The efficacy of reservoir flow regulation for cooling migration temperature for sockeye Salmon in the Nechako river watershed of British Columbia

North American Journal of Fisheries Management

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 415-427

  Macdonald, J S ^a   Morrison, J ^b   Patterson, D A ^c  

^a Fisheries and Oceans Canada   (Canada)

^b Vynx Design   (Canada)

^c SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPLIANCE; COOLING; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; FLOW REGULATION; HYDROGRAPH; MORTALITY; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; RESERVOIR; RIVER SYSTEM; SALMONID; SPAWNING; WATER FLOW; WATER TEMPERATURE; WATERSHED;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; NECHAKO BASIN;

ONCORHYNCHUS; ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA;

EID: 84861998620     PISSN: 02755947     EISSN: 15488675     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02755947.2012.675946     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Acreman, M., and M. J. Dunbar. 2004. Defining environmental river flow requirements: a review. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8:861-876.
2. Anderson, D. P. 1990. Immunological indicators: effects of environmental stress on immune protection and disease outbreaks. Pages 38-50 in S. Marshall Adams, editor. Biological indicators of stress in fish. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 8, Bethesda, Maryland.
3. Bouck, G. R., G. A. Chapman, P. W. Schneider Jr., and D. G. Stevens. 1975. Effects of holding temperature on reproductive development in adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Pages 24-40 in J. Brophy, editor. 26th Annual Northwest Fish Culture Conference, Newport, Oregon.
4. Bouillon, D. 2004. N-dam simulation results. Nechako Watershed Council, internal report, Kitimat, British Columbia.
5. Brett, J. R. 1952. Temperature tolerance in young Pacific salmon, genus On-corhynchus. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 9:265-323.
6. Cass, A., M. Folkes, C. Parken, and C. Wood. 2006. Pre-season run size forecasts for Fraser River sockeye for 2006. Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Research Document 2006/060, Nanaimo, British Columbia. Available: www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/applications/Publications/publicationIndexe.asp#SAR. (April 2011).
7. Castleberry, D. T., J. J. Cech Jr., D. C. Erman, D. Hankin, M. Healey, G. Mathias Kondolf, M. Mangel, M. Mohr, P. B. Moyle, J. Nielsen, T. P. Speed, and J. G. Williams. 1996. Uncertainty and instream flow standards. Fisheries 21(8):20-21.
8. Clabough, T. S., C. C. Caudill, C. A. Peery, T. C. Bjornn, and B. Burke. 2007. Associations between adult salmon and steelhead body temperature during upstream migration and estimated water temperatures in lower Granite Reservoir during cold water releases from Dworshak Reservoir, 2004. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Technical Report 2007-3, Moscow.
9. Cooke, S. J., S. G. Hinch, A. P. Farrell, M. F. Lapointe, S. R. M. Jones, J. Steveson Macdonald, D. A. Patterson, M. C. Healey, and G. Van Der Kraak. 2004. Abnormal migration timing and high en route mortality of sockeye salmon in the Fraser River, British Columbia. Fisheries 29(2):22-33.
10. Cooper, A. C., and K. A. Henry. 1962. The history of the early Stuart sockeye run. International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission Progress Report 10.
11. COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). 2003. Assessment and update status report on the white sturgeon (Acipenser trans-montanus) in Canada. COSEWIC, Canadian Wildlife Service, Gatineau, Quebec. Available: www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/dspTexte.cfm?ocid=917. (April 2011).
12. Donaldson, M. R., S. J. Cooke, D. A. Patterson, and J. S. Macdonald. 2008. Cold shock and fish: a review paper. Journal of Fish Biology 73:1491-1530.
13. Draper, N., and H. Smith. 1981. Applied regression analysis, 2nd edition. Wiley, New York.
14. Dynesius, M., and C. Nilsson. 1994. Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science 266:753-762.
15. Eliason, E. J., T. D. Clark, M. J. Hague, L. M. Hanson, S. Zoe, K. M. Gallagher, M. K. Jeffries, D. Gale, A. Patterson, S. G. Hinch, and A. P. Farrell. 2011. Differences in thermal tolerance among sockeye salmon populations. Science 332:109-112.
16. Enders, E. C., D. A. Scruton, and K. D. Clarke. 2009. The 'natural flow paradigm' and Atlantic salmon: moving from concept to practice. River Research and Applications 25:2-15.
17. Fagerlund, U. H. M., J. R. McBride, and I. V. Williams. 1995. Stress and tolerance. Pages 459-503 in C. Groot, L. Margolis, and W. C. Clarke, editors. Physiological ecology of Pacific salmon. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.
18. Finlayson, B. L., C. J. Gippel, and S. O. Brizga. 1994. Effects of reservoirs on downstream aquatic habitat. Water 21(4):15-20.
19. Flodmark, L. E. W., L. A. Vollestad, and T. Forseth. 2004. Performance of juvenile brown trout exposed to fluctuating water level and temperature. Journal of Fish Biology 65:460-470.
