadrangle: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, Atlas 137ab, 63 p.
15. Dunne, W.M., Onasch, C.M., and Williams, R.T., 1990, The problem of strain-marker centers and the Fry method: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 933-938, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(90)90067-9.
16. Edmunds, W.E., 1993, Stratigraphy-Mauch Chunk Formation and depositional history and environments-The Mississippian Mauch Chunk delta in the central Appalachians, in Eggleston, J.R., et al., eds., Carboniferous geology of the Anthracite Fields of eastern Pennsylvania and New England: Geological Society of America, Field Trip 11, Guidebook, p. 3-10, 21-27.
17. Edmunds, W.E., 1996, Correlation chart showing suggested revisions of uppermost Devonian through Permian stratigraphy, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, Open File Report 96-49, 12 p.
18. Elliott, D., 1983, The construction of balanced cross sections: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 5, p. 101, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(83)90035-4.
19. Engelder, T., 1979a, Mechanisms for strain within the Upper Devonian clastic sequence of the Appalachian Plateau, western New York: American Journal of Science, v. 279, p. 527-542, doi: 10.2475/ajs.279.5.527.
20. Engelder, T., 1979b, The nature of deformation within the outer limits of the central Appalachian foreland fold and thrust belt in New York State: Tectonophysics, v. 55, p. 289-310, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90181-1.
21. Engelder, T., and Engelder, R., 1977, Fossil distortion and décollement tectonics of the Appalachian Plateau: Geology, v. 5, p. 457-460, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<457:FDADTO>2.0.CO;2.
22. Epstein, J.B., 1986, The Valley and Ridge Province of eastern Pennsylvania; stratigraphic and sedimentologic contributions and problems: Geological Journal, v. 21, p. 283-306, doi: 10.1002/gj.3350210306.
23. Erslev, E., 1988, Normalized center-to-center analysis of packed aggregates: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 10, p. 201-209, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(88)90117-4.
24. Evans, M.A., 1989, The structural geometry and evolution of foreland thrust systems, northern Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, p. 339-354, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0339:TSGAEO>2.3.CO;2.
25. Evans, M.A., 1994, Joints and décollement zones in Middle Devonian shales: Evidence for multiple deformation events in the central Appalachian Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 447-460, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0447:JADCZI>2.3.CO;2.
26. Faill, R.T., 1969, Kink band structures in the Valley and Ridge province, central Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, p. 2539-2550, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2539:KBSITV]2.0.CO;2.
27. Faill, R.T., 1973, Kink-band folding, Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 1289-1314, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1289:KFVARP>2.0.CO;2.
28. Faill, R.T., 1979, Geology and mineral resources of the Montoursville South and Muncy quadrangles and part of the Hughsville quadrangle, Lycoming, Northumberland and Montour counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, Atlas 144ab, 114 p.
29. Faill, R.T., 1998, A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, Part 3. The Alleghany orogeny: American Journal of Science, v. 298, p. 131-179, doi: 10.2475/ajs.298.2.131.
30. Faill, R.T., and Nickelsen, R.P., 1973, Structural geology, in Faill, R.T., and Wells, R.B., eds., Structure and Silurian-Devonian stratigraphy of the Valley and Ridge province, central Pennsylvania: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, 38th, Guidebook, p. 9-38.
31. Faill, R.T., and Nickelsen, R.P., 1999, Appalachian mountain section of the Valley and Ridge province, in Schultz, C.H., ed., The geology of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Special Publication 1, p. 268-285.
32. Faill, R.T., and Wells, R.B., 1974, Geology and mineral resources of the Millerstown Quadrangle, Perry, Juniata, and Snyder Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, Atlas 136, 276 p.
33. Faill, R.T., Wells, R.B., and Sevon, W.D., 1977, Geology and mineral resources of the Salladasburg and Cogan Station quadrangles, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, Atlas 133cd, 44 p.
34. Faill, R.T., Hoskins, D.M., and Wells, R.B., 1978, Middle Devonian stratigraphy in central Pennsylvania-A revision: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, ser. 4, Mineral Geology Report 70, 28 p.
