Gender bias in medicine;Viés de Género na Medicina

Acta Medica Portuguesa

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 975-986

  Poínhos, Rui ^a  

^a Departamento de Psicologia   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER BIAS; HUMAN; REVIEW;

FEMALE; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; SEXISM;

EID: 84861923745     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16460758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. RISBERG G, JOHANSSON EE, HAMBERG K: A theoretical model for analysing gender bias in medicine. Int J Equity Health 2009;8:28
2. VERDONK P, BENSCHOP WMY, DE HAES HCJM, LAGROJANSSEN TLM: From gender bias to gender awareness in medical education. Adv Health Sci Educ 2009;14:135-152
3. CASSEL J: Doing gender, doing surgery: Women surgeons in a man's profession. Hum Organ 1997;56:47-52
4. HAMMARSTRÖM A: The integration of gender in medical research and education-Obstacles and possibilities from a Nordic perspective. Women Health 2003;37:121-133
5. LORBER J, MOORE LJ: Gender and the social construction of illness (2nd ed.). Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press 2002
6. MARTIN CL: Gender. In: Manstead ASR, Hewstone M, eds. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers 1996;253-8
7. MOYNIHAN C: Theories in health care and research. Theories of masculinity. Br Med J 1998;317:1072-5
8. PHILLIPS SP: Defining and measuring gender: A social determinant whose time has come. Int J Equity Health 2005;4:1
9. PINN VW: Sex and gender factors in medical studies. Implications for health and clinical practice. JAMA 2003;289:397-400
10. WEST C, ZIMMERMAN DH: Doing gender. Gend Soc 1987;1:125-151
11. HEWSTONE M: Bias. In: Manstead ASR, Hewstone M, eds. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers 1996;89
12. LENHART S: Gender discrimination: A health and career development problem for women physicians. J Am Med Wom Assoc 1993;48:155-9
13. American Medical Association-Counciul on Ethical and Judicial Affairs: Gender disparities in clinical decision making. JAMA 1991;266:559-562
14. RISBERG G HAMBERG K, JOHANSSON EE: Gender perspective in medicine: a vital part of medical scientific rationality. A useful model for comprehending structures and hierarchies within medical science. BMC Med 2006;4:20
15. WEST C: Reconceptualizing gender in physician-patient relationships. Soc Sci Med 1993;36:57-66.
16. RUIZ MT, VERBRUGGE LM: A two way view of gender bias in medicine. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51:106-9
17. WOODWARD CA: Medical students' attitudes toward women: Are medical schools microcosms of society? CMAJ 1999;160:347-8
18. ZELEK B, PHILLIPS SP, LEFEBVRE Y: Gender sensitivity in medical curricula. CMAJ 1997;156:1297-300
19. ANGELL M: Caring for women's health. What is the problem? N Engl J Med 1993;329:271-2
20. DREACHSLIN J: Gender bias and the process of care. J Manag Med 1992;6:46-52
21. STEPHENSON P, MCKEE M: Look twice. Eur J Public Health 1993;3:151-2
22. VERBRUGGE LM: The twain meet: empirical explanations of sex differences in health and mortality. J Health Soc Behav 1989;30:282-304
23. BROVERMAN IK, BROVERMAN DM, CLARKSON FE, ROSENKRANTZ PS, VOGEL SR: Sex-role stereotypes and clini-cal judgments of mental health. J Consult Clin Psychol 1970;34:1-7
24. ARBER S, MCLINLAY L, ADAMS A, MARCEU L, LINK C, O'DONNELL A: Patient characteristics and inequalities in doctors' diagnostic and management strategies relating to CHD: A video-simulation experiment. Soc Sci Med 2006;62:103-115
25. BORKHOFF CM, HAWKER GA, KREDER HJ, GLAZIER RH, MOHAMED NN, WRIGHT JG: The effect of patients' sex on physicians' recommendations for total knee arthroplasty. Can Med Assoc J 2008;178:681-7
26. SCHULMAN KA, BERLIN JA, HARLESS W et al: The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. N Engl J Med 1999;340:618-26
27. RAINE R: Does gender bias exist in the use of specialist care? J Health Serv Res Policy 2000;5:237-49
28. ELDERKIN-THOMPSON V, WAITZKIN H: Differences in clinical communication by gender. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14:112-121
29. LÓPEZ SR, SMITH A, WOLKENSTEIN BH, CHARLIN V: Gender bias in clinical judgement: An assessment of the analogue method's transparency and social desirability. Sex Roles 1993; 28:35-45
30. HATALA R, CASE SM: Examining the influence of gender on medical students' decision making. Journal Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000;9:617-23.
