Pneumonia in South-East Asia region: Public health perspective

Indian Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 135, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 459-468

  Ghimire, M ^a   Bhattacharya, S K ^a   Narain, J P ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Case management; Causative organisms; Disease burden; Pneumonia; Preventive interventions; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS TETANUS VACCINE; IRON; RETINOL; ZINC;

BREAST FEEDING; CASE MANAGEMENT; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CHLAMYDIA; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DEATH; DISEASE CONTROL; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B; HAND WASHING; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; INFLUENZA VIRUS; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MALNUTRITION; MEASLES; MEASLES VACCINATION; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NEWBORN INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS; PASSIVE SMOKING; PERSONAL HYGIENE; PERTUSSIS; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII; PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI; PNEUMONIA; PSEUDOMONAS; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCALE UP; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOUTHEAST ASIA; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; BREAST FEEDING; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INDIA; MALNUTRITION; PNEUMONIA; PUBLIC HEALTH; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84861939911     PISSN: 09715916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Wardlaw T, Salama P, Johansson EW and Mason E. Pneumonia: the leading killer of children. Lancet 2006; 368: 1048-1050.
2. Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS, and the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 2003; 362: 65-71.
3. Ebbert JO, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Murawski J, Hurt RD. Environ Health 2007; 6: 28.
4. Guneser S, Atici A, Alparslan N, Cinaz P. Effects of indoor environmental factors on respiratory systems of children. J Trop Pediatr 1994; 40: 114-116.
5. Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86: 408-416.
6. Chhabra P, Garg S, Mittal SK, Satyanarayan L, Mehra M, Sharma N. Magnitude of acute respiratory infections in underfives. Indian Pediatr 1993; 30: 1315-1319.
7. Tambe MP, Shivaram C, Chandrashekhar Y. Acute respiratory infection in children: a survey in the rural community. Indian J Med Sci 1999; 53: 249-253.
8. Acharya D, Prasanna KS, Nair S, Rao RS. Acute respiratory infections in children: a community based longitudinal study in south India. Indian J Public Health 2003; 47: 7-13.
9. Broor S, Parveen S, Bharaj P, Prasad VS, Srinivasulu KN, Krishna MS. A prospective three-year cohort study of the epidemiology and virology of acute respiratory infections of children in rural India. PLoS ONE 2007; 2(6): e491.
10. Gladstone BP, Muliyil J, Jaffar S, Wheeler JG, Le Fevre A, Iturriza-Gomara M, Infant morbidity in an Indian slum birth cohort. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93: 479-484.
11. WHO. Global burden of diseases-2004. Geneva: World health Organization; 2008.
12. Fedson DS, Anthony J, Scott G. The burden of pneumococcal disease among adults in developed and developing countries: what is and is not known. Vaccine 1999; 17 (Suppl 1): 11-18.
13. World Health Organization. Global burden of disease 2000: Deaths by age, sex and cause for the year 2000. Geneva: World health Organization; 2000.
14. Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Chaudhry K, Chhabra SK, D'Souza GA, Gupta D, et al. A multicentric study on epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relationship with tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2006; 48: 23-29.
15. Savitha MR, Nandeeshwara SB, Pradeep Kumar MJ, Farhan-ul-haque, Raju C.K. Modifable risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J Pediatr 2007; 74: 477-482.
16. Agrawal PB, Shendurnikar N, Shastri NJ. Host factors and pneumonia in hospitalised children. J Indian Med Assoc 1995; 93: 271-272.
17. Tiewsoh K, Lodha R, Pandey RM, Broor S, Kalaivani M, Kabra SK. Factors determining the outcome of children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. BMC Pediatr 2009; 9: 15.
18. Deivanayagam N, Nedunchelian K, Ramasamy S, Sudhandirakannan, Ratnam S.R. Risk factors for fatal pneumonia: a case control study. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29: 1529-1532.
19. Shah N, Ramankutty V, Premila PG, Sathy N. Risk factors for severe pneumonia in children in south Kerala: a hospital-based case control study. J Trop Pediatr 1994; 40: 201-206.
20. Chisti MJ, Tebruegge M, La Vincente S, Graham SM, Duke T. Pneumonia in severely malnourished children in developing countries - mortality risk, aetiology, and validity of WHO clinical signs: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14: 1173-1189.
21. Sehgal V, Sethi GR, Sachdev HP, Satayanarayana L. Predictors of mortality in subjects hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections. Indian Pediatr 1997; 34: 213-219.
22. Child and maternal nutrition in India. Available from: www. mchstar.org/pdf/childandMaternalNutritionInIndia.pdf. accessed on April 20, 2012.
23. Sabie T, Curtis, V. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2006; 11: 258-267.
24. Jefferson T, Del Mar C, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review. BMJ 2009; 339: 3675.
25. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, et al. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomized control trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 225-233.
