Land, population and famine in the english uplands: A westmorland case study, c.1370-1650

Agricultural History Review

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 151-175

  Healey, Jonathan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84861871335     PISSN: 00021490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (154)

1. E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England, 1541-1871: a reconstruction (1981), pp. 666, 675-81
2. M. Drake, 'An elementary exercise in parish register demography', EcHR 14 (1962)
3. A. B. Appleby, 'Disease or famine? Mortality in Cumberland and Westmorland, 1580-1640', EcHR 26 (1973), pp. 403-32
4. C. D. Rogers, The Lancashire population crisis of 1623 (1975)
5. A. B. Appleby, Famine in Tudor and Stuart England (1978), pp. 121-7, 145-54
6. Peter Laslett, The world we have lost: further explored (1982), p. 130
7. John Walter and R. S. Schofield, 'Famine, disease, and crisis mortality in early modern society', in John Walter and R. S. Schofield (eds), Famine, disease and the social order (1989), pp. 1-73, esp. p. 34
8. Richard W. Hoyle, 'Famine as agricultural catastrophe: the crisis of 1622-4 in east Lancashire', EcHR 63 (2010), pp. 974-1002.
9. On 'famine foods' more generally see Cormac Ó Gráda, Famine: a short history (2009), pp. 73-8.
10. Joan Thirsk and J. P. Cooper (eds), Seventeenthcentury economic documents (1972), p. 24.
11. Rogers, Lancashire population crisis, p. 10
12. Appleby, Famine, p. 126
13. Laslett, World we have lost: further explored, p. 130
14. A. W. Headlam (ed.), The parish register of St Oswald's Durham, 1538 to 1751 (Durham, 1891), pp. 66-8
15. Based on the price data in Peter Bowden, 'Statistical appendix', in Joan Thirsk (ed.), The agrarian history of England and Wales, V (ii) (1985), pp. 827-902.
16. Walter and Schofield, 'Famine, disease and crisis mortality', pp. 34-7, 41-57.
17. On 1727-30, see for example: J. A. Johnston, 'The impact of the epidemics of 1727-30 in south-west Worcestershire', Medical Hist., 15 (1971), pp. 278-92;
18. A. Gooder, 'The population crisis of 1727-30 in Warwickshire', Midland Hist., 1 (1972), 1-22
19. Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, pp. 652-3, 667, 681-4
20. Jonathan Healey, 'Socially selective mortality during the population crisis of 1727-30: evidence from Lancashire', Local Population Stud. 81 (2008), pp. 58-74.
21. Ó Gráda, Famine, pp. 38, 274
22. Bruce Campbell, 'Four famines and a pestilence: harvest, price, and wage variations in England, 13th to 19th centuries', in Britt Liljewall, Iréne A. Flygare, Ulrich Lange, Lars Ljunggren, and Johan Söderberg (eds), Agrarhistoria på många sätt; 28 studier om manniskan och jorden. Festskrift till Janken Myrdal på hans 60-årsdag (Stockholm, 2009), pp. 25-7.
23. On the 1640s see Steve Hindle, 'Dearth and the English Revolution: the harvest crisis of 1647- 50', in Steve Hindle and Jane Humphries (eds), Feeding the masses: plenty, want and the distribution of food and drink in historical perspective (EcHR, supplement, 2008), pp. 64-98.
24. In particular: Appleby, Famine.
25. William Parson and William White, History, directory and gazetteer, of the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, with that part of the Lake District in Lancashire, forming the lordships of Furness and Cartmel (1829), p. 638
26. James Stockdale, Annales Caermoelenses or annals of Cartmel (1872), p. 567.
27. This argument in many ways anticipated the concept of 'exchange entitlements' introduced by Amartya Sen in Poverty and famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation (1982).
28. Appleby, Famine, pp. 17-94.
29. Ibid., pp. 67-83.
30. Walter and Schofield, 'Famine, disease and crisis mortality', p. 22.
31. M. M. Postan, The medieval economy and society: an economic history of Britain in the middle ages (1972), pp. 15-40.
32. For the history of the barony, Joseph Nicolson and Richard Burn, The history and antiquities of the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland (2 vols., 1777), I, pp. 29-63.
