Improved algorithm for efficient and realistic creep analysis of large creep-sensitive concrete structures

ACI Structural Journal

Volumn 109, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 665-675

  Yu, Qiang ^a   Bažant, Zdenek P ^b   Wendner, Roman ^c  

^a University of Pittsburgh   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES   (Austria)

Author keywords

Aging; Bridge deflections; Commercial programs; Continuous retardation spectrum; Cracking; Creep and shrinkage; Cyclic creep; Kelvin chain model; Rate type algorithm; Steel relaxation; Three dimensional analysis; Variable environment

Indexed keywords

BRIDGE DEFLECTION; CHAIN MODELS; CONTINUOUS RETARDATION SPECTRUM; CYCLIC CREEP; THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS; VARIABLE ENVIRONMENT;

ABAQUS; AGING OF MATERIALS; ALGORITHMS; CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; CRACK INITIATION; LAPLACE TRANSFORMS; SHRINKAGE; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; THREE DIMENSIONAL;

CREEP;

EID: 84862530209     PISSN: 08893241     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Pilz, M., "Untersuchungen zum Einsturz der KB Brücke in Palau," Beton- und Stahlbetonbau, V. 94, No. 5, May 1999, pp. 229-232.
2. McDonald, B.; Saraf, V.; and Ross, B., "A Spectacular Collapse: The Koro-Babeldaob (Palau) Balanced Cantilever Prestressed, Post-Tensioned Bridge," The Indian Concrete Journal, V. 77, No. 3, Mar. 2003, pp. 955-962.
3. Bažant, Z. P.; Yu, Q.; Li, G.-H.; Klein, G. J.; and Krístek, V., "Excessive Deflections of Record-Span Prestressed Box Girder: Lessons Learned from the Collapse of the Koror Babeldaob Bridge in Palau," Concrete International, V. 32, No. 6, June 2010, pp. 44-52.
4. Nawy, E. G., Prestressed Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, fifth edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006, 984 pp.
5. Nilson, A. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1987, 608 pp.
6. Bažant, Z. P.; Yu, Q.; and Li, G.-H., "Excessive Long-Time Deflections of Prestressed Box Girders: I. Record-Span Bridge in Palau and Other Paradigms," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 138, No. 6, 2012, pp. 676-686.
7. Bažant, Z. P.; Yu, Q.; and Li, G.-H., "Excessive Long-Time Deflections of Prestressed Box Girders: II. Numerical Analysis and Lessons Learned," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 138, No. 6, 2012, pp. 687-696.
8. Bažant, Z. P.; Hubler, M.; and Yu, Q., "Excessive Creep Deflections: An Awakening," Concrete International, V. 33, No. 8, Aug. 2011, pp. 44-46.
9. Bažant, Z. P.; Yu, Q.; Hubler, M.; Křístek, V.; and Bittnar, Z., "Wake-Up Call for Creep, Myth about Size Effect and Black Holes in Safety: What to Improve in fib Model Code Draft," Concrete Engineering for Excellence and Efficiency Proceedings of the fib Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic, 2011, pp. 731-746.
10. Bažant, Z. P.; Hubler, M. H.; and Yu, Q., "Pervasiveness of Excessive Segmental Bridge Deflections: A Wake-Up Call for Creep," ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2011, pp. 766-774.
11. Brooks, J. J., "30-Year Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete," Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 57, No. 9, 2005, pp. 545-556.
12. Brooks, J. J., "Accuracy of Estimating Long-Term Strains in Concrete," Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 128, 1984, pp. 131-145.
13. Troxell, G. E.; Raphael, J. E.; and Davis, R. W., "Long-Time Creep and Shrinkage Tests of Plain and Reinforced Concrete," Proceedings, ASTM, V. 58, 1958, pp. 1101-1120.
14. Benscoter, S. U., "A Theory of Torsion Bending for Multi-Cell Beams," Journal of Applied Mechanics, V. 21, No. 1, 1954, pp. 25-34.
15. Malcolm, D. J., and Redwood, R. G., "Shear Lag in Stiffened Box Girders," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 96, No. ST7, July 1970, pp. 1403-1419.