31. COLLIVER JA, MARCY ML, TRAVIS TA, ROBBS RS: The interaction of student gender and standardized-patient gender on a performance-based examination of clinical competence. Acad Med 1991;66(Suppl 9):s31-3
32. KEMPNER J: Gendering the migraine market: Do representations of illness matter? Soc Sci Med 2006;63:1986-7
33. ANSON O, CARMEL S, MORDECHAI L: Gender differences in the utilization of emergency department services. Women Health 1991;17:91-104
34. HESTON TF, LEWIS LM: Gender bias in the evaluation and management of acute nontraumatic chest pain. Fam Pract Res J 1992;12:383-9
35. RUIZ MT, RONDA E, ÁLVAREZ-DARDET C: Atención según el género del paciente en los servicios de urgencias: Diferente o desigual? Gac Sanit 1995;9:76-83
36. VAN DER WAALS FW: Differences in leading causes of death, hospitalization and general practice visits among Dutch women and men. Women Health 1991;17:101-123
37. MEINERT CL, GILPIN AK: Estimation of gender bias in clinical trials. Stat Med 2001;20:1153-64.
38. SÖDERSTRÖM M: Why researchers excluded women from their trial populations. Lakartidningen 2001;98:1524-8
39. ROCHON PA, CLARK JP, BINNS MA, PATEL V, GURWITZ JH: Reporting of gender-related information in clinical trials of drug therapy for myocardial infarction. Can Med Assoc J 1998;159:321-7
40. CANTERO MTR, PARDO MA: European Medicines Agency policies for clinical trials leave women unprotected. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006;60:911-3
41. FLEISCH J, FLEISCH M, THÜRMANN P: Women in earlyphase clinical drug trials. Have things changed over the past 20 years? Clin Pharmacol Therap 2005;78:445-552
42. GELLER SE, ADAMS MG, CARNES M: Adherence to federal guidelines for reporting of sex and race/etnicity in clinical trials. J Womens Health 2005;15:1123-31
43. HARRIS DJ, DOUGLAS PS: Enrolment of women in cardiovascular clinical trials funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. N Engl J Med 2000;343:475-80.
44. HOOSAIN M, JEWKES R, MAPHUMULO S: Gender audit of health research-10 years of the South African Medical Journal. S Afr Med J 1998;88:982-5
45. RAMASUBBU K, GURM H, LITAKER D: Gender bias in clinical trials: Do double standards still apply? J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:757-764
46. VIDAVER RM, LAFLEUR B, TONG C, BRADSHAW R, MARTS SA: Women subjects in NIH-funded clinical research literature: Lack of progress in both representation and analysis by sex. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000;9:495-504
47. CAIN J, LOWELL J, THORNDYKE L, LOCALIO AR: Contraceptive requirements for clinical research. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95:861-6
48. WEISZ D, GUSMANO MK, RODWIN VG: Gender and the treatment of heart disease in older persons in the United States, France, and England: A comparative, population-based view of a clinical phenomenon. Gend Med 2004;1:29-40
49. LEE PY, ALEXANDER KP, HAMMILL BG, PASQUALI SK, PETERSON ED: Representation of elderly persons and women in published randomized trials of acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2001;286:708-713
50. CHILET-ROSELL E, RUIZ-CANTERO MT, HORGA JF: Women's health and gender-based clinical trials on etoricoxib: Methodological gender bias. J Public Health 2009;31:434-445
51. HOLDCROFT A: Gender bias in research: How does it affect evidence based medicine? J R Soc Med 2007;100:2-3
52. BUSH JK: The industry perspective on the inclusion of women in clinical trials. Acad Med 1994;69:708-715
53. MANN C: Women's health research blossoms. Science 1995; 269:766-770
54. BERG MJ: Status of research on gender differences. J Am Pharm Assoc 1997;37:43-56
55. SIMON V: Wanted: Women in clinical trials. Science 2005; 308:1517
56. PÉREZ SC, CANTERO MTR, PARDO MA: Ensayos clínicos con rofecoxib: Análisis de la información desde la perspectiva de género. Med Clin 2003;120:207-212
57. BENNET JC: Inclusion of women in clinical trials-Policies for population subgroups. N Eng J Med 1993;329:288-292
58. BERNSTEIN B, KANE R: Physicians' attitudes toward female patients. Med Care 1981;19:600-8
59. COLAMECO S, BECKER LA, SIMPSON M: Sex bias in the assessment of patient complaints. J Fam Pract 1983;16:1117-21
60. FUSTÉ J, RUÉ M: Variabilidad en las actividades preventivas en los equipos de atención primaria de Cataluña. Aplicación del análisis de niveles múltiples. Gac Sanit 2001;15:118-127
61. RUIZ-CANTERO MT, RONDA E, ÁLVAREZ-DARDET C: The importance of study design strategies in gender bias research: The case of respiratory disease management in primary care. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007;61(Suppl 2):ii11-6