33. Appleby, Famine, pp. 17-18
34. Eric Kerridge, The agricultural revolution (1968), p. 161.
35. TNA, TITH 2/261-3.
36. Angus J. L. Winchester, The harvest of the hills: rural life in northern England and the Scottish Borders, 1400-1700 (2000).
37. TNA, E 134/19Jas1/HIL8, Deposition of Robert Gilpin of Longsleddale, 1622.
38. TNA, E 178/4690, Survey of Troutbeck Park, 1607.
39. Angus J. L. Winchester, 'Wordsworth's "Pure Commonwealth"? Yeoman dynasties in the English Lake District', Armitt Library J. 1 (1998), pp. 87-8
40. Jonathan Healey, 'Agrarian social structure in the central Lake District, c.1574-1830: the fall of the "Mountain Republic"?', Northern History 44 (2007), pp. 73-5.
41. William Wordsworth, The illustrated Wordsworth's guide to the Lakes, ed. Peter Bicknell (1985), pp. 110-11.
42. Winchester, Harvest, pp. 52-102.
43. Appleby, Famine, p. 43.
44. J. D. Marshall, 'The domestic economy of the Lakeland yeoman, 1660-1749', Trans. Historical Society of Cumberland and Westmorland, Sec. Ser. [hereafter CW 2] 73 (1973), pp. 201-2.
45. Anne Kussmaul, A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (1990)
46. Keith Wrightson, Earthly necessities: economic lives in early modern Britain (2000), pp. 231-5.
47. Wrightson, Earthly necessities, pp. 229-31.
48. TNA, ADM 76/84, no. 59.
49. Winchester, Harvest, pp. 123-45.
50. Angus J. L. Winchester, 'Common land in upland Britain: tragic unsustainability or utopian community resource?', in Franz Bosbach, Jens Ivo Engels and Fiona Watson (eds), Umwelt und Geschichte in Deutschland und Grossbritannien - Environment and history in Britain and Germany (Munich, 2006), pp. 65-6.
51. Nicolson and Burn, History and antiquities, II, pp. 51-9;
52. R. W. Hoyle, 'An ancient and laudable custom: the definition and development of tenant tight in north-west England in the sixteenth Century', Past and Present 116 (1987), pp. 24-55.
53. TNA, CRES 40/19A, no. 6, pp. 24-6.
54. Appleby, Famine, pp. 67-83
55. R. W. Hoyle, '"Shearing the hog": the reform of the estates, c.1598-1640', in Hoyle (ed.), The estates of the English crown, 1558-1640 (1992), pp. 249-52
56. Joe Scott, 'The Kendal tenant right dispute, 1619-26', CW 2 98 (1998), pp. 169-82.
57. A. B. Appleby, 'Agrarian capitalism or seigneurial reaction: the northwest of England, 1500-1700', American Historical Rev. 80 (1975), pp. 574-94.
58. Cf. J. T. Swain, Industry before the industrial revolution: north-east Lancashire, c. 1500-1640 (1986), p. 25.
59. William Shakespeare, The first part of King Henry the Fourth, ed. P. H. Dawson (1968), p. 85.
60. Mary L. Armitt, 'Fullers and freeholders of the parish of Grasmere', CW 2 8 (1908), p. 155
61. C. D. Phillips, 'Town and country: economic change in Kendal, c.1550-1700', in P. Clark (ed.), The transformation of English provincial towns (1984), pp. 102, 110-17
62. F. W. Garnett, Westmorland agriculture, 1800-1900 (1912)
63. C. M. L. Bouch and G. P. Jones, A short social and economic history of the Lake Counties (1961)
64. G. Elliot, 'The decline of the woollen trade in Cumberland, Westmorland and Northumberland in the late sixteenth century', CW 2 61 (1961), p. 112
65. J. D. Marshall and John K. Walton, The Lake Counties from 1830 to the mid-twentieth century: a study in regional change (1981).
66. TNA, CRES 40/19A, no. 6, p. 26.
67. Marshall, 'Domestic economy', p. 195.
68. Appleby, Famine, pp. 95-154.
69. Alan Dyer and D. M. Palliser (eds), The diocesan population returns for 1563 and 1603 (Records of Social and Economic History, New Ser., 31, 2005), pp. 91-2.
