Emotional intelligence: Elias, Foucault, and the reflexive emotional self

Foucault Studies

Volumn , Issue 8, 2010, Pages 28-52

  Hughes, Jason ^a  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Elias; Emotion Management; Emotional Intelligence; Emotional Labour; Emotional Reflexivity; Foucault

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862184029     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18325203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.22439/fs.v0i8.2942     Document Type: Article

References (95)

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2. Throughout this paper I shall use the abbreviation,EI? to refer simultaneously to a set of ideas and to a set of practices informed by these ideas.
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13. For a full account of this debate see, inter alii, R. van Krieken, The organisation of the soul: Elias and Foucault on discipline and the self,? Archives Europeénes de Sociologie, 31(2) (1990);
14. R. van Krieken, Norbert Elias. Key Sociologist Series (London: Routledge, 1998);
15. I. Burkitt, Over-coming metaphysics: Elias and Foucault on power and freedom,? Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 23 (1) (1993);
16. D. Smith, 'The Civilizing Process' and 'The History of Sexuality': comparing Elias and Foucault,? Theory and Society, 28 (1999);
17. G. Sewell & J. Barker, Neither good, nor bad, but dangerous: surveillance as an ethical paradox,? Ethics and Information Technology, 3 (3) (2001);
18. D. Smith & T. Newton, Introduction,? in A. van Iterson, W. Mastenbroek; T. Newton & D. Smith (eds.), The Civilized Organization: Norbert Elias and the Future of Organization Studies. (Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002);
19. P. Spierenburg, Punishment, power, and history: Foucault and Elias,? Social Science History, 28 (4) (2004);
20. R. Kilminster, The Sociological Revolution: From Enlightenment to the Global Age (London: Routledge, 1998);
21. R. Kilminster, Post-Philosophical Sociology (London: Routledge, 2007);
22. E. Dunning and J. Hughes, Norbert Elias, Sociology, and the Human Crisis: Interdependence, Power, and Process (Cambridge: Polity, 2010); plus other papers in this Special Section.
23. M. Foucault, On the genealogy of ethics,? in H. L. Dreyfus and P. Rabinow (eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, 2nd ed. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983), 231-232.
24. A. R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (California: University of California Press, 1983);
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26. S. Fineman, Organisations as emotional arenas? in S. Fineman (ed.), Emotion in Organizations, First Edition (London: Sage, 1993);
27. Putnam & Mumby; C. Casey, Work, Self and Society: After Industrialism (London: Sage, 1995);
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31. I. Grugulis, T. Dundon & A. Wilkinson, Cultural control and the 'culture manager': employment practices in a consultancy,? Work Employment and Society, 14 (1) (2000);
32. P. Fleming & A. Spicer, Working at a cynical distance: implications for power, subjectivity and resistance,? Organization, 10 (1) (2003).
33. J. LeDoux, Sensory systems and emotion,? Integrative Psychiatry, 4 (1986);
34. J. LeDoux, "Emotion and the Limbic System Concept,? Concepts in Neuroscience, 2 (1992);
35. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body, Emotion and the Making of Consciousness (London: Vintage, 2000);
36. A. Damasio, Looking for Spinoza (London: Vintage, 2004);
37. A. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (London: Vintage, 2006).
38. See, for example, R. J. Sternberg & J. C. Kaufman, Human abilities,? Annual Review of Psychology, 49 (1998);
39. M. Davies, L. Stankov & R. Roberts, Emotional intelligence: in search of an illusive construct,? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (1998);
40. N. S. Schutte, J. M. Malouff, L. E. Hall, D. J. Haggerty, J. T. Cooper, C. J. Golden & L. Dornheim, Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence,? Personality and Individual Differences, 25 (1998);
41. R. Abraham, Emotional intelligence in organisations: a conceptualization,? Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs, 125 (2) (1999);
42. Q. Huy, Emotional capability, emotional intelligence, and radical change? Academy of Management Review, 24 (2) (1999).
43. M. Davies, L. Stankov & R. Roberts; J. Mayer, D. Caruso & P. Salovey, ?Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence,? Intelligence, 27 (1999);
44. J. Ciarrochi, J. Forgas & J. Mayer (eds.), Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life: A Scientific Enquiry (Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 2000);
45. N. Ashkanasy, W. Zerbe & C. Härtel (eds.), Managing Emotions in the Workplace (London: M. E. Sharpe, 2002).
46. N. Ashkanasy, C. Härtel & W. Zerbe (eds.), The Effect of Affect in Organizational Settings (London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2005);
47. N. Ashkanasy & C. Cooper, Research Companion to Emotion in Organizations (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008).
48. P. Salovey & J. D. Mayer, Emotional intelligence,? Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9 (1990);
49. D. Goleman, Emotional Intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ (London: Bloomsbury, 1996);
50. D. Goleman, Working With Emotional Intelligence;
51. D. Goleman, R. Boyatzis & A. McKee, The New Leaders: Transforming the Art of Leadership (New York: Sphere, 2003);
52. D. Goleman, Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships (London: Arrow Books, 2007).
53. In his more recent publications, Goleman also refers to,social intelligence,? but the core of his work has remained remarkably consistent over time.
54. See, for example, the key points of contention discussed by S. Hein, Critical review of Daniel Goleman,? (2009), accessed December 2009 at http://eqi.org/gole.htm.
55. Accenture, Accenture study yields top 50 'business intellectuals,? (2003), accessed December 2009 at http://www.accenture.com, 4.
56. R. Bar-On, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: A Measure of Emotional Intelligence (Toronto: Multi-Health Systems, 1997);
57. R. Cooper & A. Sawaf, Executive EQ: Emotional Intelligence in Business (London: Orion Business, 1997);