20. Foreman, M. G. G., B. James, M. C. Quick, P. Hollemans, and E. Wiebe. 1997. Flow and temperature models for the Fraser and Thompson rivers. Atmosphere-Ocean 35:109-134.
21. Gilhousen, P. 1980. Energy sources and expenditures in Fraser River sockeye salmon during their spawning migration. International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission Bulletin 22.
22. Gilhousen, P. 1990. Prespawning mortalities of sockeye salmon in the Fraser River system and possible causal factors. International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission Bulletin 26.
23. Green, R. H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. Wiley, Toronto.
24. Gu, R., S. McCutcheon, and C. J. Chen. 1999. Development of weather-dependent flow requirements for river temperature control. Environmental Management 24:529-540.
25. Gu, R., S. Montgomery, and T. Austin. 1998. Quantifying the effect of stream discharge on summer river temperature. Journal of Hydrology Science 43:885-904.
26. Hockey, J. B., I. F. Owens, and N. J. Tapper. 1982. Empirical and theoretical models to isolate the effect of discharge on summer water temperatures in the Hurunui River. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) 21:1-12.
27. Holm, S. 1979. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6:65-70.
28. Hyatt, K. D., M. M. Stockwell, and D. P. Rankin. 2003. Impact and adaptation responses of Okanagan River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to climate variation and change effects during freshwater migration: stock restoration and fisheries management implications. Canadian Water Resources Journal 28:689-713.
29. IPSFC (International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission). 1979. Salmon studies associated with the potential Kemano II hydroelectric development, volume 2: sockeye salmon studies on the Nechako River. IPSFC, New Westminster, British Columbia.
30. Keefer, M. L., C. A. Peery, T. C. Bjornn, M. A. Jepson, and L. C. Stuehrenberg. 2004. Hydrosystem, dam, and reservoir passage ratesofadult Chinook salmon and steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:1413-1439.
31. Korman, J., and C. Walters. 2001. Nechako River white sturgeon recovery planning: summary of stock assessment. Ecometric Research, Report to the British Columbia MinistryofWater, Land and Air Protection, Victoria, British Columbia.
32. Larkin, P. A. 1984. A commentary on environmental impact projects affecting lakes and streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41:1121-1127.
33. Lessard, J. L., and D. B. Hayes. 2003. Effects of elevated water temperature on fish and macroinvertebrate communities below small dams. River Research and Applications 19:721-732.
34. Lewis, A. F., and A. C. Mitchell. 1995. Effectiveness of water release as mitigation for hydroelectric impacts to fish. Journal of Energy Engineering 121:81-88.
35. Macdonald, J. S., M. G. G. Foreman, A. P. Farrell, I. V. Williams, J. Grout, A. Cass, J. C. Woodey, H. Enzenhofer, W. C. Clarke, R. Houtman, E. M. Donaldson, and D. Barnes. 2000a. The influence of extreme water temperatures on migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon during the 1998 spawning season. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2326.
36. Macdonald, J. S., J. Morrison, D. A. Patterson, J. Heinonen, and M. G. G. Foreman. 2007. Examination of factors influencing Nechako River discharge, temperature, and aquatic habitats. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2773. Available: www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/libraries-bibliotheques/tech-eng.htm. (April 2011).
37. Macdonald, J. S., I. V. Williams, and J. C. Woodey. 2000b. The effects of in-river conditions on migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Pages 39-57 in J. S. Macdonald, editor. Mortality during the migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): a study of the effect of ocean and river environmental conditions in 1997. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2315.
38. Major, R. L., and J. L. Mighell. 1966. Influence of Rocky Reach Dam and the temperature of the Okanagan River on the upstream migration of sock-eye salmon. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 66: 131-147.
39. Martins, E. G., S. G. Hinch, D. A. Patterson, M. J. Hague, S. J. Cooke, K. M. Miller, M. F. Lapointe, K. K. English, and A. P. Farrell. 2011. Effects of river temperature and climate warmingon stock-specific survivalofadult migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Global Change Biology 17:99-114.
40. McAdam, S., C. Walters, and C. Nistor. 2005. Linkages between white sturgeon recruitment and altered bed substrates in the Nechako River, Canada. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134:1448-1456.
41. Mitchell, A. C., C. B. James, and J. E. Edinger. 1995. Analyses of flow modification on water quality in the Nechako River. Journal of Energy Engineering 121:73-80.
42. Morrison, J., M. C. Quick, and M. G. G. Foreman. 2002. Climate change in the Fraser River watershed: flow and temperature projections. Journal of Hydrology 263:230-244.
