Plant stress physiology: Physiological and biochemical strategies allowing plants/crops to thrive under ionic stress

Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 1051-1093

  Koyro, Hans Werner ^a   Geissler, N ^a   Seenivasan, R ^b   Huchzermeyer, Bernhard ^c  

^a JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b VIT UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861814442     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (285)

1. Adler, K., Arkona, C., Manteuffel, R., and Süss, K.-H. 1993. Electron-microscopic localization of chloroplast proteins by immuno-gold labeling on cryo-embedded spinach leaves. Cell Biol. Int. 17: 213-220.
2. Alamgir, A.N.M. and Ali, M.Y. 1999. Effect of salinity on leaf pigments, sugar and protein concentrations and chloroplast ATPase activity of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Bangladesh J. Bot. 28: 145-149.
3. AliDinar, H.M., Ebert, G., and Ludders, P. 1999. Growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and water relations in guava (Psidium guajava L.) under salinity and different nitrogen supply. Gartenbauwissenschaft 64: 54-59.
4. Allakhverdiev, S.I., Sakamoto, A., Nishiyama, Y., Inaba, M., and Murata, N. 2000. Ionic and osmotic effects of NaCl-induced inactivation of photosystems I and II in Synechococcus sp. Plant Physiol. 123: 1047-1056.
5. Allen, J.F. 1992. Protein phosphorylation in regulation of photosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1098: 275-335.
6. Allen, J.F. 2002. Plastoquinone redox control of chloroplast thylakoid protein phosphorylation and distribution of excitation energy between photosystems: Discovery, background, implications. Photosynth. Res. 73: 139-148.
7. Allen, J.F. and Bennett, J. 1981. Photosynthetic protein phosphorylation in intact chloroplasts. Inhibition by DCMU and by the onset of CO2-fixation. FEBS Lett. 123: 67-70.
8. Allen, J.F. and Forsberg, J. 2001. Molecular recognition in thylakoid structure and function. Trends Plant Sci. 6: 317-326.
9. Allnutt, F.C.T., Dilley, R.A., and Kelly, T. 1989. Effect of high KCl concentrations on membrane localized metastable proton buffering domains in thylakoids. Photosynth. Res. 20: 161-172.
10. Andrews, J.T. and Whitney, S.M. 2003. Manipulating ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in the chloroplasts of higher plants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 414: 159-169.
11. Apse, M.P. and Blumwald, E. 2002. Engineering salt tolerance in plants. Curr. Opinions Biotech. 13: 146-150.
12. Ashihara, H., Adachi, K., Otawa, M., Yasumoto, E., Fukushima, Y., Kato, M., Sano, H., Sasamoto, H., and Baba, S. 1997. Compatible solutes and inorganic ions in the mangrove plant Avicennia marina and their effects on activities of enzymes. Z. Naturforsch. 52c: 433-440.
13. Ashraf, M. 1999. Breeding for salinity tolerance proteins in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 13: 17-42.
14. Ashraf, M. and Harris, P.J.C. 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci. 166: 3-16.
15. Ashraf, M. and O'Leary, J.W. 1996. Effect of drought stress on growth, water relations, and gas exchange of two lines of sunflower differing in degree of salt tolerance. Int. J. Plant Sci. 157: 729-732.
16. Azaizeh, H. and Steudle, E. 1991. Effects of salinity on water transport of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Plant Physiol. 97: 1136-1145.
17. Badawi, G.H., Yamauchi, Y., Shimada, E., Sasaki, R., Kawano, N., Tanaka, K., and Tanaka, K. 2004. Enhanced tolerance to salt stress and water deficit by overexpressing superoxide dismutase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) chloroplasts. Plant Sci. 166: 919-928.
