A self-restrained approach to nation-building by foreign powers

International Affairs

Volumn 80, Issue 1, 2004, Pages

  Etzioni, Amitai ^a,b  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Communitarian Network ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862029389     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00362.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Pål Kolstø, 'Nation-building and social integration theory', in Pål Kolstø, ed., Nation-building and ethnic integration in post-Soviet societies: an investigation of Latvia and Kazakstan (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), p. 49.
2. Wendell Bell and Walter E. Freeman, 'Introduction', in Wendell Bell and Walter E. Freeman, eds, Ethnicity and nation-building: comparative, international, and historical perspectives (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1974), p. 11.
3. Michael Ignatieff, 'Nation-building lite', New York Times Magazine, 28 July 2002, p. 30.
4. Karin von Hippel, 'Democracy by force: a renewed commitment to nation-building', Washington Quarterly 23: 1, 2000, p. 96.
5. Seymour Martin Lipset, 'Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy', American Political Science Review 53: 1, 1959, pp. 69-105.
6. For an excellent examination of the meaning of 'nation' see Margaret Moore, The ethics of nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 6-9.
7. For more discussion see Amitai Etzioni, Political unification revisited: building supranational communities (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2001).
8. Gary T. Dempsey, 'Fool's errands: America's recent encounters with nation-building', Mediterranean Quarterly 12: 1, 2001, p. 59.
9. Minxin Pei and Sara Kasper, 'The "morning after" regime change: should US force democracy again?', Christian Science Monitor, 15 Jan. 2003, p. 9.
10. Max Boot, 'What next? The Bush foreign policy agenda beyond Iraq', Weekly Standard, 5 May 2003, p. 29.
11. Minxin Pei and Sara Kasper, Lessons from the past: the American record on nation-building, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Brief no. 24, May 2003. Available at: http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/Policybrief24.pdf. Accessed 8 Jan. 2003.
12. Thomas Carothers, quoted in George Packer, 'Dreaming of democracy', New York Times Magazine, 2 March 2003, p. 60.
13. Graham Allison, 'Deepening Russian democracy: progress and pitfalls in Putin's government', Harvard International Review 24: 2, 2002, pp. 63-4; Archie Brown, 'Russia and democratization', Problems of Post-Communism 46: 5, 1999, pp. 5-6; Thomas Carothers, interviewed by Warren Olney in 'Creating democracy in Iraq', To the point, ed. Kyle McKinnon, Public Radio International, KCRW, Santa Monica, 16 April 2003; Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: participation and opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3; Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, 'How to build a democratic Iraq', Foreign Affairs 82: 3, 2003, p. 47.
14. Graham Allison, 'Deepening Russian democracy: progress and pitfalls in Putin's government', Harvard International Review 24: 2, 2002, pp. 63-4; Archie Brown, 'Russia and democratization', Problems of Post-Communism 46: 5, 1999, pp. 5-6; Thomas Carothers, interviewed by Warren Olney in 'Creating democracy in Iraq', To the point, ed. Kyle McKinnon, Public Radio International, KCRW, Santa Monica, 16 April 2003; Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: participation and opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3; Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, 'How to build a democratic Iraq', Foreign Affairs 82: 3, 2003, p. 47.
15. Graham Allison, 'Deepening Russian democracy: progress and pitfalls in Putin's government', Harvard International Review 24: 2, 2002, pp. 63-4; Archie Brown, 'Russia and democratization', Problems of Post-Communism 46: 5, 1999, pp. 5-6; Thomas Carothers, interviewed by Warren Olney in 'Creating democracy in Iraq', To the point, ed. Kyle McKinnon, Public Radio International, KCRW, Santa Monica, 16 April 2003; Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: participation and opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3; Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, 'How to build a democratic Iraq', Foreign Affairs 82: 3, 2003, p. 47.