43. NFCP (Nechako Fisheries Conservation Program). 2005. Technical data review 1988-2002. NFCP, Vanderhoof, British Columbia. Available: www.nfcp.org/TechDataReview/NFCP-Summary.pdf. (April 2011).
44. Neter, J., W. Wasserman, and M. H. Kutner. 1985. Applied linear statistical models, 2nd edition. Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.
45. Olden, J. D., and R. J. Naiman. 2010. Incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flows assessments: modifying dam operations to restore freshwater ecosystem integrity. Freshwater Biology 55:86-107.
46. Paller, M. H., and B. M. Saul. 1996. Effects of temperature gradients resulting from reservoir discharge on Dorosoma cepedianum spawning in the Savannah River. Environmental Biology of Fishes 45:151-160.
47. Patterson, D. A., and M. A. Hague. 2007. Evaluation of long range summer forecasts of lower Fraser River discharge and temperature conditions. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2754.
48. Patterson, D. A., J. S. Macdonald, K. M. Skibo, D. Barnes, I. Guthrie, and J. Hills. 2007. Reconstructing the summer thermal history for the lower Fraser River, 1941 to 2006, and implications for adult sockeye salmon (On-corhynchus nerka) spawning migration. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2724.
49. Poole, G. C., and C. H. Berman. 2001. An ecological perspective on in-stream temperature: natural heat dynamics and mechanisms of human-caused thermal degradation. Environmental Management 27:787-802.
50. Quinn, T. P., D. M. Eggers, J. H. Clark, and H. B. Rich Jr. 2007. Density, climate, and the processes of prespawning mortality and egg retention in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64:574-582.
51. Quinn, T. P., S. Hodgson, and C. Peven. 1997. Temperature, flow, and the migration of adult sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Columbia River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:1349-1360.
52. Rand, P. S., and S. G. Hinch. 1998. Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): simulating metabolic power and assessing risk of energy depletion. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1832-1841.
53. Richter, B. D., and G. A. Thomas. 2007. Restoring environmental flows by modifying dam operations. Ecology and Society [online serial] 12:12. Available: www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art12./ (April 2011).
54. Salinger, D. H., and J. J. Anderson. 2006. Effects of water temperature and flow on adult salmon migration swim speed and delay. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135:188-199.
55. Schreck, C. B., W. Contreras-Sanchez, and M. S. Fitzpatrick. 2001. Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny. Aquaculture 197:3-34.
56. Schubert, N. D., and B. P. Fanos. 1997. Estimation of 1994 late run sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to the Stuart system. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2431.
57. Sinokrot, B., and J. S. Gulliver. 2000. In-stream flow impact on river water temperatures. Journal of Hydraulic Research 38:339-350.
58. Stanford, J. A., and F. R. Hauer. 1992. Mitigating the impacts of stream and lake regulation in the Flathead River catchment, Montana, USA: an ecosystem perspective. Aquatic Conservation 2:35-63.
59. St. Hilaire, S., M. Boichuk, D. Barnes, M. Higgins, R. Devlin, R. Withler, J. Khattra, S. Jones, and D. Kieser. 2001. Epizootiology of Parvicapsula minibicornis in Fraser River sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Wal-baum). Journal of Fish Diseases 25:107-120.
60. Traxler, G. S., J. Richard, and T. E. McDonald. 1998. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) epizootics in spawning sockeye salmon in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 10:143-151.
61. Triton Environmental Consultants. 2004. Nechako River temperature modelling in support of migrating sockeye salmon risk assessment. Triton Environmental Consultants, Report 3516/WP9895, Richmond, British Columbia.
62. Ward, J. V. 1982. Ecological aspects of stream regulation: responses in downstream lotic reaches. Water Pollution Management Review 2:1-26.
63. Ward, J. V., and J. A. Stanford. 1987. The ecology of regulated streams: past accomplishments and directions for future research. Pages 391-409 in J. F. Craig and J. B. Kemper, editors. Regulated streams: advances in ecology. Plenum, New York.
64. Webb, B. W., D. M. Hannah, R. D. Moore, L. E. Brown, and F. Noblis. 2008. Recent advances in stream and river temperature research. Hydrology Processes 22:902-918.
65. Webb, B. W., and D. E. Walling. 1997. Complex summer water temperature behaviour below a UK regulating reservoir. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 13:463-477.
66. Williams, I. V., U. H. M. Fagerlund, J. R. McBride, G. A. Strasdine, H. Tsuyuki, and E.J. Ordal. 1977. Investigations ofpre-spawning mortalityof1973 Horsefly River sockeye salmon. International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission Progress Report 37.