26. Bell DM and World Health Organization Writing, Geneva. Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic infuenza, national and community measures. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 88-94.
27. Aledort J, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette S. Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic infuenza: an evaluation of the evidence base. BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 208.
28. Chatterjee A, Plummer S, Heybrock B, Bardon T, Eischen K, Hall M, et al. A modifed "cover your cough" campaign prevents exposures of employees to pertussis at a children's hospital. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35: 489-91.
29. Pandey MR, Smith KR, Boleij JSM, Wafula EM. Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute respiratory infection in children. Lancet 1989; 1: 427-429.
30. Dherani M, Pope D, Mascarenhas M, Smith KR, Weber M, Bruce N. Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel useand pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86: 390-398.
31. De Francisco A, Morris J, Hall AJ, Armstrong Schellenberg JRM, Greenwood BM. Risk factors for mortality from acute lower respiratory tract infections in young Gambian children. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22: 1174-1182.
32. Torres-Duque C, Maldonado D, Perez-Padilla R, Ezzati M, Viegi G, on behalf of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS) Task Force on Health Effects of Biomass Exposure. Biomass fuels and respiratory diseases. A review of the evidence. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5: 577-590.
33. Smith KR, Samet JM, Romieu I, Bruce N. Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children. Thorax 2000; 55: 518-532.
34. Desai M, Mehta S, Smith K. Indoor smoke from solid fuels: assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
35. Jones WG. Population dynamics and their impact on adolescents in the ESCAP region. Asia Pac Popul J 1997; 12: 3-30.
36. Mull DS, Mull JD, Kundi MZ, Anjum M. Mothers' perceptions of severe pneumonia in their own children: a controlled study in Pakistan. Soc Sci Med 1994; 7: 973-987.
37. Almirall J, Gonzalez CA, Balanzo X, Bolibar I. Proportion of community-acquired pneumonia cases attributable to tobacco smoking. Chest 1999; 116: 375-379.
38. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking. 1. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in infancy and early childhood. Thorax 1997; 52: 905-914.
39. Maranetra KN, Chuaychoo B, Dejsomritrutai W, Chierakul N, Nana A, Lertakyamanee J, et al. The prevalence and incidence of COPD among urban older persons of Bangkok Metropolis. J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85: 1147-1155.
40. Pandey MR. Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the hill region of Nepal. Thorax 1984; 39: 331-336.
41. Qureshi KA. Domestic smoke pollution and prevalence of chronic bronchitis/asthma in a rural area of Kashmir. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1994; 36: 61-72.
42. Halbert RJ, Isonaka S, George D, Iqbal A. Interpreting COPD Prevalence estimates: What is the true burden of disease? Chest 2003; 123: 1684-1692.
43. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, Hershfeld ES, Harding GK, Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196-204.
44. Sethi S. Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 2000; 117 (5 Suppl 2): 380S-385S.
45. Brunton S, Carmichael BP, Colgan R, Feeney AS, Fendrick AM, Quintiliani R, et al. Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: A primary care consensus guideline. Am J Managed Care 2004; 10: 689-696.
46. Neeraj M, Shally A, Girdhar GA. Care-seeking behavior and out-of-pocket expenditure for sick newborns among urban poor in Lucknow, northern India: a prospective follow-up study. BMC Health Serv Res 2009; 9: 61.
47. Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI). Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. Health Information of India 2000 & 2001. New Delhi: CBHI; 2001.
48. Deogaonkar M. Socio-economic inequality and its effect on healthcare delivery in India: Inequality and healthcare. Electronic J Sociol 2004. Available from: http://www. sociology.org/contentvol18.1/deogaonkar.html, accessed on May 20, 2010.
49. Duke T, Mgone CS. Measles: not just another viral exanthema. Lancet 2003; 361: 763-773.
50. India 2008 EPI Fact Sheet. Available from: www.searo.who. int/vaccine/LinkFiles/EPI2008/India08.pdf, accessed on May 20, 2010.
51. Shann F. Etiology of severe pneumonia in children in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1986; 5: 247-252.
52. Falade AG, Mulholland EK, Adegbola RA, Greenwood BM. Bacterial isolates from blood and lung aspirate cultures in Gambian children with lobar pneumonia. Ann Trop Paediatr 1997; 17: 315-319.
53. Coles CL, Kanungo R, Rahmathullah L, Thulasiraj RD, Katz J, Santosham M, et al. Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization in young South Indian infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20: 289-295.
54. SAGE pneumococcal conjugate vaccine working group. SAGE pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Position Statement. Detailed Review Paper on Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine - presented to the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, November 2006. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/SAGE_wg_detailedreview_ pneumoVaccine.pdf, accessed on May 20, 2010.
55. Dagan R. New insights on pneumococcal disease: What we have learned over the past decade. Vaccine 2009; 27S: C3-C5.
56. Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, Jaffar S, Levine OS, Okoko JB, et al. Effcacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccineagainst pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal diseasein the Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 1139-1146.