35. Ferrill, D.A., and Dunne, W.M., 1989, Cover deformation above a blind duplex: An example from West Virginia, U.S.A: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 421-431, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(89)90019-9.
36. Fry, N., 1979, Random point distributions and strain measurement in rocks: Tectonophysics, v. 60, p. 89-105, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90135-5.
37. Ganis, G.R., and Wise, D.U., 2008, Taconic events of Pennsylvania: A 15-20 m.y. orogenic cycle viewed with graptolite and conodont dates in the foreland basin: American Journal of Science, v. 308, p. 167-183, doi: 10.2475/02.2008.03.
38. Geiser, P.A., 1988a, Mechanisms of thrust propagations: Some examples and implications for the analysis of overthrust systems: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 10, p. 829-845, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(88)90098-3.
39. Geiser, P.A., 1988b, The role of kinematics in the construction and analysis of geological cross sections in deformed terranes, in Mitra, G., and Wojtal, S., eds., Geometries and mechanisms of thrusting, with special reference to the Appalachians: Geological Society of America Special Paper 222, p. 47-76.
40. Geiser, P.A., and Engelder, T., 1983, The distribution of layer parallel shortening fabrics in the Appalachian foreland of New York and Pennsylvania: Evidence for two non-coaxial phases of the Alleghanian orogeny, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., et al., eds., Contributions to the tectonics and geophysics of mountain chains: Geological Society of America Memoir 158, p. 161-175.
41. Gray, M.B., and Mitra, G., 1993, Migration of deformation fronts during progressive deformation: Evidence from detailed studies in the Pennsylvania Southern Anthracite region, U.S.A: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 15, p. 435-449, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(93)90139-2.
42. Gray, M.B., and Stamatakos, J., 1997, New model for evolution of fold and thrust belt curvature based on integrated structural and paleomagnetic results from the Pennsylvania salient: Geology, v. 25, p. 1067-1070, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1067:NMFEOF>2.3.CO;2.
43. Groshong, R.H., Jr., 1975, Strain, fractures, and pressure solution in natural single-layer folds: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1363-1376, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<1363:SFAPSI>2.0.CO;2.
44. Gwinn, V.E., 1964, Thin-skinned tectonics in the Plateau and northwestern Valley and Ridge provinces of the central Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, p. 863-900, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[863:TTITPA]2.0.CO;2.
45. Gwinn, V.E., 1970, Kinematic patterns and estimates of lateral shortening, Valley and Ridge and Great Valley provinces, central Appalachian, south-central Pennsylvania, in Fisher G.W., et al., eds., Studies of Appalachian geology: Central and southern: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 127-146.
46. Hatcher, R.D., Jr., 1989, Tectonic synthesis of the U.S. Appalachians, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., et al., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. F-2, p. 275-288.
47. Herman, G.C., 1984, A structural analysis of a portion of the Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania [M.S. thesis]: Storrs, University of Connecticut, 107 p.
48. Herman, G.C., and Geiser, P.A., 1985, A "passive roof duplex" solution for the Juniata culmination, central Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, no. 1, p. 24.
49. Hogan, J.P., and Dunne, W.M., 2001, Calculation of shortening due to outcrop-scale deformation and its relationship to regional deformation patterns: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 1507-1529, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00016-5.
50. Hoskins, D.M., 1976, Geology and mineral resources of the Millerburg 15-Minute Quadrangle, Dauphin, Juniata, Northumberland, Perry, and Snyder counties, Pennsylvania: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey Atlas 146, 38 p.
51. Hoskins, D.M., Arndt, H.H., Wood, G.H., Conlin, R.R., Dyson, J.L., and Trexler, J.P., 1963, Lithology, subdivision and correlation of the Catskill Formation in eastcentral Pennsylvania, in Schepps, V.C., ed., Symposium on Middle and Upper Devonian stratigraphy of Pennsylvania and adjacent states: Pennsylvania Geological Survey General Geology Report 39, p. 3-21.