70. Colin Phillips, Catherine Ferguson and Andrew Wareham (eds), Westmorland Hearth Tax: Michaelmas 1670 and surveys 1674-5, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, Extra Ser., 19 (2008), pp. 291, 295.
71. Colin Phillips, 'Westmorland about 1670', in Phillips, Ferguson and Wareham (eds), Westmorland Hearth Tax, pp. 11-13.
72. John S. Moore, '"Jack Fisher's 'flu": a visitation revisited', EcHR 46 (1993), pp. 280-307
73. Nigel Goose, 'The Bishops' Census of 1563: a re-examination of its reliability', Local Population Stud. 56 (1996), pp. 43-53. (Pubitemid 126414720)
74. See too Heather Falvey, 'Searching for the population in an early-modern forest', Local Population Stud. 81 (2008), pp. 37-57.
75. Cumbria RO (Kendal Branch) [hereafter CRO (K)], WPR 91/1/1/1, Grasmere Parish Register, 1570-1687.
76. Jonathan Healey, 'Marginality and misfortune: poverty and social welfare in Lancashire, c.1630-1760' (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 2008), pp. 186-8.
77. CRO (K), WPR 62/1/1/1-2, Troutbeck Chapelry Register, 1579-1629, 1633-61.
78. CRO (K), WPR 61/1/1/1, Windermere Parish Register, 1613-28.
79. Henry Brierley and R. N. Birley (eds), The registers of Kendal, Westmorland (1921-52).
80. Phillips, 'Westmorland', p. 12.
81. TNA, SP 16/338/7, nos 9 and 40.
82. For north-south migration see: A. L. Beier, Masterless men: the vagrancy problem in England, 1560- 1640 (1985), pp. 32-7.
83. W. Farrer and John F. Curwen (eds), Records relating to the Barony of Kendale (4 vols, 1924), II, pp. 1-80
84. TNA, SC 2/207/121-2, SC 2/207/111.
85. Peter Spufford, 'Population movement in seventeenth-century England', Local Population Stud. 4 (1970), pp. 46-7
86. Peter Laslett and John Harrison, 'Clayworth and Cogenhoe', in H. E. Bell and R. L. Ollard, Historical essays 1600-1750, presented to David Ogg (1963), pp. 174, 177.
87. Appleby, Famine, p. 52.
88. Ibid., pp. 57-8.
89. The principal rentals used here are as follows: 1300s: Farrer and Curwen, Records, II, pp. 1-84
90. 1574: TNA, E 178/3130
91. 1619 and 1665: TNA, LR 13/5/1-2
92. 1738: TNA, SC 12/33/1-2. There is also a Commonwealth survey from 1650, but this does not distinguish between types of tenure, and so has been excluded from this study, TNA SC 12/31/16-17
93. for further rentals see: Healey, 'Agrarian social structure', p. 79, n. 34.
94. In addition to the rentals, I have used lists of tenants from 1560 in Farrer and Curwen, Records, II, pp. 11, 25-6, 35-6, 48-50, 76-9, and lists of greenhew payments from 1441-43, 1596 and 1597: TNA, SC 2/207/121-2, LR 11/3/68, and 1604: TNA, SC 2/207/111.
95. Farrer and Curwen, Records, II, pp. 1-3, 20-2, 30-1, 40-1, 58-61.
96. Appleby, Famine, p. 32.
97. Healey, 'Agrarian social structure', pp. 81-3.
98. Appleby, Famine, p. 56.
99. G. P. Jones, 'The decline of the yeomanry in the Lake Counties', CW 2 62 (1962), p. 203.
100. Farrer and Curwen, Records, II, 14n;
101. Winchester, Harvest, pp. 78-102.
102. A point noted in relation to the thirteenth century, Angus J. L. Winchester, Landscape and society in medieval Cumbria (1987), p. 64.
103. E 134/23Eliz/East7.
104. Kevin Baverstock and Suzanne Tiplady, 'Gated trackways between common land and in-bye land within Satterthwaite parish', CW 3 9 (2009), p. 94.