18. Baena-González, E. and Sheen, J. 2008. Convergent energy and stress signaling. Trend Plant Sci. 13: 474-482.
19. Beckers, G.J.M., Jaskiewicz, M., Liu, Y., Underwood, W.R., He, S.Y., Zhang, S., and Conrath, U. 2009. Mitogen-activated protein kinases 3 and 6 are required for full priming of stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 21: 944-953.
20. Benavides, M.P., Marconi, P.L., Gallego, S.M., Comba, M.E., and Tomaro, M.L. 2000. Relationship between antioxidant defence systems and salt tolerance in Solanum tuberosum. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 27: 273-278.
21. Bhattacharya, R.C., Maheswari, M., Dineshkumar, V., Kirti, P.B., Bhat, S.R., and Chopra, V.L. 2004. Transformation of Brassica oleracea var. capitata with bacterial betA gene enhances tolerance to salt stress. Sci. Hort. 100: 215-227.
22. Boekema, E., Fromme, P., and Gräber, P. 1988. On the structure of the ATP-synthase from chloroplasts. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92: 1031-1036.
23. Bohnert, H.J. and Jensen, R.G. 1996. Strategies for engineering water stress tolerance in plants. Trends Biotechol. 14: 89-97.
24. Bohnert, H.J., Nelson, D.E., and Jensen, R.G. 1995. Adaptations to environmental stresses. Plant Cell 7: 1099-1111.
25. Borsani, O., Valpuesta, V., and Botella, M.A. 2003. Developing salt tolerant plants in a new century: A molecular biology approach. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 73: 101-115.
26. Boström, M., Williams, D.R.M., and Ninham, B.W. 2003. Specific ion effects: Why the properties of lysozyme in salt solutions follow a Hofmeister series. Biophys. J. 85: 686-694.
27. Bourque, D.P., McMillan, P.N., Clingenpeel, W.J., and Naylor, A.W. 1975. Ultrastructural effects of water stress on chloroplast development in Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC). Plant Physiol. 56: 160-163.
28. Boyer, P.D. 2000. Catalytic site forms and controls in ATP synthase catalysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1458: 252-262.
29. Bowler, C., Slooten, L., Vandenbranden, S., De Rycke, R., Botteman, J., Sybesma, C., Van Montague, M., and Inze, D. 1991. Manganese superoxide dismutase can induce cellular damage mediated by oxygen radicals in transgenic plants. EMBO J. 10: 1723-1732.
30. Breckle, S.-W. 2002. Salinity, halophytes and salt affected natural ecosystems. In: Läuchli, A. and Lüttge, U. (eds.), Salinity: Environment-Plants-Molecules, pp. 53-77. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
31. Chaves, M.M., Flexas, J., and Pinheiro, C. 2009. Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: Regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann. Bot. 103: 551-560.
32. Chang, H., Siegel, B.Z., and Siegel, S.M. 1984. Salinity induced changes in isoperoxidase in taro, Colocasia esculenta. Phytochemistry 23: 233-235.
33. Chaudhuri, K. and Choudhuri, M.A. 1997. Effect of short-term NaCl stress on water relations and gas exchange of two jute species. Biol. Plant. 40: 373-380.
34. Chen, G. and Asada, K. 1989. Ascorbate peroxidase in tea leaves: Occurrence of two isoenzymes and the differences in their enzymatic and molecular properties. Plant Cell Physiol. 30: 987-998.
35. Chen, Z. and Gallie, D.R. 2006. Dehydroascorbate reductase affects leaf growth, development, and function. Plant Physiol. 142: 775-787.
36. Chung, J.S., Zhu, J.K., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M., and Shi, H. 2008. Reactive oxygen species mediate Na+-induced SOS1 mRNA stability in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 53: 554-565.
37. Conklin, P.L., Williams, E.H., and Last, R.L. 1996. Environmental stress sensitivity of an ascorbic aciddeficient Arabidopsis mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 9970-9974.
38. Cramer, G.R. 2003. Differential effects of salinity on leaf elongation kinetics of three grass species. Plant Soil 253: 233-244.
