A 4-year exercise program in children increases bone mass without increasing fracture risk

Pediatrics

Volumn 129, Issue 6, 2012, Pages

  Löfgren, Bjarne ^a,b   Dencker, Magnus ^a,b   Nilsson, Jan Åke ^a,b   Karlsson, Magnus K ^a,b  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

BMC; Bone mineral content; Bone size; Boys; Children; Controlled; Exercise; Fracture; Girls; Growth; Physical activity; Prospective

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE MASS; BONE MINERAL; BONE SIZE; BONE WIDTH; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EXERCISE INTENSITY; FEMALE; FEMUR NECK; FRACTURE; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; KINESIOTHERAPY; LUMBAR SPINE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION;

EID: 84861917483     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2274     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Hind K, Burrows M. Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: a review of controlled trials. Bone. 2007;40(1):14-27 (Pubitemid 44848417)
2. Bradney M, Pearce G, Naughton G, et al. Moderate exercise during growth in pre-pubertal boys: changes in bone mass, size, volumetric density, and bone strength: a controlled prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(12):1814- 1821 (Pubitemid 28535837)
3. McKay HA, Petit MA, Schutz RW, Prior JC, Barr SI, Khan KM. Augmented trochanteric bone mineral density after modified physical education classes: a randomized school-based exercise intervention study in prepubescent and early pubescent children. J Pediatr. 2000;136(2):156-162 (Pubitemid 30470984)
4. Petit MA, McKay HA, MacKelvie KJ, Heinonen A, Khan KM, Beck TJ. A randomized school-based jumping intervention confers site and maturity-specific benefits on bone structural properties in girls: a hip structural analysis study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(3):363-372 (Pubitemid 34171750)
5. MacKelvie KJ, Khan KM, Petit MA, Janssen PA, McKay HA. A school-based exercise intervention elicits substantial bone health benefits: a 2-year randomized controlled trial in girls. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/ 112/6/e447
6. MacKelvie KJ, Petit MA, Khan KM, Beck TJ, McKay HA. Bone mass and structure are enhanced following a 2-year randomized controlled trial of exercise in prepubertal boys. Bone. 2004;34(4):755-764 (Pubitemid 38393813)
7. Lindén C, Alwis G, Ahlborg H, et al. Exercise, bone mass and bone size in prepubertal boys: one-year data from the pediatric osteoporosis prevention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(4):340-347
8. Linden C, Ahlborg HG, Besjakov J, Gardsell P, Karlsson MK. A school curriculum-based exercise program increases bone mineral accrual and bone size in prepubertal girls: two-year data from the pediatric osteoporosis prevention (POP) study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(6):829-835 (Pubitemid 43787989)
9. Valdimarsson O, Linden C, Johnell O, Gardsell P, Karlsson MK. Daily physical education in the school curriculum in prepubertal girls during 1 year is followed by an increase in bone mineral accrual and bone width - data from the prospective controlled Malmö pediatric osteoporosis prevention study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;78 (2):65-71
10. Alwis G, Linden C, Ahlborg HG, Dencker M, Gardsell P, Karlsson MK. A 2-year school-based exercise programme in pre-pubertal boys induces skeletal benefits in lumbar spine. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97(11):1564-1571
11. Lanyon LE. Control of bone architecture by functional load bearing. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(suppl 2):S369-S375 (Pubitemid 23020195)
12. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(3):397-402 (Pubitemid 14169460)
13. Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC Jr. The contribution of bone loss to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1990;1(1):30-34
14. Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Wahner HW, Riggs BL. Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(10):1227-1233 (Pubitemid 23308116)
15. Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Sankelo M, et al. Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123(1):27-31
16. Hasselstrøm HA, Karlsson MK, Hansen SE, Grønfeldt V, Froberg K, Andersen LB. A 3- year physical activity intervention program increases the gain in bone mineral and bone width in prepubertal girls but not boys: the prospective Copenhagen School Child Interventions Study (CoSCIS). Calcif Tissue Int. 2008;83(4):243-250
17. Johnell O, Gullberg B, Kanis JA, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: the MEDOS Study. Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(11): 1802-1815
18. Clark EM, Ness AR, Tobias JH. Bone fragility contributes to the risk of fracture in children, even after moderate and severe trauma. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(2):173-179 (Pubitemid 351181198)