52. Houseknecht, D.W., 1988, Intergranular pressure solution in four quartzose sandstones: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 58, p. 228-246.
53. Inners, J.D., 1981, Geology and mineral resources of the Bloomsburg and Miffl inville Quadrangles and part of the Catawissa Quadrangle, Columbia County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Atlas 164cd, 152 p.
54. Inners, J.D., 1997, Geology and mineral resources of the Allenwood and Milton quadrangles, Union and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Atlas 144cd, 135 p.
55. Klawon, J.E., 1994, Analysis of the Light Street fault in relation to the Berwick Anticlinorium [B.S. thesis]: Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, Bucknell University 70 p.
56. Markley, M., and Wojtal, S., 1996, Mesoscopic structure, strain, and volume loss in folded cover strata, Valley and Ridge Province, Maryland: American Journal of Science, v. 296, p. 23-57, doi: 10.2475/ajs.296.1.23.
57. McQuarrie, N., 2002, The kinematic history of the central Andean fold-thrust belt, Bolivia: Implications for building a high plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 950-963, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0950:TKHOTC>2.0.CO;2.
58. oS): Tectonics v. 27, TC3007, doi: 10.1029/2006TC002054.
59. Meyer, T., and Dunne, W.M., 1990, Deformation of Helderberg limestone above the blind thrust system of the central Appalachians: Journal of Geology, v. 98, p. 108-117, doi: 10.1086/629379.
60. Milici, R.C., 1963, Low-angle overthrust faulting, as illustrated by the Cumberland Plateau-Sequatchie Valley fault system: American Journal of Science, v. 261, p. 815-825, doi: 10.2475/ajs.261.9.815.
61. Mitra, S., 2002, Fold-accommodation faults: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, p. 671-693.
62. Mitra, S., and Namson, J., 1989, Equal-area balancing: American Journal of Science, v. 289, p. 563-599, doi: 10.2475/ajs.289.5.563.
63. Mookerjee, M., and Nickleach, S., 2011, Three-dimensional strain analysis using Mathematica: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 33, p. 1467-1476, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2011.08.003.
64. Nickelsen, R.P., 1963, Fold patterns and continuous deformation mechanisms of the central Pennsylvania Appala chians, in Cate, A.S., ed., Tectonics and Cambrian-Ordovician stratigraphy in the central Appa-lachians of Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh Geological Society and Appalachian Geological Society, guidebook, p. 13-29.
65. Nickelsen, R.P., 1966, Fossil distortion and penetrative rock deformation in the Appalachian plateau, Pennsylvania: Journal of Geology, v. 74, p. 924-931, doi: 10.1086/627220.
66. Nickelsen, R.P., 1972, Attributes of rock cleavage in some mudstones and limestones of the Valley and Ridge province of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 46, p. 107-122.
67. Nickelsen, R.P., 1979, Sequence of structural stages of the Allegheny Orogeny, at the Bear Valley Strip Mine, Shamokin, PA: American Journal of Science, v. 279, p. 225-271, doi: 10.2475/ajs.279.3.225.
68. Nickelsen, R.P., 1983, Aspects of Alleghanian deformation, in Nickelsen, R.P., and Cotter, E., eds., Silurian depositional history and Alleghanian deformation in the Pennsylvania Valley and Ridge: Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, 49th, Danville, Pennsylvania, Guidebook, p. 29-39.
69. Nickelsen, R.P., 1986, Cleavage duplexes in the Marcellus Shale of the Appalachian foreland: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 8, p. 361-371, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(86)90055-6.
70. Nickelsen, R.P., 1988, Structural evolution of folded thrusts and duplexes on a fi rst-order anticlinorium in the Valley and Ridge province of Pennsylvania, in Mitra, G., and Wojtal, S., eds., Geometries and mechanisms of thrusting, with special reference to the Appalachians: Geological Society of America Special Paper 222, p. 89-106.