39. Crowe, J.H., Hoekstra, F.A., and Crowe, C.M. 1992. Anhydrobiosis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 54: 579-599.
40. Davies, J.M. 1997. Vacuolar energization: Pumps, shunts and stress. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 633-641.
41. Demmig-Adams, B. and Adams III, W.W. 1996. The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. 1: 21-26.
42. Dhindsa, R.S. and Matowe, W. 1981. Drought tolerance in two mosses: Correlated with enzymatic defense against lipid peroxidation. J. Exp. Bot. 32: 79-91.
43. Dubey, R.S. and Singh, A.K. 1999. Salinity induces accumulation of soluble sugars alters the activity of sugar metabolizing enzymes in rice plants. Biol. Plant. 42: 233-239.
44. Durrant, W.E. and Dong, X. 2004. Systemic acquired resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42: 185-209.
45. Elshintinawy, F. and Elshourbagy, M.N. 2001. Alleviation of changes in protein metabolism in NaCl-stressed wheat seedlings by thiamine. Biol. Plant. 44: 541-545.
46. Elstner, E.F. 1987. Metabolism of activated oxygen species. In: Davies, D.D. (ed.), The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. II (Biochemistry of Metabolism), pp. 252-315. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
47. Ericson, J., Freudenberger, M., and Boege, E. 1999. Population dynamics, migration, and the future of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Washington, DC. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
48. Evans, L.T. 2005. Is crop improvement still needed?. J. Crop Improv. 14: 1-7.
49. Fahnenstich, H., Scarpeci, T.E., Valle, E.M., Flügge, U.-I., and Maurino, V.G. 2008. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis overexpressing glycolate oxidas as an inducible system to study oxidative stress. Plant Physiol. 148: 719-729.
50. Fidalgo F., Santos A., Santos I., and Salema, R. 2004. Effect of long-term salt stress on antioxidant defense system, leaf water relations and chloroplast ultra-structure of potato plant. Ann. Appl. Biol. 145: 185-192.
51. Field, T.S., Lee, D.W., and Holbrook, N.M. 2001. Why leaves turn red in autumn: The role of anthocyanins in senescing leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood. Plant Physiol. 127: 566-574.
52. Flowers, T.J. and Colmer, T.D. 2008. Salinity tolerance of halophytes. New Phytol. 179: 945-963.
53. Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F., and Yeo, A.R. 1977. The mechanisms of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28: 89-121.
54. Flowers, T.J., Garcia, A., Koyama, M., and A.R. Yeo. 1997. Breeding for salt tolerance in crop plants-The role of molecular biology. Acta Physiol. Plant. 19: 427-433.
55. Ford, C.W. 1984. Accumulation of low molecular solutes in water stressed tropical legumes. Phytochemistry 23: 1007-1015.
56. Foyer, C.H., Bloom, A.J., Queval, G., and Noctor, G. 2009. Photorespiratory metabolism: Genes, mutants, energetics, and redox signaling. Annu Rev. Plant Biol. 60: 455-488.
57. Fridovich, I. 1986. Biological effects of the superoxide radical. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 247: 1-11.
58. Gao, Z.F., Sagi, M., and Lips, S.H. 1998. Carbohydrate metabolism in leaves and assimilate partitioning in fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) as affected by salinity. Plant Sci. 135: 149-159.
59. Geissler, N., Hussin, S., and Koyro, H.W. 2009. Interactive effects of NaCl salinity and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and chemical composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Aster tripolium L. Environ. Exp. Bot. 65: 220-231.
60. Geissler, N., Hussin, S., and Koyro, H.W. 2009. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ameliorates effects of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and leaf structure of Aster tripolium L. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 137-151.
61. Genty, B., Briantais, J.M., and Baker, N.R. 1989. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron-transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 990: 87-92.