16. Reissner, E., "Analysis of Shear Lag in Box Beams by the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy," Quarterly of Applied Mechanics, V. 4, No. 3, 1946, pp. 268-278.
17. Parker, D., "Tropical Overload," New Civil Engineering, Dec. 1996, pp. 18-21.
18. Pilz, M., "The Collapse of the KB Bridge in 1996," dissertation, Imperial College London, London, UK, 1997.
19. Bažant, Z. P., "Mathematical Models for Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete," Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures, Z. P. Bažant and F. H. Wittmann, eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., London, UK, 1982, pp. 163-256.
20. RILEM Committee TC-69, "State of the Art in Mathematical Modeling of Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete," Mathematical Modeling of Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete, Z. P. Bažant, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chichester, UK, and New York, 1988, pp. 57-215.
21. Bažant, Z. P.; Li, G.-H.; and Yu, Q., "Prediction of Creep and Shrinkage and Their Effects in Concrete Structures: Critical Appraisal," Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures (Proceedings of the 8th International Conference-CONCREEP-8, Ise-Shima, Japan), T. Tanabe, K. Sakata, H. Mihashi, R. Sato, K. Maekawa, and H. Nakamura, eds., CRC Press/Balkema, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, and London, UK, 2008, pp. 1275-1289.
22. Bažant, Z. P., "Linear Creep Problems Solved by a Succession of Generalized Thermoelasticity Problems," Acta Technica CSAV, V. 12, No. 5, 1967, pp. 581-594.
23. Bažant, Z. P., "Theory of Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures: A Précis of Recent Developments," Mechanics Today, S. Nemat-Nasser, ed., V. 2, 1975, pp. 1-93.
24. Jirásek, M., and Bažant, Z. P., Inelastic Analysis of Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., London, UK, and New York, 2002, 722 pp.
25. Widder, D. V., The Laplace Transform, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1941, 416 pp.
26. Widder, D. V., An Introduction to Transform Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1971, 253 pp.
27. Bažant, Z. P., and Xi, Y., "Continuous Retardation Spectrum for Solidification Theory of Concrete Creep," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 121, No. 2, 1995, pp. 281-288.
28. Tschoegl, N. W., The Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behavior: An Introduction, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1989, 769 pp.
29. Bažant, Z. P., and Wu, S. T., "Dirichlet Series Creep Function for Aging Concrete," Proceedings, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, V. 99, No. EM2, 1973, pp. 367-387.
30. Bažant, Z. P., "Numerically Stable Algorithm with Increasing Time Steps for Integral-Type Aging Creep," Proceedings, First International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT-1), T. A. Jaeger, ed., V. 4, Part H, West Berlin, Germany, 1971, pp. 119-126.
31. Bažant, Z. P., and Prasannan, S., "Solidification Theory for Concrete Creep: I. Formulation," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 115, No. 8, 1989, pp. 1691-1703.
32. Bažant, Z. P., and Prasannan, S., "Solidification Theory for Concrete Creep: II. Verification and Application," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 115, No. 8, 1989, pp. 1704-1725.
33. Bažant, Z. P., and Baweja, S., "Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Model for Analysis and Design of Concrete Structures: Model B3," Materials and Structures, V. 28, 1995, pp. 357-367.
34. Bažant, Z. P., and Baweja, S., "Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Model for Analysis and Design of Concrete Structures: Model B3," Adam Neville Symposium: Creep and Shrinkage-Structural Design Effects, SP-194, A. Al-Manaseer, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2000, pp. 1-83.