16. Graham Allison, 'Deepening Russian democracy: progress and pitfalls in Putin's government', Harvard International Review 24: 2, 2002, pp. 63-4; Archie Brown, 'Russia and democratization', Problems of Post-Communism 46: 5, 1999, pp. 5-6; Thomas Carothers, interviewed by Warren Olney in 'Creating democracy in Iraq', To the point, ed. Kyle McKinnon, Public Radio International, KCRW, Santa Monica, 16 April 2003; Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: participation and opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3; Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, 'How to build a democratic Iraq', Foreign Affairs 82: 3, 2003, p. 47.
17. Graham Allison, 'Deepening Russian democracy: progress and pitfalls in Putin's government', Harvard International Review 24: 2, 2002, pp. 63-4; Archie Brown, 'Russia and democratization', Problems of Post-Communism 46: 5, 1999, pp. 5-6; Thomas Carothers, interviewed by Warren Olney in 'Creating democracy in Iraq', To the point, ed. Kyle McKinnon, Public Radio International, KCRW, Santa Monica, 16 April 2003; Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: participation and opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3; Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, 'How to build a democratic Iraq', Foreign Affairs 82: 3, 2003, p. 47.
18. See s.g. William Easterly, Ross Levine and David Roodman, New data, new doubts: revisiting 'aid, policies, and growth', Center for Global Development Working Paper no. 26, June 2003. Available at: http://www.cgdev.org/wp/cgd_wp026.pdf. Accessed 9 Aug. 2003.
19. Amitai Etzioni, An immodest agenda: rebuilding America before the 21st century (New York: New Press, 1983).
20. See, inter alia, Stephen E. Ambrose, 'The master (nation) builder', National Review, 11 March 2002, pp. 30-2; Bob Geldof, 'A continent in crisis: we must act now to prevent apocalypse', Observer, 15 June 2003, p. 20; Gordon Brown, 'Marshall Plan for the next 50 years', Washington Post, 17 Dec. 2001, p. A23.
21. See, inter alia, Stephen E. Ambrose, 'The master (nation) builder', National Review, 11 March 2002, pp. 30-2; Bob Geldof, 'A continent in crisis: we must act now to prevent apocalypse', Observer, 15 June 2003, p. 20; Gordon Brown, 'Marshall Plan for the next 50 years', Washington Post, 17 Dec. 2001, p. A23.
22. See, inter alia, Stephen E. Ambrose, 'The master (nation) builder', National Review, 11 March 2002, pp. 30-2; Bob Geldof, 'A continent in crisis: we must act now to prevent apocalypse', Observer, 15 June 2003, p. 20; Gordon Brown, 'Marshall Plan for the next 50 years', Washington Post, 17 Dec. 2001, p. A23.
23. Alfred Stepan and Graeme B. Robertson, 'An "Arab" more than "Muslim" electoral gap', Journal of Democracy 14: 3, 2003, pp. 29-44.
24. Ibid., pp. 41-2.
25. Max Weber, The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Scribner, 1958), Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology, trans. Ephraim Fischoff et al., ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster, 1968), The religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Herth (New York: Free Press, 1951).
26. Max Weber, The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Scribner, 1958), Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology, trans. Ephraim Fischoff et al., ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster, 1968), The religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Herth (New York: Free Press, 1951).
27. Max Weber, The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Scribner, 1958), Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology, trans. Ephraim Fischoff et al., ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster, 1968), The religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Herth (New York: Free Press, 1951).
