Academic SAILERS: The ford foundation and the efforts to shape legal education in Africa, 1957-1977

American Journal of Legal History

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 261-324

  Krishnan, Jayanth K ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862633920     PISSN: 00029319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajlh/52.3.261     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Maurice Isserman & Michael Kazin, America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s, 293 (2000).
2. Chronological List of Independence Dates for Africa, African History: Explore the History of Africa, http://africanhistory.about.com/library/ timelines/bllndependenceTime.htm (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
3. Mission Statement, Ford Foundation, http://www.fordfound.org/about-us/ mission (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
4. Don Price, Special Report to the Officers: International Legal Studies (Oct. 16, 1955)
5. Jayanth K. Krishnan, Professor Kingsfield Goes to Delhi: American Academics, the Ford Foundation, and the Development of Legal Education in India, 46 Am. J. Legal Hist. 447, 450 (2004).
6. Thomas F. Geraghty & Emmanuel K. Quansah, African Legal Education: A Missed Opportunity and Suggestions for Change: A Call for Renewed Attention to a Neglected Means of Securing Human Rights and Legal Predictability, 5 Loy. U. Chi. Int'l L. Rev. 87,93 (2007).
7. John S. Bainbridge, The SAILER Project. 1962-1967, Ford Foundation Document 7 (July 1967)
8. JAMES A. GARDNER, LEGAL IMPERIALISM: AMERICAN LAWYERS AND FOREIGN AID IN LATIN AMERICA, 43-50; 211-12 (1980).
9. John S. Bainbridge, Study and Teaching of Law in Africa 178-179 (1972).
10. Mark Sidel, Law, Philanthropy, and Social Class: Variance Power and the Battle for American Giving, 26 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1145 (2003).
11. Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (2001)
12. Douglas Brinkley, Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress, 1903-2003 (2003)
13. Max Wallace, The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich (2003).
14. Victoria Saker Woeste, Suing Henry Ford: America's First Hate Speech Case, American Bar Foundation, http://www.americanbar foundation.org/research/ project/19 (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
15. Mission Statement, Ford Foundation, http://www.fordfound.org/about-us/ mission (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
16. About Us, Ford Foundation, http://www.fordfoundation.org/About-Us (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
17. Letter from A.N. Allott to H.C.L. Merillat 1 (June 27, 1958)
18. Interview with Francis Sutton (Dec. 7, 2010)
19. Interview (Sept. 27, 2010)
20. Francis X. Sutton, Memo to the Files (62-293) (Aug. 29,1977).
21. Francis X. Sutton, SAILER: A Retrospect in Changed Times, A Conference of Law Teachers Who Worked in Africa 20-24 (Sept. 26-27,1986)
22. Ford Foundation Memo from J. Donald Kingsley, Lagos 16 (Aug. 22,1960)
23. Laurence M. Lombard, African Conference on the Rule of Law Held at Lagos, Nigeria, in January, 47 A.B.A. J. 563 (1961)
24. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), http://www.icj.org/default. asp?nodeID=441&langage=l&myPage=Overview (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
25. Promotional Material, International Commission of Jurists (Dec. 21,1960), http://www.icj.org/default.asp?nodelD=349&sessID= 138345226@21214758164&langage=l&myPage=Legal-Documentation&id=23403.
26. Obituary: Lawrence (sic) M. Lomardo (sic), N.Y. Times (Sept. 1,1985), http://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/01/us/lawrence-m-lomardo.html.
27. Minutes of African Law Meeting at Yale Law School (Apr. 21,1961).
28. Institute of International Education, http:// www.iie.org (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
29. Interview with SAILER-participant (Aug. 24, 2010)
30. Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journal (2008).
31. William L Twining, Sudan: Legal Studies at the University of Khartoum, J. Afr. Stud. 145 (1962).
32. Herbert Lewis, The Development of Oromo Political Consciousness, 1958-1994, in Being and Becoming Oromo 37-47 (eds., P. Baxter et al. 1996)
33. Herbert Lewis, Jimma Abba Jifar: An Oromo Monarchy, Ethiopia 1830-1932 (2001)
34. Harold G. Marcus, A History of Ethiopia (2002)
35. Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopians: A History (2001).
36. Norman J. Singer, A Traditional Legal Institution in a Modern Legal Setting: The Atbia Dagnia of Ethiopia, 18 UCLA L. Rev. 308 (1970-71).
37. Peter H. Sand, Book Review: Heinrich Scholler, Recht und Politik in Athiopien: Von der traditionellen Monarchie zum modernen Staat, 57 Am. J. Comp. L. 754 (2009).