71. Nickelsen, R.P., 2009, Overprinted strike-slip deformation in the southern Valley and Ridge in Pennsylvania: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 31, p. 865-873, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2009.02.001.
72. Onasch, C.M., and Dunne, W.M., 1993, Variation in quartz arenite deformation mechanisms between a roof sequence and duplexes: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 15, p. 465-475, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(93)90141-V.
73. Ong, P.F., van der Pluijm, B.A., and Van der Voo, R., 2007, Early rotation and late folding in the Pennsylvania salient (U.S. Appalachians): Evidence from calcitetwinning analysis of Paleozoic carbonates: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p. 796-804, doi: 10.1130/B26013.1.
74. Perry, W.J., Jr., 1978, Sequential deformation in the central Appalachians: American Journal of Science, v. 278, p. 518-542, doi: 10.2475/ajs.278.4.518.
75. Pohn, H.A., and Coleman, J.L., 1991, Fold patterns, lateral ramps, and seismicity in central Pennsylvania: Tec tonophysics, v. 186, p. 133-149, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90389-A.
76. Prucha, J.J., 1968, Salt deformation and decollement in the Firetree Point anticline of central New York: Tectonophysics, v. 6, p. 273-299, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(68)90045-0.
77. Ramsay, J.G., and Huber, M.I., 1983, Techniques of modern structural geology: Strain analysis, Volume 1. London, Academic Press, 307 p.
78. Robinson, D.M., 2008, Forward modeling the kinematic sequence of the central Himalayan thrust belt, western Nepal: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 785-801, doi: 10.1130/GES00163.1.
79. Rodgers, J., 1949, Evolution of thought on structure of the middle and southern Appalachians: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 33, p. 1643-1654.
80. Rodgers, J., 1963, Mechanics of Appalachian foreland folding in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 47, p. 1527-1536.
81. Rodgers, J., 1970, The tectonics of the Appalachians: New York, Wiley-Interscience, 271 p.
82. Sans, M., Verges, J., Gomis, E., Pares, J.M., Schiattarella, M., Trave, A., Calvet, F., Santanach, P., and Coulcet, A., 2003, Layer parallel shortening in salt-detached folds: Constraints on cross-section restoration: Tectonophysics, v. 372, p. 85-104, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00233-6.
83. Sattarzadeh, Y., Cosgrove, J.W., and Vita-Finzi, C., 2000, The interplay of faulting and folding during the evolution of the Zagros deformation belt, in Cosgrove, J.W., and Ameen, M.S., eds., Forced folds and fractures: Geological Society of London Special Publication 169, p. 187-196, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.169.01.14.
84. Scanlin, M.A., and Engelder, T., 2003a, The basement versus non-basement hypotheses for folding within the Appalachian Plateau detachment sheet: American Journal of Science, v. 303, p. 519-563, doi: 10.2475/ajs.303.6.519.
85. Scanlin, M.A., and Engelder, T., 2003b, The plateau climb out zone beneath the Allegheny Front and Deer Park Anticline, southwestern Pennsylvania: Characteristics of a geologic speed bump, in Geology on the edge: Selected geology of Bedford, Blair, and Somerset Counties: 68th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, Guidebook, p. 42-54.
86. Shimamoto, T., and Ikeda, Y., 1976, A simple algebraic method for strain estimation for deformed ellipsoidal objects: 1. Basic theory: Tectonophysics, v. 36, p. 315-337, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(76)90107-4.
87. Shumaker, R.C., Wilson, T.H., Dunne, W.M., Knotts, J., and Buckey, R., 1985, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia sections, in Woodward, N.B., ed., Valley and Ridge thrust belt: Balanced structural sections, Pennsylvania to Alabama: University of Tennessee Department of Geological Sciences Studies in Geology, v. 12, p. 6-36.
88. Slaughter, J.A., 1982, Fossil distortion and pressure solution in the middle to upper Devonian clastics and limestones of the Appalachian Plateau, central New York [M.S. thesis]: Storrs, University of Connecticut, 320 p.