58. A. McKee, R. Boyatzis & F. Johnston, Becoming a Resonant Leader: Develop Your Emotional Intelligence, Renew Your Relationships, Sustain Your Effectiveness (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2008);
59. Goleman, Emotional Intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ, 34.
60. Ibid., 44-45
61. Ibid., 44-45; J. Block, IQ vs. Emotional Intelligence. Unpublished manuscript (University of California at Berkeley, California, 1995).
62. Hochschild 198. It is in this respect that the para-Marxian underpinnings of the concept are most readily apparent.
63. J. Cullinane & M. Pye, Winning and losing in the workplace - the use of emotions in the valorisation and alienation of labour,? paper presented to Work Employment Society annual conference, University of Nottingham, 11th-13th September, 2001.
64. P. Fleming & G. Sewell, Looking for the good soldier, Svejk: alternative modalities of resis-tance in the contemporary workplace,? Sociology, 36 (4) (2000)
65. Hughes Goleman, Working With Emotional Intelligence, 287.
66. Hochschild, 119.
67. Goleman, Working With Emotional Intelligence, 287.
68. C. Wouters, The sociology of emotions and flight attendants: Hochschild's Managed Heart,? Theory Culture & Society, 6 (1) (1989).
69. N. Elias, On human beings and their emotions: a process sociological essay,? Theory Culture & Society, 4 (1987), 356.
70. N. Elias, What is Sociology? (London: Hutchinson, 1978), 119. [Translated from the original German publication in 1970].
71. N. Elias, The Civilizing Process. Revised edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 60. [Originally published 1938].
72. Hochschild, 186.
73. Indeed, Foucault discerns a similar theme as a cornerstone of modern thought:,Identity separa-ted from itself by a distance which, in one sense is interior to it, but, in another, constitutes it
74. see Dunning and Hughes, Norbert Elias, Sociology, and the Human Crisis: Interdependence, Power, and Process.
75. Wouters, The sociology of emotions and flight attendants: Hochschild's Managed Heart," 104.
76. N. Elias & E. Dunning, Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process (Dublin: UCD Press, 2009) [Revised Edition, 1986 original];
77. C. Wouters, Informalization and the civilizing process,? in P. R. Gleichmann, J. Goudsblom & H. Korte, Human Figurations (Amsterdam, 1977).
78. The Court Society was first published in German under the title Die Höfische Gesellschaft in 1969, more than thirty years after it was originally presented in 1933 as Elias's Habilitationsschrift - a thesis that is required in German academia to qualify for teaching at an advanced academic level - under Karl Mannheim's supervision in Frankfurt. The book is both a prequel and sequel to his Magnum opus, The Civilising Process: foregrounding many of the themes developed in the latter (1939 original) text, and also substantially developing these themes, particularly since Elias subsequently reworked the piece for publication in 1969.
79. See S. Mennell, Editor's preface? to N. Elias, The Court Society (Dublin: UCD Press, 2006), xiii.
80. See C. Wouters, Informalization and the civilizing process?; C. Wouters, Formalization and informalisation: changing tension balances in civilizing processes,? Theory Culture & Society, 3 (2) (1986);
81. Wouters, The sociology of emotions and flight attendants: Hochschild's Managed Heart"; C. Wouters, Informalization: Manners and Emotions Since 1890 (London: Sage, 2007). While, as suggested, the concept of informalisation was already implicit in Elias's section,diminishing contrasts, increasing varieties? in the third part of his book on The Civilising Process, he focused on,diminishing contrasts,? and did not elaborate the,increasing varieties.? It was Wouters who coined the term informalisation and substantially developed the ideas involved. It is important to note, however, that the concept of informalisation is not considered to mark a break from previous,phases? of civilising processes, but rather, to mark a continuation of these. It is parti-cularly important to view the previously discussed search for emotional authenticity as located in longer-term civilising processes, not simply processes of informalisation.
82. Wouters, The sociology of emotions and flight attendants: Hochschild's Managed Heart," 98.
83. A. van Iterson, W. Mastenbroek & J. Soeters, Civilizing and informalizing: organizations in an Eliasian context,? Organization, 8 (3) (2001), 507.
84. van Krieken, Norbert Elias, 114.
85. M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, edited by Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 56.
86. M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London: Penguin, 1982), 102-103.
87. M. Foucault, Technologies of the Self,? in L. Martin, H. Gutman & P. Hutton (eds.), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (London: Tavistock, 1988), 18.
88. It is my express intention not to conflate,technologies of the self? with,care of the self.? Particularly in his later work, Foucault presented,care of the self? as an ethical position developed in classical philosophy that he employed to make sense of a range of practices and technologies of modern selfhood.,Care of oneself? escaped its first philosophical meanings before gradually becoming more general in scope, acquiring,〈the dimensions and forms of a veritable,culti-vation of the self" that,〈became instilled in ways of living〉 procedures, practices, and formulas that people reflected on, developed, perfected, and taught.?
89. See M. Foucault, The Care of the Self: The History of Sexuality Volume 3 (London: Penguin, 1986), 44-45.
90. M. McDonald & J. O'Callaghan, Positive psychology: a Foucauldian critique,? The Humanistic Psychologist, 36: (2008), 4.
91. See Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977;
92. see also Kilminster's critique in The Sociological Revolution: From Enlightenment to the Global Age.
93. For a fuller discussion of such concerns, see, in particular, van Krieken, The organisation of the soul: Elias and Foucault on discipline and the self;? van Krieken, Norbert Elias;
94. Burkitt; Smith, 'The Civilizing Process' and 'The History of Sexuality': comparing Elias and Foucault?; Kilminster, The Sociological Revolution: From Enlightenment to the Global Age;
95. Kilminster, Post-Philosophical Sociology; Dunning & Hughes.