38. Harold G. Marcus, Haile Selaisse: The Formative Years 1892-1936 (1986).
39. Appeal to the League of Nations: Haile Selassie (June 1936) http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
40. Letter from James C.N. Paul to Joseph E. Leininger (Mar. 25, 1964)
41. James C.N. Paul, Reference Letter for Harrison Dunning 1 (Mar. 25,1964).
42. Letter from James C.N. Paul to Francis X. Sutton and Courtney A. Nelson (Apr. 13,1964)
43. Letter from James C.N. Paul to Francis X. Sutton (Apr. 17,1964)
44. Letter from James C.N. Paul to Francis Sutton (Mar. 10,1965)
45. Courtney A. Nelson Memo to Francis X. Sutton (Mar. 19,1965)
46. Ford Foundation Memo on the University of Haile Selassie I, Law School, Addis Ababa 11 (Jan. 27-29,1966)
47. Memorandum, Faculty of Law, Haile Selassie I University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2 (Feb. 4,1964)
48. Bainbridge, The SAILER Project at 68
49. Kauis Tuori, Legal Pluralism and Modernization: American Law Professors in Ethiopia and the Downfall of the Restatements of Customary Law, J. Legal Pluralism at 10-11 (forthcoming).
50. Bainbridge, The SAILER Project at 68.
51. Interview with Quintin Johnstone (Mar. 18, 2011).
52. Interviews with Members of the Addis Ababa Law Alumni Association (Aug. 7, 2010).
53. Symposium on the Special Curricular Needs
54. Interview with Quintin Johnstone (Mar. 18, 2011).
55. Symposium on the Special Curricular Needs at 5.
56. Interview with Quintin Johnstone (Mar. 18, 2011)
57. Foundation Memorandum, Current SAILER Teachers (Oct. 16,1967)
58. Letter from Cliff Thompson to John Bainbridge (Feb. 8,1966)
59. Arthur Schiller. Along with the African Law Digest, the ALC published the African Law Studies.
60. Interviews with Cliff Thompson (Mar. 15, 2011 and Aug. 25, 2010).
61. Interviews with current members of the Addis law faculty (Aug. 6, 2010)
62. Interviews with Members of the Addis Ababa Law Alumni Association (Aug. 7, 2010).
63. Interview with Cliff Thompson (Mar. 15,2011).
64. Interview with lawyer (Aug. 7, 2010)
65. William B. Harvey, The Development of Legal Education in Ghana, an internal report, as cited in Bainbridge at 18.
66. Note the latter technically came into existence one year prior to the former.
67. Nkrumah's speech was reprinted as: Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana: Law in Africa, 6 J. AFR. L. 103(1962).
68. Ford Memorandum, Request for Grant Action, Request No. OD-1257G 2 (June 3,1963)
69. Ford Memorandum, Request for Grant Action, Request No. OD-998G 3 (Apr. 27,1962)
70. William B. Harvey , Michigan Law, http://www.law.umich.edu/ historyandtraditions/faculty/Faculty-Lists/Alpha-Faculty/Pages/WilliamBHarvey. aspx (last visited Nov. 18, 2011)
71. In Memoriam: Celebration of the Life of William Burnett Harvey, 80 B.U. L. Rev. 692 (2000)
72. William Burnett Harvey, Law and Social Change in Ghana (1966).
73. Letter from William Burnett Harvey to the Vice Chancellor of the University of Ghana (Conor Cruise O'Brien), (Sept. 25,1963)
74. SAILER program and the Ford Foundation's efforts during the 1960s (Aug. 10, 2010).
75. Letter from William Burnett Harvey to the Vice Chancellor of the University 4-5 (Sept. 23,1963).
76. Donald H. Akenson, Conor: A Biography of Conor Cruise O'Brien 226-54 (1994).
77. Author interviews occurred on August 8 and August 9, 2010.
78. Interview with former SAILER teacher (June 21, 2011).
79. Bainbridge, The SAILER Project 80-88.
80. After Abacha, Nigeria: A History of Coups, BBC NEWS (Feb. 15, 1999), http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/africa/83449.stm
