Mixed anxiety depression should not be included in DSM-5

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 200, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 495-498

  Batelaan, Neeltje M ^a   Spijker, Jan ^b,c,d   De Graaf, Ron ^b   Cuijpers, Pim ^a,e  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTION   (Netherlands)

^c Pro Persona   (Netherlands)

^d RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^e VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anxiety; classification; depression; diagnosis; mixed anxiety depression

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DSM-5; DSM-IV; HUMAN; MIXED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION; NOMENCLATURE; PERCEPTIVE THRESHOLD;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; RECURRENCE; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84862227634     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: 1539736X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e318257c4c9     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (4th ed).Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2011). Other specified depressive disorder. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http://www.dsm5.org/ ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=47.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2012a). Mixed anxiety depression. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/ proposedrevision.aspx?rid=407.
4. American Psychiatric Association (2012b). DSM-5 field trials. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from. http://www.dsm5.org/Research/Pages/DSM-5FieldTrials. aspx.
5. American Psychiatric Association (2012c). Unspecified anxiety disorder. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/ proposedrevision.aspx?rid=169#.
6. Barkow K, Heun R, Wittchen HU, Bedirhan UT, Gansicke M, Maier W (2004) Mixed anxiety-depression in a 1 year follow-up study: Shift to other diagnoses or remission? J Affect Disord. 79:235-239.
7. Barlow DH, Campbell LA (2000) Mixed anxiety-depression and its implications for models of mood and anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 41(Suppl 1): 55-60.
8. Batelaan N, De Graaf R, Van Balkom A, Vollebergh W, Beekman A (2007) Thresholds for health and thresholds for illness: Panic disorder versus subthreshold panic disorder. Psychol Med 37:247-256.
9. Clark LA, Watson D (1991) Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol. 100: 316-336.
10. Cuijpers P, De Graaf R, Van Dorsselaer S (2004) Minor depression: Risk profiles, functional disability, health care use and risk of developing major depression. J Affect Disord. 79:71-79.
11. Das-Munshi J, Goldberg D, Bebbington PE, Bhugra DK, Brugha TS, Dewey ME, Jenkins R, Stewart R, Prince M (2008) Public health significance of mixed anxiety and depression: Beyond current classification. Br J Psychiatry. 192: 171-177.
12. De Graaf R, Bijl RV, Smit F, Vollebergh WA, Spijker J (2002) Risk factors for 12-month comorbidity of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Am J Psychiatry. 159:620-629.
13. Goodwin DW, Guze SB (1996) Psychiatric diagnosis. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. Hagnell O, Grasbeck A (1990) Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in the Lundby 25-year Prospective Study: The pattern of subsequent episodes. In JD Maser, CR Cloninger (Eds), Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders (pp 139-152). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
15. Hettema JM, Neale MC, Myers JM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS (2006) A populationbased twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 163:857-864.
16. Katon W, Roy-Byrne PP (1991) Mixed anxiety and depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 100:337-345.
17. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62: 593-602.
18. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S,Wittchen HU, Kendler KS (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 51:8-19.
19. Means-Christensen AJ, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, Schulman MC, Wu J, Dugdale DC, Lessler D, Stein MB (2006) In search of mixed anxietydepressive disorder: A primary care study. Depress Anxiety. 23:183-189.
20. Merikangas KR, Zhang H, Avenevoli S, Acharyya S, Neuenschwander M, Angst J (2003) Longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety in a prospective community study: The Zurich Cohort Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60: 993-1000.
21. Olfson M, Broadhead WE,Weissman MM, Leon AC, Farber L, Hoven C, Kathol R (1996) Subthreshold psychiatric symptoms in a primary care group practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 53:880-886.
22. Ormel J, Oldehinkel T, Brilman E, van den BrinkW(1993) Outcome of depression and anxiety in primary care. A three-wave 3 1/2-year study of psychopathology and disability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:759-766.
23. PiccinelliM, Rucci P, Ustun B, Simon G (1999) Typologies of anxiety, depression and somatization symptoms among primary care attenders with no formal mental disorder. Psychol Med 29:677-688.
24. Preisig M, Merikangas KR, Angst J (2001) Clinical significance and comorbidity of subthreshold depression and anxiety in the community. Acta Psychiatr. Scand 104:96-103.
25. Rhebergen D, Batelaan NM, de Graaf R, Nolen WA, Spijker J, Beekman AT, Penninx BW (2011) The 7-year course of depression and anxiety in the general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 123:297-306.
26. Roy-Byrne P, KatonW, Broadhead WE, Lepine JP, Richards J, Brantley PJ, Russo J, Zinbarg R, Barlow D, Liebowitz M (1994) Subsyndromal ("mixed") anxietydepression in primary care. Gen Intern Med. 9:507-512.
27. Rucci P, Gherardi S, Tansella M, Piccinelli M, Berardi D, Bisoffi G, Corsino MA, Pini S (2003) Subthreshold psychiatric disorders in primary care: Prevalence and associated characteristics. J Affect Disord. 76:171-181.
28. Schmidt NB, Kotov R, Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Joiner TE Jr., Lewinsohn PM (2007) Mixed anxiety depression: Taxometric exploration of the validity of a diagnostic category in youth. J Affect Disord. 98:83-89.
29. Spijker J, Batelaan N, De Graaf R, Cuijpers P (2010) Who is MAD? Mixed anxiety depressive disorder in the general population. J Affect Disord 121:180-183.
30. Weisberg RB, Maki KM, Culpepper L, Keller MB (2005) Is anyone really M.A.D.?: The occurrence and course of mixed anxiety-depressive disorder in a sample of primary care patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 193:223-230.
31. World Health Organization (WHO) (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
32. Zinbarg RE, Barlow DH, Liebowitz M, Street L, Broadhead E, Katon W, Roy-Byrne P, Lepine J P, Teherani M, Richards J (1994) The DSM-IV field trial for mixed anxiety-depression. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1153-1162.