57. Gessner BD, Sutanto A, Linehan M, Djelantik IG, Fletcher T, Gerudug IK, et al. Incidences of vaccine-preventable Haemophilus infuenzae type b pneumonia and memingitis in Indonesian children: hamlet-randomised vaccine-probe trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 43-52.
58. Baqui AH, El Arifeen S, Saha SK, Persson L, Zaman K, Gessner BD, et al. Effectiveness of Haemophilus infuenzae type B conjugate vaccineon prevention of pneumonia and meningitis in Bangladeshi children: a case-controlled study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26: 565-571.
59. Simpson G. BCG vaccine in Australia. Aust Prescr 2003; 26: 144-146.
60. Lahti E, Peltola V, Virkki R, Ruuskanen O. Infuenza pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25: 160-164.
61. Brooks WA, Goswami D, Rahman M, Nahar K, Fry AM, Balish A, et al. Infuenza is a major contributor to childhood pneumonia in a tropical developing country. Pediatric Infect Dis J 2010; 29: 216-221.
62. Sansuttipun W, Simmerman JM, Levy J, Lertiendumrong J, Areerat P, Sornkit D, et al. Burden of infuenza in Thai Infants: Potential impact of maternal vaccination. Poster abstract: XI International Symposium on Respiratory Viral Infections, The Macrae Group LLC, 2009.
63. Wattanathum A, Chaoprasong C, Nunthapisud P, Chantaratchada S, Limpairojn N, Jatakanon A, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in Southeast Asia: The microbial differences between ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Chest 2003; 123: 1512-1519.
64. Maitreyi RS, Broor S, Kabra SK, Ghosh M, Seth P, Dar L, et al. Rapid detection of respiratory viruses by centrifugation enhanced cultures from children with acute lower respiratory tract infections. J Clin Virol 2000; 16: 41-47.
65. Bharaj P, Sullender WM, Kabra SK, Mani K, Cherian J, Tyagi V, et al. Respiratory viral infections detected by multiplex PCR among pediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infections seen at an urban hospital in Delhi from 2005 to 2007. Virol J 2009; 6: 89.
66. Broor S, Parveen S, Bharaj P, Prasad VS, Srinivasulu KN, et al. A prospective three-year cohort study of the epidemiology and virology of acute respiratory infections of children in rural India. PLoS ONE 2007; 2(6): e491.
67. Phair J, Munoz A, Detels R, Kaslow R, Rinaldo C, Saah A, and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodefciency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 161-165.
68. Hay JW, Osmond DH, Jacobson MA. Projecting the medical costs of AIDS and ARC in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defc Syndr 1988; 1: 466-485.
69. Aggarwal R, Sentz J, Miller MA. Role of zinc administration in prevention of childhood diarrhea and respiratory illnesses: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 1120-1130.
70. Roth DE, Caulfeld LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing the global burden through nutritional interventions. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86: 356-364.
71. Ezzati M, Mbinda BM, Kammen DM. Comparison of emissions and residential exposure from traditional and improved cookstoves in Kenya. Environ Sci Technol 2000; 34: 578-583.
72. Albalak R, Bruce N, McCracken JP, Smith KR, De Gallardo T. Indoor respirable particulate matter concentrations from an open fre, improved cookstove, and LPG/open fre combination in a rural Guatemalan community. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35: 2650-2655.
73. Ezzati M, Krammen DM. Evaluating the health benefts of transitions in household energy technologies in Kenya. Energy Policy 2002; 30: 815-826.
74. Pittet D. Clean hands reduce the burden of disease. Comment. Lancet 2005; 366: 185-187.
75. Gould DJ, Hewitt-Taylor J, Drey NS, Gammon J, Chudleigh J, Weinberg JR. The clean your hands campaign: critiquing policy and evidence base. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65: 95-101.
76. Muto CA, Sistrom MG, Farr BM. Hand hygiene rates unaffected by installation of dispensers of a rapidly acting hand antiseptic. Am J Infect Control 2000; 28: 273-276.
77. Luby SP, Agboatwalla, M, Bowen A, Kenah E, Sharker Y, Hoekstra RM. Diffculties in maintaining improved handwashing behaviour, Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 81: 140-145.
78. Jackson ML, Neuzil KM, Thompson WW, Shay DK, Yu O, Hanson CA, et al. The burden of community acquired pneumonia in seniors. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1642-1650.
79. File Jr TM, Tan JS. Pneumonia in older adults. Reversing the trend. JAMA 2005; 294: 2760-2763.
80. Gwatkin DR. IMCI: what can we learn from an innovation that did not reach the poor? Bull World Health Organ 2006; 84: 768.
81. WHO-SEARO. Strategy for coordinated approach to prevention and control of acute diarrhoea and respiratory infection in the South-East Asia Region. World Health Organization. New Delhi: WHO SEARO; 2010.