62. HAMBERG K, RISBERG G, JOHANSSON EE, WESTMAN G: Gender bias in physicians' management of neck pain: A study of the answers in a swedish national examination. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2002;11:653-666
63. CHAPMAN KR, TASHKIN DP, PYE DJ: Gender bias in the diagnosis of COPD. Chest 2001;119:1691-5
64. BERTAKIS KD, HELMS LJ, CALLAHAN EJ, AZARI R, LEIGH P, ROBBINS JA: Patient gender differences in the diagnosis of depression in primary care. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:689-698
65. CALLAHAN EJ, BERTAKIS KD, AZARI R, HELMS LJ, ROBBINS J, MILLER J: Depression in primary care: Patient factors that influence recognition. Fam Med 1997;29:172-6
66. ARMITAGE, KJ, SCHNEIDERMAN LJ, BASS RA: Response of physicians to medical complaints in men and women. JAMA 1979;241:2186-7
67. REDMAN S, WEBB GR, HENNRIKUS DJ, GORDON JJ, SANSON-FISHER RW: The effects of gender on diagnosis of psychological disturbance. J Behav Med 1991;14:527-540
68. WENGER NK: Coronary heart disease in women: gender differences in diagnostic evaluation. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1994; 49:181-5
69. AYANIAN JZ, EPSTEIN AM: Differences in the use of procedures between women and men hospitalized for coronary heart disease. N Eng J Med 1991;325:221-5
70. STEINGART RM, PACKER M, HAMM P et al: Sex differences in the management of coronary artery disease. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Investigators. N Eng J Med 1991;325:226-230
71. WEITZMAN S, COOPER L, CHAMBLESS L et al: Gender, racial, and geographic differences in the performance of cardiac diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for hospitalized acute myocardial infarction in four states. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:722-6
72. SHAW LJ, MILLER DD, ROMEIS JC, KARGL G, YOUNIS LT, CHAITMAN BR: Gender differences in the noninvasive evaluation and management of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:559-566
73. HEROLD AH, RIKER AI, WARNER EA et al: Evidence of gender bias in patients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy. Cancer Detect Prev 1997;21:141-7
74. HAMBERG K, RISBERG G, JOHANSSON EE: Male and female physicians show different patterns of gender bias: A papercase study of management of irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Public Health 2004;32:144-152
75. INHORN M, WHITTLE KL: Feminist meets the «new» epidemiologies: Toward an appraisal of antifeminist biases in epidemiological research on women's health. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:553-567
76. DALY C, CLEMENS F, SENDON JLL et al: Gender differences in the management and clinical outcome of stable angina. Circulation 2006;113:490-8
77. HARIZ GM, HARIZ MI: Gender distribution in surgery for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2000;6:155-7
78. KATZ JN, WRIGHT EA, GUADAGNOLI E, LIANG MH, KARLSON EW, CLEARLY PD: Differences between men and women undergoing major orthopedic surgery for degenerative arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:687-694
79. ASHTON H: Psychotropic-drug prescribing for women. Br J Psychiatry 1991;10(Suppl):30-5
80. SAYER GP, BRITT H: Sex differences in prescribed medications: Another case of discrimination in general practice. Soc Sci Med 1997;45:1581-7
81. WEISSE CS, SORUN PC, SANDERS KN, SYAT BL: Do gender and race affect decisions about pain management? J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:211-7
82. CRILLY MA, BUNDRED PE, LECKEY LC, JOHNSTONE FC: Gender bias in the clinical management of women with angina: Another look at the Yentl syndrome. J Womens Health 2008;17:331-342
83. MARK DB: Sex bias in cardiovascular care: Should women be treated more like men? JAMA 2000;283:659-661
84. MAYNARD C, BESHANSKY JR GRIFFITH JL, SELKER HP: Influence of sex on the use of cardiac procedures in patients presenting to the emergency department. A prospective multicenter study. Circulation 1996;94(Suppl 9):II93-8
85. KUDENCHUK PJ, MAYNARD C, MARTIN JS, WIRKUS M, WEAVER WD: Comparison of presentation, treatment, and outcome of acute myocardial infarction in men versus women (The Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry). Am J Cardiol 1996;78:9-14
86. GILES WH, ANDA RF, CASPER ML, ESCOBEDO LG, TAYLOR HA: Race and sex differences in rates of invasive cardiac procedures in US hospitals: Data from the national hospital discharge survey. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:318-324