28. Robert Satloff, 'How to win friends and influence Arabs', Weekly Standard, 18 Aug. 2003, p. 18.
29. For instance, the Center for Disease Control conducted a ten-year advertising campaign to educate Americans about condoms and to encourage their use to prevent HIV transmission. After millions of dollars had been spent on these ads, a CDC study found that only 45 percent of sexually active high school students had used a condom the last time they had had sex. See Jeffry Scott, 'Condom ads get direct: use them and get sex', Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 3 Oct. 1994, p. B1. A recent evaluation of the programme issued an unqualified 'no' in answer to the question 'Has the US federal government's HIV/AIDS television [public service announcement] campaign been designed not only to make the public aware of HIV/AIDS but also to provide appropriate messages to motivate and reinforce behavior change?' See William DeJong, R. Cameron Wolf and S. Bryn Austin, 'US federally funded television Public Service Announcements (PSAs) to prevent HIV/AIDS: a content analysis', Journal of Health Communication 6, 2001, p. 256. Of the 56 ads reviewed, 50 were created by the CDC; the other 6 were created by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
30. For instance, the Center for Disease Control conducted a ten-year advertising campaign to educate Americans about condoms and to encourage their use to prevent HIV transmission. After millions of dollars had been spent on these ads, a CDC study found that only 45 percent of sexually active high school students had used a condom the last time they had had sex. See Jeffry Scott, 'Condom ads get direct: use them and get sex', Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 3 Oct. 1994, p. B1. A recent evaluation of the programme issued an unqualified 'no' in answer to the question 'Has the US federal government's HIV/AIDS television [public service announcement] campaign been designed not only to make the public aware of HIV/AIDS but also to provide appropriate messages to motivate and reinforce behavior change?' See William DeJong, R. Cameron Wolf and S. Bryn Austin, 'US federally funded television Public Service Announcements (PSAs) to prevent HIV/AIDS: a content analysis', Journal of Health Communication 6, 2001, p. 256. Of the 56 ads reviewed, 50 were created by the CDC; the other 6 were created by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
31. Shirley A. Star and Helen MacGill Hughes, 'Report on an educational campaign: the Cincinnati plan for the United Nations', Journal of American Sociology 55, 1950, pp. 389-400, quoted in Bernard Berelson and Gary A. Steiner, Human behavior: an inventory of scientific findings (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), p. 530.
32. Shirley A. Star and Helen MacGill Hughes, 'Report on an educational campaign: the Cincinnati plan for the United Nations', Journal of American Sociology 55, 1950, pp. 389-400, quoted in Bernard Berelson and Gary A. Steiner, Human behavior: an inventory of scientific findings (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), p. 530.
33. Marina Ottaway, 'Nation-building', Foreign Policy 132, Sept.-Oct. 2002, p. 17.
34. Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), pp. 34-5.
35. John W. Dover, quoted in Packer, 'Dreaming of democracy'.
36. Curt Tarnoff, The Marshall Plan: design, accomplishments, and relevance to the present, CRS Report for Congress (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 6 Jan. 1997), cited in Karin von Hippel, Democracy by force: US military intervention in the post-Cold War world (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 187.
37. Curt Tarnoff, The Marshall Plan: design, accomplishments, and relevance to the present, CRS Report for Congress (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 6 Jan. 1997), cited in Karin von Hippel, Democracy by force: US military intervention in the post-Cold War world (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 187.
38. Robert D. Kaplan, 'Supremacy by stealth: ten rules for managing the world', Atlantic Monthly, July-Aug. 2003, p. 78.
39. One might say that those in power, the warlords and the tribal chiefs, are not without insights of their own. They are sure to see the trend and oppose it. But given the choice between taking them on from the outset and trying to win them over or buy their cooperation for limited purposes while validating their positions, the second approach is more attractive, both to the external power and to the warlords or chiefs themselves; because from their viewpoint the choice is either to give up some power while remaining in place, or face a direct confrontation with the external power.
40. Dexter Filkins, 'Chaos and calm are 2 realities for US in Iraq', New York Times, 24 Aug. 2003, p. A1; Michael M. Phillips, 'Marines do it all in one Iraqi city; now they're going', Wall Street Journal, 22 Aug. 2003, p. A1.
41. Dexter Filkins, 'Chaos and calm are 2 realities for US in Iraq', New York Times, 24 Aug. 2003, p. A1; Michael M. Phillips, 'Marines do it all in one Iraqi city; now they're going', Wall Street Journal, 22 Aug. 2003, p. A1.