89. Smart, K.J., Dunne, W.M., and Krieg, R.D., 1997, Roof sequence response to emplacement of the Wills Mountain Duplex: The roles of forethrusting and scales of deformation: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, p. 1443-1459, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00062-X.
90. Spiker, E.C., and Gray, M.B., 1997, A study of progressive deformation at the Alleghany Front, Lycoming County, PA: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 1, p. 82.
91. Stamatakos, J., Hirt, A.M., and Lowrie, W., 1996, The age and timing of folding in the central Appalachians from paleomagnetic results: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 815-829, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0815:TAATOF>2.3.CO;2.
92. Suppe, J., 1983, Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding: American Journal of Science, v. 283, p. 684-721, doi: 10.2475/ajs.283.7.684.
93. Sutton, R.G., 1963, Correlation of Upper Devonian strata in south-central New York, in Schepps, V.C., ed., Symposium on Middle and Upper Devonian stratigraphy of Pennsylvania and adjacent states: Pennsylvania Geological Survey General Geology Report 39, p. 87-101.
94. Thomas, W.A., 1977, Evolution of Appalachian-Ouachita salients and recesses from reentrants and promontories in the continental margin: American Journal of Science, v. 277, p. 1233-1278, doi: 10.2475/ajs.277.10.1233.
95. Thomas, W.A., 2001, Mushwad: Ductile duplex in the Appalachian thrust belt in Alabama: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1847-1869.
96. Thomas, W.A., 2006, Tectonic inheritance at a continental margin: GSA Today, v. 16, no. 2, p. 4-11, doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2006)016[4:TIAACM]2.0.CO;2.
97. Thomas, W.A., 2007, Balancing tectonic shortening in contrasting deformation styles through a mechanically hetero geneous stratigraphic succession, in Sears, J.W., et al., eds., Whence the mountains? Inquiries into the evolution of orogenic systems: A volume in honor of Raymond A. Price: Geological Society of America Special Paper 433, p. 277-290, doi: 10.1130/2007.2433(13).
98. Thorbjornsen, K.L., and Dunne, W.D., 1997, Origin of a thrust-related fold: Geometric vs kinematic tests: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, p. 303-319, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00090-9.
99. Wedel, A.A., 1932, Geologic structure of the Devonian strata of south-central New York: New York State Museum Bulletin 294, 72 p.
100. Wells, R.B., and Bucek, M.F., 1980, Geology and mineral resources of the Montoursville North and Huntersville quadrangles, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Atlas 143cd, 68 p.
101. Wilson, T.H., and Shumaker, R.C., 1992, Broad Top thrust sheet: An extensive blind thrust in the central Appalachians: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1310-1324.
102. Wiltschko, D.V., and Chapple, W.M., 1977, Flow of weak rocks in Appalachian Plateau folds: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 61, p. 653-670.
103. Wise, D.U., and Ganis, G.R., 2009, Taconic Orogeny in Pennsylvania: A ~15-20 m.y. Apennine-style Ordovician event viewed from its Martic hinterland: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 31, p. 887-899, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2008.03.011.
104. Woodward, N.B., Boyer, S.E., and Suppe, J., 1989, Balanced geological cross-sections: An essential technique in geological research and exploration: American Geophysical Union Short Course in Geology 6, 132 p., doi: 10.1029/SC006.
105. Wright, T.O., and Platt, L.B., 1982, Pressure dissolution and cleavage in the Martinsburg Shale: American Journal of Science, v. 282, p. 122-135, doi: 10.2475/ajs.282.2.122.
106. Younes, A., and Engelder, T., 1999, Fringe cracks: A key data set for the interpretation of progressive Alleghanian deformation of the Appalachian Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 219-239, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0219:FCKSFT>2.3.CO;2.
107. Zhao, M., and Jacobi, R.D., 1997, Formation of regional cross-fold joints in the northern Appalachian Plateau: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, p. 817-834, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00009-6.