105. TNA, E 178/2381.
106. Robert. S. Dilley, 'The customary acre: an indeterminate measure', AgHR 23 (1975), p. 176.
107. Healey, 'Agrarian social structure', pp. 79-80.
108. TNA, CRES 40/19A, no. 6, pp. 24-6.
109. Watts and Watts, From Border to Middle Shire, p. 165.
110. Appleby, Famine, pp. 34-6, 59-62.
111. Winchester, Harvest, p. 69.
112. TNA, E 134/23Eliz/East3, Deposition of Thomas Richardson of Grasmere, 1581.
113. Winchester, Landscape, p. 84.
114. Winchester, Harvest, pp. 68-72
115. Baverstock and Tiplady, 'Gated trackways', p. 94.
116. Winchester, Harvest, p. 69
117. TNA, E 134/32Eliz/Hil4
118. Margaret A. Parsons, 'Pasture farming in Troutbeck, Westmorland, 1550-1750, CW 2 93 (1993), pp. 115-30.
119. TNA, E 134/34Eliz/East13, deposition of William Matson of Undermillbeck, 1592.
120. TNA, E 178/2381. There were 68 enclosures, most of less than an acre in Undermillbeck, and around 61 in Langdale, the return being badly faded and in parts illegible.
121. TNA, E 134/23Eliz/East7, Deposition of Thomas Richardson of Grasmere, 1581
122. E 178/2381.
123. Victor Skipp, Crisis and development: an ecological study of the Forest of Arden, 1570-1674 (1978), pp. 41-2
124. J. Thirsk (ed.), The Agrarian history of England and Wales, IV (1967), pp. 10-11, 13, 409
125. John Porter, 'A forest in transition: Bowland, 1500-1650', Trans. of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 125 (1974), 45-8;
126. John Porter, 'Waste land reclamation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: the case of south-eastern Bowland, 1550-1630', Trans. of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 127 (1977), p. 9.
127. Appleby, Famine, pp. 36-7.
128. See Winchester, Harvest, pp. 68-71.
129. Appleby, Famine, pp. 50-3.
130. 23 Eliz. c. 1;
131. Watts and Watts, From Border to Middle Shire, pp. 30-1.
132. Appleby, Famine, p. 53.
133. E 134/30Eliz/East3, Deposition of Leonard Benson of Ambleside, 1588
134. cf. TNA, DL 44/398
135. Thomas West, The antiquities of Furness (1774), p. 226.
136. CRO (K), WD/TE, Book XI, fol. 23r.
137. The antiquarian S. H. Scott was certain that the bylaw dated to Henry's reign: S. H. Scott, A Westmorland village: the story of the old homesteads and 'statesman' families of Troutbeck by Windermere (1904), pp. 255-6.
138. Winchester, Harvest, pp. 152-9.
139. Cumbria RO (Carlisle) [hereafter CRO (C)], D/Lons/L5/2/11/291.
140. E.g. Eric Kerridge, Agrarian problems in the sixteenth century and after (1969), pp. 48-53
141. R. W. Hoyle and H. R. French, The character of English rural society: Earls Colne, 1550-1750 (2007), pp. 251-92.
142. Appleby, Famine, p. 63.
143. Winchester, Harvest, p. 39.
144. Farrer and Curwen, Records, II, pp. 104-5. There were 22 such fines in 1596 and 20 in 1597, for example: TNA, LR 11/3/68.
145. The 1560 figures are from Farrer and Curwen, Records, II, pp. 50-1, 79
146. TNA, LR 3/76/898; LR 11/3/61- 2, 64-5
147. LR 11/4/74-8;
148. LR 11/58/834
149. LR 11/79/908c; SC 2/207/100, 102-3, 107-8, 111, 114-15, 117, 120.
150. TNA, SC 2/207/122
151. Mary L. Armitt, Rydal (1916), p. 106n.
152. Jane Whittle, 'Lords and tenants in Kett's rebellion, 1549', Past and Present 207 (2010), pp. 40-1.
153. Appleby, 'Agrarian capitalism', p. 579.
154. Appleby, Famine, p. 4.