Delaying gratification for food and tokens in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): When quantity is salient, symbolic stimuli do not improve performance

Animal Cognition

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 539-548

  Evans, T A ^a   Beran, M J ^a   Paglieri, F ^b   Addessi, E ^b  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF COGNITIVE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cebus apella; Delay of gratification; Pan troglodytes; Symbolic stimuli; Token exchange

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CEBUS; FOOD; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; MALE; PAN TROGLODYTES; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD; TIME;

ANIMALS; CEBUS; CONDITIONING, OPERANT; FOOD; MALE; PAN TROGLODYTES; REWARD; TIME FACTORS; TOKEN ECONOMY;

ANIMALIA; CEBUS; CEBUS APELLA; HAPLORHINI; PAN; PAN TROGLODYTES;

EID: 84862611928     PISSN: 14359448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0482-1     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Addessi E, Rossi S (2011) Tokens improve capuchin performance in the reverse-reward contingency task. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 278: 849-854. doi: 10. 1098/rspb. 2010. 1602.
2. Addessi E, Paglieri F, Focaroli V (2011) The ecological rationality of delay tolerance: insights from capuchin monkeys. Cognition 119: 142-147.
3. Anderson JR, Kuroshima H, Fujita K (2010) Delay of gratification in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Comp Psychol 124: 205-210. doi: 10. 1037/a0018240.
4. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD (eds) (2004) Handbook of self-regulation: research theory and applications. Guilford Press, New York.
5. Beran MJ (2002) Maintenance of self-imposed delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). J Gen Psychol 129: 49-66. doi: 10. 1080/00221300209602032.
6. Beran MJ, Evans TA (2006) Maintenance of delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): the effects of delayed reward visibility, experimenter presence, and extended delay intervals. Behav Process 73: 315-324. doi: 10. 1016/j. beproc. 2006. 07. 005.
7. Beran MJ, Evans TA (2009) Delay of gratification by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in working and waiting situations. Behav Process 80: 177-181. doi: 10. 1016/j. beproc. 2008. 11. 008.
8. Beran MJ, Savage-Rumbaugh ES, Pate JL, Rumbaugh DM (1999) Delay of gratification in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Dev Psychobiol 34: 119-127. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199903)34: 2< 119: AID-DEV5> 3. 0. CO; 2-P.
9. Beran MJ, Harris EH, Evans TA, Klein ED, Chan B, Flemming TM, Washburn DA (2008) Ordinal judgments of symbolic stimuli by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): the effects of differential and nondifferential reward. J Comp Psychol 122: 52-61.
10. Beran MJ, Evans TA, Hoyle D (2011) Numerical judgments by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a token economy. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 37: 165-174. doi: 10. 1037/a0021472.
11. Boysen ST (2006) The impact of symbolic representations on chimpanzee cognition. In: Hurley S, Nudds M (eds) Rational animals?. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 489-511.
12. Boysen ST, Bernston GG (1995) Responses to quantity: perceptual versus cognitive mechanisms in chimpanzees. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 21: 82-86.
13. Boysen ST, Mukobi KL, Bernston GG (1999) Overcoming response bias using symbolic representations of number by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Animal Learn Behav 27: 229-235.
14. Brosnan SF, de Waal FBM (2003) Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature 425: 297-299.
15. Brosnan SF, de Waal FBM (2004a) A concept of value during experimental exchange in brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. Folia Primatol 75: 317-330. doi: 10. 1159/000080209.
16. Brosnan SF, de Waal FBM (2004b) Socially learned preferences for differentially rewarded tokens in the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). J Comp Psychol 118: 133-139.
17. Brosnan S, de Waal F (2009) Cebus apella tolerate intermittent unreliability in human experimenters. Int J Primatol 30(5): 663-674. doi: 10. 1007/s10764-009-9366-x.
18. Brosnan SF, Parrish A, Beran MJ, Flemming T, Heimbauer L, Talbot CF, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ, Wilson BJ (2011) Responses to the assurance game in monkeys, apes, and humans using equivalent procedures. Proc Nat Acad Sci 108: 3442-3447. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1016269108.