35. Bažant, Z. P., and Kim, J.-K., "Improved Prediction Model for Time-Dependent Deformations of Concrete: Part 5-Cyclic Load and Cyclic Humidity," Materials and Structures, V. 25, No. 147, 1992, pp. 163-169.
36. Gaede, K., "Versuche über die Festigkeit und die Ferformung von Beton bei Druck-Schwellbeanspruchung und über den Einfluss der Grösse der Proben auf die Würfeldruchfestigkeit von Beton," Deutscher Ausschuss Fr Stahlbeton, Heft 144, 1962. (in German)
37. Bažant, Z. P., and Panula, L., "Practical Prediction of Time-Dependent Deformations of Concrete: Part 6-Cyclic Creep, Nonlinearity and Statistical Scatter," Materials and Structures, V. 12, 1979, pp. 175-183.
38. Bažant, Z. P., and Najjar, L. J., "Nonlinear Water Diffusion in Nonsaturated Concrete," Materials and Structures, V. 5, 1972, pp. 3-20.
39. Bažant, Z. P.; Kostek, V.; and Vítek, J. L., "Drying and Cracking Effects in Box-Girder Bridge Segment," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 118, No. 1, 1992, pp. 305-321.
40. Bažant, Z. P., and Yu, Q., "Constitutive Equation for Prestress Relaxation at Varying Strain and Temperature," Structural Engineering Report No. 10-10/778c, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 2010.
41. Magura, D. D.; Sozen, M. A.; and Siess, C. P., "A Study of Stress Relaxation in Prestressing Reinforcement," PCI Journal, V. 9, No. 2, Apr. 1964, pp. 13-57.
42. Buckler, J. D., and Scribner, C. F., "Relaxation Characteristics of Prestressing Strand," Engineering Studies, Report No. UILU-ENG-85-2011, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 1985, 84 pp.
43. Rostásy, F. S., and Thienel, K.-C., "On Prediction of Relaxation of Colddrawn Prestressing Wire under Constant and Variable Elevated Temperature," Nuclear Engineering and Design, V. 130, 1991, pp. 221-227.
44. ACI Committee 209, "Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature Effects in Concrete Structures," Designing for Effects of Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature in Concrete Structures, SP-27, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1971 (Reapproved 2008), pp. 51-93.
45. ACI Committee 209, "Guide for Modeling and Calculating Shrinkage and Creep in Hardened Concrete (ACI 209.2R-08)," American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 45 pp.
46. SOFiSTiK AG, "AQB Design of Cross Sections and of Prestressed Concrete and Composite Cross Sections v13.64," Software Manual, 2010.
47. SCIA, "SCIA Engineer. Reference Guide v2010.1," Software Manual, 2010, www.scia-online.com. (last accessed Apr. 26, 2011)
48. Infograph GmbH, "InfoCAD 10.4 Manual," Software Manual, 2010, www.infograph.eu. (last accessed Apr. 26, 2011)
49. Dlubal Engineering Software, "RSTAB 7. Structural Analysis for General Frameworks. Program Description," Software Manual, 1999, www.dlubal.com. (last accessed Apr. 26, 2011)
50. Trost, H., "Auswirkungen des Superpositionsprinzip auf Kriech- und Relaxations-Probleme bei Beton und Spannbeton," Beton- und Stahlbetonbau, V. 62, 1967, pp. 230-238, 261-269.
51. Bažant, Z. P., "Prediction of Concrete Creep Effects Using Age-Adjusted Effective Modulus Method," ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 69, No. 4, Apr. 1972, pp. 212-217.
52. Bažant, Z. P., and Najjar, L. J., "Comparison of Approximate Linear Methods for Concrete Creep," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 99, No. ST9, 1973, pp. 1851-1874.
53. Burgoyne, C., and Scantlebury, R., "Why Did Palau Bridge Collapse?" The Structural Engineer, 2006, pp. 30-37.
54. CEB-FIP Model Code, Model Code for Concrete Structures, Comité euro-international du béton (CEB), Bulletin d'Information No. 213 and 214, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1990, 437 pp.
55. Bažant, Z. P., "Numerical Determination of Long-Range Stress History from Strain History in Concrete," Materials and Structures, V. 5, 1972, pp. 135-141.