19. Clark EM, Tobias JH, Ness AR. Association between bone density and fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/ 2/e291
20. Clark EM, Ness AR, Tobias JH. Vigorous physical activity increases fracture risk in children irrespective of bone mass: a prospective study of the independent risk factors for fractures in healthy children. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(7):1012-1022 (Pubitemid 351915722)
21. Jónsson B, Gärdsell P, Johnell O, Redlund- Johnell I, Sernbo I. Remembering fractures: fracture registration and proband recall in southern Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1994;48(5):489-490 (Pubitemid 24313754)
22. Duke PM, Litt IF, Gross RT. Adolescents' self-assessment of sexual maturation. Pediatrics. 1980;66(6):918-920 (Pubitemid 11213631)
23. Beck TJ, Oreskovic TL, Stone KL, et al. Structural adaptation to changing skeletal load in the progression toward hip fragility: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(6):1108-1119 (Pubitemid 32467155)
24. Karlsson MK, Linden C, Karlsson C, Johnell O, Obrant K, Seeman E. Exercise during growth and bone mineral density and fractures in old age. Lancet. 2000;355(9202):469-470 (Pubitemid 30085162)
25. Nordström A, Karlsson C, Nyquist F, Olsson T, Nordström P, Karlsson M. Bone loss and fracture risk after reduced physical activity. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(2):202-207
26. Mora S, Gilsanz V. Establishment of peak bone mass. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32(1):39-63 (Pubitemid 36378634)
27. Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH, Rannevik G, Karlsson MK. Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(4): 327-334 (Pubitemid 36886238)
28. Duan Y, Parfitt A, Seeman E. Vertebral bone mass, size, and volumetric density in women with spinal fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(10):1796-1802 (Pubitemid 29455829)
29. Duan Y, Seeman E, Turner CH. The bio-mechanical basis of vertebral body fragility in men and women. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(12):2276-2283 (Pubitemid 33104719)
30. Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly RM, et al. The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and post-pubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(12):2274-2280 (Pubitemid 35416762)
31. Sanchis-Moysi J, Dorado C, Olmedillas H, Serrano-Sanchez JA, Calbet JA. Bone mass in prepubertal tennis players. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(6):416-420
32. Sanchis-Moysi J, Dorado C, Olmedillas H, Serrano-Sanchez JA, Calbet JA. Bone and lean mass inter-arm asymmetries in young male tennis players depend on training frequency. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110(1):83-90
33. Dencker M, Thorsson O, Karlsson MK, et al. Daily physical activity related to body fat in children aged 8-11 years. J Pediatr. 2006; 149(1):38-42 (Pubitemid 44081916)
34. Stenevi-Lundgren S, Daly RM, Lindén C, Gärdsell P, Karlsson MK. Effects of a daily school based physical activity intervention program on muscle development in prepubertal girls. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(4): 533-541
35. Treuth MS, Hunter GR, Figueroa-Colon R, Goran MI. Effects of strength training on intra-abdominal adipose tissue in obese prepubertal girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(12):1738-1743 (Pubitemid 29010999)
36. Vicente-Rodriguez G, Ara I, Perez-Gomez J, Serrano-Sanchez JA, Dorado C, Calbet JA. High femoral bone mineral density accretion in prepubertal soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(10):1789-1795 (Pubitemid 39332299)
37. Guadalupe-Grau A, Fuentes T, Guerra B, Calbet JA. Exercise and bone mass in adults. Sports Med. 2009;39(6):439-468
38. Heinonen A, Oja P, Kannus P, et al. Bone mineral density in female athletes representing sports with different loading characteristics of the skeleton. Bone. 1995;17(3): 197-203
39. Nikander R, Sievänen H, Heinonen A, Kannus P. Femoral neck structure in adult female athletes subjected to different loading modalities. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(3): 520-528 (Pubitemid 40293501)
40. Bianchi ML, Baim S, Bishop NJ, et al. Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) on DXA evaluation in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(1):37-47
41. Manias K, McCabe D, Bishop N. Fractures and recurrent fractures in children; varying effects of environmental factors as well as bone size and mass. Bone. 2006;39(3): 652-657 (Pubitemid 44149283)
42. Cooper C, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, Bishop N, van Staa TP. Epidemiology of childhood fractures in Britain: a study using the general practice research database. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(12):1976-1981 (Pubitemid 41103412)
43. Landin LA. Fracture patterns in children. Analysis of 8,682 fractures with special reference to incidence, etiology and secular changes in a Swedish urban population 1950-1979. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1983; 202:1-109