81. Toyin Falola & Matthew M. Heaton, The History of Nigeria (2008)
82. Daniel Jordan Smith, A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria (2008)
83. Frederick Forsyth, The Biafra Story: The Making of a Legend (2007).
84. Interview with Nigerian SAN (Senior Advocate of Nigeria) (Aug. 5, 2010).
85. Bainbridge, The SAILER Project. 86-88.
86. Interview with two different Senior Advocates of Nigeria who discussed this plan (Aug. 5, 2010).
87. Interview with two different Senior Advocates of Nigeria who discussed this plan (Aug. 5, 2010).
88. Interview with an American SAILER-teacher who was brought to Ife for this purpose (June 22, 2011).
89. African Scholars Supported by the International Legal Center (Dec. 1974).
90. Francis X. Sutton's Tribute to John Howard (Dec. 31,1999)
91. Interview with Sutton (Dec. 7, 2010).
92. Interview with Terry Wood (Dec. 8, 2010).
93. 68 LL.Ms
94. 18 S.J.Ds
95. 3 M.LSs
96. 2 J.S.Ds
97. 2 M.L.Is
98. 1 M.C.L
99. California-Berkeley 2 LL.Ms
100. Chicago: 1 S.J.D.
101. Columbia: 15 LL.Ms
102. 2 SJ.Ds
103. 2 M.LSs
104. George Washington: ILLM.
105. Harvard: 20 LL.Ms
106. Illinois 1 LLM.
107. Michigan: 1 S.J.D.
108. New York University: 2 LL.Ms
109. Northwestern 1 LL.M.
110. Pennsylvania: 1 LL.M., 1 M.C.L
111. Queens (Ireland): 2 LL.Ms
112. Stanford: 1 LL.M.
113. Temple: 2 LL.Ms
114. Wisconsin 2 M.L.Is
115. Yale 21 LL.Ms
116. Interview with a senior legal educator in Ghana (Aug. 11, 2010).
117. African Scholars document. 2-5.
118. Interview with Senior Advocate of Nigeria (Aug. 5, 2010).
119. Interview with Ghanaian lawyer (Aug. 9, 2010).
120. See author correspondence with Ann Seidman (June 30, 2011)
121. Interview with retired Temple University Professor Peter Sevareid (June 30, 2011).
122. Kevin Shillington, The Ghana Revolution (1992)
123. John L. Adedji, The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics, 1979-2000,5 Afr. Stud. Quarterly 1 (2001), available at http://www.africa.ufl. edu/asq/v5/v5i2al.htm.
124. Interview with retired Temple University Professor Peter Sevareid (June 30, 2011)
125. Interview with Samuel Gyandoh (Aug. 9, 2010).
126. Interview with Samuel Gyandoh (Aug. 9, 2010).
127. Interview with retired Temple University Professor Peter Sevareid (June 30, 2011).
128. Robert Listenbee, Close-out Evaluation of the SAILER Project, Ford Foundation Memorandum 1 (Aug. 27,1975)
129. Robert H. Edwards, Then head of the Mid-East and Africa division (July 18,1977)
130. Second Report by Robert Listenbee, Evaluation of MEA-ILC Programs (Apr. 1976)
131. Interview (Aug. 7, 2010).
132. W.A. Herman, Close out of grants 680-0132A, B, and C to the International Legal Center and 620-0923, A, B, C (Mar. 30,1977)
133. Memo from Francis Sutton, Institute of International Education, Strengthening of African Legal Education, 62-293 (Aug. 29, 1977)
134. Supplemented with author interview of Francis Sutton (Dec. 7,2010).
135. Yash Ghai, Co-Investigator, Ethnicity and Democratic Governance, http://www.queensu.ca/edg/members/researchers/ghai.html
136. http://www.queensu.ca/edg/members/researchers/ghai.html. (last visited Nov. 18, 2011).
137. Law and Justice in Tanzania: Quarter Century of the Court of Appeal 5 n.3-4 (Chris Maina Peter & Helen Kijo-Bisimba eds., 2007).
138. Yash Ghai, Legal Radicalism, Professionalism, and Social Action: Reflections on Teaching in Dar es Salaam, in Legal Radicalism: Reflections on Teaching Law at the University of Dar es Salaam (Issa Shivji ed., 1986)
139. Yash Ghai, The Rule of Law: Legitimacy and Governance, 14 Int'l J. Soc. L. 179 (1986)
140. Yash Ghai, Law, Development, and African Scholarship, 50 Mod. L. Rev. 750 (1987)
141. William Twining, Legal Education within East Africa, East Africa Today (1986)
142. William Twining, The Camel in the Zoo, in Legal Radicalism: Reflections on Teaching Law at the University of Dar es Salaam (Issa Shivji ed., 1986).
143. Richard L. Abel, American Lawyers 74-112(1989)
144. Interview with former SAILER-student (Aug. 7, 2010).
145. John H. Merryman, Comparative Law and Social Change: On the Origins, Style, Decline and Revival of the Law and Development Movement, 25 Am. J. Comp. L. 457 (1977)
146. Elliot M. Burg, Law and Development: A Review of the Literature & a Critique of Scholars in Self-Estrangement, 25 Am. J. Comp. L 492 (1977).
147. David Trubek and Marc Gaianter, Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections of the Crisis of Law and Development Studies in the United States, 4 Wise. L. Rev. 1062 (1974)
148. David M. Trubek & Alvaro Santos, The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (2006).