87. BELL MR, BERGER PB, HOLMES DR, MULLANY CJ, BAILEY KR, GERSH BJ: Referral for coronary artery revascularization procedures after diagnostic coronary angiography: evidence for gender bias? J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1650-5
88. PAGLEY PR, YARZEBSKI J, GOLDBERG R et al: Gender differences in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A multihospital, comunity-based perspective. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:625-9
89. BICKELL NA, PIEPER KS, LEE KL et al: Referral patterns for coronary artery disease treatment: Gender bias or good clinical judgement? Ann Intern Med 1992;116:791-7
90. LINDEN M, LECRUBIER Y, BELLANTOUNO C, BENKERT O, KISELY S, SIMON G: The prescription of psychoactive drugs by primary care physicians: An international collaborative study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;19:132-140
91. HEALY B: The Yentl syndrome. N Eng J Med 1991;325:274-6
92. MIRAVITLLES M, DE LA ROZA C, NABERAN K et al: Attitudes toward the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Arch Bronconeumol 2006;42:3-8
93. WATSON L, VESTBO J, POSTMA DS et al: Gender differences in the management and experience of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2004;98:1207-13
94. NYBERG F, OSIKA I, EVENGÅRD B: «The Laundry Bag Project»-Unequal distribution of dermatological healthcare resources for male and female psoriatic patients in Sweden. Int J Dermatol 2008;47:144-9
95. COYTE PC, HAWKER G, CROXFORD R, ATTARD C, WRIGHT JG: Variation in rheumatologists' and family physicians' perceptions of the indications for and outcomes of knee replacement surgery. J Rheumatol 1996;23:730-8
96. WRIGHT JG, COYTE P, HAWKER G et al: Variation in orthopaedic surgeons' perceptions of the indications for and outcomes of knee replacement. Can Med Assoc J 1995;152:687-697
97. HAWKER GA, WRIGHT JG, COYTE PC et al: Differences between men and women in the rate of use of hip and knee arthroplasty. N Eng J Med 2000;342:1016-22
98. BORKHOFF CM, HAWKER GA, KREDER HJ, GLAZIER RH, MAHOMED NN, WRIGHT JG: Patients' gender affected physicians' clinical decisions when presented with standardized patients but not for matching paper patients. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:527-541
99. JINDAL RM, RYAN JJ, SAJJD I, MURTHY MH, BAINES LS: Kidney transplantation and gender disparity. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25:474-483
100. HARIZ GM, LINDBERG M, HARIZ MI, BERGENHEIM AT: Gender differences in disability and health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with stereotactic surgery. Acta Neurol Scand 2003;108:28-37
101. BEERY TA: Gender bias in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease. Heart Lung 1995;24:427-435
102. HACHAMOVITCH R, BERMAN DS, KIAT H et al: Genderrelated differences in clinical management after exercise nuclear testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1457-64
103. KHAN SS, NESSIM S, GRAY R, CZER LS, CHAUX A, MARLOFF J: Increased mortality of women in coronary artery bypass surgery: Evidence for referal bias. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:561-7
104. HAMBERG K: Gender bias in medicine. Womens Health 2008;4:237-243
105. JOHANSSON EE, HAMBERG K, WESTMAN G, LINDGREN G: The meanings of pain: An exploration of women's description of symptoms. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:1791-1802
106. MALTERUD K: Symptoms as a source of medical knowledge: Understanding medically unexplained disorders in women. Fam Med 2000;32:603-611
107. BLUM M, SLADE M, BODEN D, CABIN H, CAULINGLASER T: Examination of gender bias in the evaluation and treatment of angina pectoris by cardiologists. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:765-7
108. ALEXANDERSON K, WINGREN G, ROSDAHL I: Gender analyses of medical textbooks on dermatology, epidemiology, occupational medicine and public health. Educ Health 1998;11:151-163
109. BICKELL J: Gender equity in undergraduate medical education: A status report. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001; 10:261-270
110. KUZMA MA, RUTENBERG CL, GRACELY E, NIEMAN LZ: The effect of incorporating women's health into a PBL curriculum on students' tendencies to identify learning issues in an ambulatory care setting. Acad Med 1997;72:913-5
111. KWOLEK DS, BLUE AM, GRIFFITH CH, WILSON JF, HAIST SA: Gender differences in clinical evaluation: Narrowing the gap with women's health clinical skills workshops. Acad Med 1998;73(Suppl 10):s88-90
112. AUSTO-STERLING A: Myths of gender. Biological theories about women and men. New York: Basic Books 1992