19. Chelonis JJ, King G, Logue AW, Tobin H (1994) The effect of variable delays on self-control. J Exp Anal Behav 62: 33-43. doi: 10. 1901/jeab. 1994. 62-33.
20. Cheng K, Peña J, Porter M, Irwin J (2002) Self-control in honeybees. Psychon Bull Rev 9: 259-263. doi: 10. 3758/bf03196280.
21. Evans TA, Beran MJ (2007a) Chimpanzees use self-distraction to cope with impulsivity. Biol Lett 3: 599-602. doi: 10. 1098/rsbl. 2007. 0399.
22. Evans TA, Beran MJ (2007b) Delay of gratification and delay maintenance in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Gen Psychol 134: 199-216.
23. Green L, Estle SJ (2003) Preference reversals with food and water reinforcers in rats. J Exp Anal Behav 79: 233-242.
24. Green L, Fry AF, Myerson J (1994) Discounting of delayed rewards: a life-span comparison. Psychol Sci 5: 33-36. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-9280. 1994. tb00610. x.
25. Grosch J, Neuringer A (1981) Self-control in pigeons under the Mischel paradigm. J Exp Anal Behav 35: 3-21. doi: 10. 1901/jeab. 1981. 35-3.
26. Hopper LM, Essler J, Freeman H, Talbot CF, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ, Williams LE, Brosnan SF (in prep) Enough is enough: the effect of the frequency of unequal outcomes on decisions to accept food rewards in four primate species.
27. Killeen PR, Smith JP, Hanson SJ (1981) Central place foraging in Rattus norvegicus. Anim Behav 29: 64-70. doi: 10. 1016/s0003-3472(81)80152-2.
28. Lawyer SR, Williams SA, Prihodova T, Rollins JD, Lester AC (2010) Probability and delay discounting of hypothetical sexual outcomes. Behav Process 84: 687-692. doi: 10. 1016/j. beproc. 2010. 04. 002.
29. Logue AW (1988) Research on self-control: an integrating framework. Behav Brain Sci 11: 665-709. doi: 10. 1017/S0140525X00053978.
30. Logue AW, Pena-Correal TE (1985) The effect of food deprivation on self-control. Behav Process 10: 355-368.
31. Logue AW, Forzano LB, Ackerman KT (1996) Self-control in children: age, preference for reinforcer amount and delay, and language ability. Learn Motiv 27: 260-277. doi: 10. 1006/lmot. 1996. 0014.
32. Mazur JE (2007) Species differences between rats and pigeons in choices with probabilistic and delayed reinforcers. Behav Process 75: 220-224.
33. Mischel W (1974) Processes in delay of gratification. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 7: 249-292. doi: 10. 1016/S0065-2601(08)60039-8.
34. Mischel W, Shoda Y, Rodriguez ML (1989) Delay of gratification in children. Science 244: 933-938.
35. Mundry R, Fischer J (1998) Use of statistical programs for nonparametric tests of small samples often leads to incorrect P values: examples from animal behaviour. Anim Behav 56: 256-259.
36. Parrish A, Brosnan SF (in prep) Changing the relative difference in outcomes affects reactions to unequal rewards in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).
37. Pelé M, Micheletta J, Uhlrich P, Thierry B, Dufour V (2011) Delay maintenance in tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkean) and brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Int J Primatol 32: 149-166. doi: 10. 1007/s10764-010-9446-y.
38. Stevens JR, Hallinan EV, Hauser MD (2005) The ecology and evolution of patience in two new world monkeys. Biol Lett 1: 223-226. doi: 10. 1098/rsbl. 2004. 0285.
39. Stevens JR, Rosati AG, Heilbronner SR, Mühlhoff N (2011) Waiting for grapes: expectancy and delayed gratification in bonobos. Int J Comp Psychol 24: 99-111.
40. Tobin H, Chelonis JJ, Logue AW (1993) Choice in self-control paradigms using rats. Psychol Rec 43: 441-453.
41. Tobin H, Logue AW, Chelonis JJ, Ackerman KT, May JGI (1996) Self-control in the monkey Macaca Fascicularis. Animal Learn Behav 24: 168-174.
42. Toner IJ, Smith RA (1977) Age and overt verbalization in delay-maintenance behavior in children. J Exp Child Psychol 24: 123-128. doi: 10. 1016/0022-0965(77)90025-X.
43. van Haaren F, van Hest A, van de Poll NE (1988) Self-control in male and female rats. J Exp Anal Behav 49: 201-211. doi: 10. 1901/jeab. 1988. 49-201.
44. van Wolkenten M, Brosnan SF, de Waal FBM (2007) Inequity responses of monkeys modified by effort. Proc Nat Acad Sci 104: 18854-18859. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0707182104.
45. Vick S-J, Bovet D, Anderson J (2010) How do African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) perform on a delay of gratification task? Animal Cognit 13: 351-358. doi: 10. 1007/s10071-009-0284-2.
46. Vlamings PHJM, Uher J, Call J (2006) How the great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) perform on the reversed contingency task: the effects of food quantity and food visibility. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 32: 60-70. doi: 10. 1037/0097-7403. 32. 1. 60.