62. Gerendás, J. and Sattelmacher, B. 2002. Dynamics of H+ fluxes in the plant apoplast. In: Rengel, Z. (ed.), Handbook of Plant Growth, pp. 262-306. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
63. Gibson, S.I. 2000. Plant sugar-response pathways. Part of a complex regulatory web. Plant Physiol. 124: 1532-1539.
64. Gleick, P.H. 1994. Water, war, and peace in the Middle East. Environment 36: 7-41.
65. Gleick, P.H. 1998. Water in crisis: Paths to sustainable water use. Ecol. Appl. 8: 571-579.
66. Gleick, P.H. 2000. The World's Water 2000-2001. The Biennal Report on Freshwater Resources. Island Press, Washington, DC.
67. Glenn, E.P., Brown, J., and O'Leary, J.W. 1998. Irrigating crops with seawater. Sci. Am. 279: 76-81.
68. Gossett, D.R., Millhollon, E.P., and Lucas, M.C. 1994. Antioxidant response to NaCl stress in salt tolerant and salt sensitive cultivars of cotton. Crop Sci. 34: 706-714.
69. Greenway, H. and Munns, R. 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31: 149-190.
70. Groth, G., Mills, D.A., Christiansen, E., Richter, M.L., and Huchzermeyer, B. 2000. Characterization of a phosphate binding domain on the a subunit of chloroplast ATP synthase using the photoaffinity phosphate analog 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl phosphate. Biochemistry 39: 13781-13787.
71. Gudesblat, G.E., Iusem, N.D., and Morris, P.C. 2007. Guard cell-specific inhibition of Arabidopsis MAPK3 expression causes abnormal stomatal responses to abscisic acid and hydrogen peroxide. New Phytol. 173: 713-721.
72. Gueta-Dahan, Y., Yaniv, Z., Zilinskas, B.A., and Ben-Hayyim, G. 1997. Salt and oxidative stress: Similar specific responses and their relation to salt tolerance in Citrus. Planta 203: 460-469.
73. Gupta, A.S., Heinen, J.L., Holaday, A.S., Burke, J.J., and Allen, R.D. 1993. Increased resistance to oxidative stress in transgenic plants that overexpress chloroplastic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 1629-1633.
74. Gupta, A.S., Webb, R.P., Holaday, A.S., and Allen, R.D. 1993. Overexpression of superoxide dismutase protects plants from oxidative stress: Induction of ascorbate peroxidase in superoxide dismutase-overexpressing plants. Plant Physiol. 103: 1067-1073.
75. Hagemann, M. and Murata, N. 2003. Glucosylglycerol, a compatible solute, sustains cell division under salt stress. Plant Physiol. 131: 1628-1637.
76. Halliwell, B. 1982. The toxic effects of oxygen on plant tissues. In: Oberly, L.W. (ed.), Superoxide Dismutase, vol. I, pp. 89-123. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
77. Halliwell, B. 1987. Oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant protection in chloroplasts. Chem. Phys. Lipids 44: 327-340.
78. Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. 1986. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford University Press, London, U.K.
79. Han, N., Shao, Q., Lu, C.-M., and Wang, B.-S. 2005. The leaf tonoplast V-H+-ATPase activity of a C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa is enhanced by salt stress in a Ca-dependent mode. J. Plant Physiol. 162: 267-274.
80. Harper, D.B. and Harvey, B.M.R. 1978. Mechanisms of paraquat tolerance in perennial ryegrass. II. Role of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Plant Cell Environ. 1: 211-215.
81. Hasegawa, P.M., Bressan, R.A., Zhu, J.K., and Bohnert, H.J. 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51: 463-499.
82. Hassan, H.M. and Fridovich, I. 1979. Intracellular production of superoxide radicals and of hydrogen peroxide by redox active compounds. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 196: 385-395.
83. Havaux, M., Dall'Osto, L., and Bassi, R. 2007. Zeaxanthin has enhanced antioxidant capacity with respect to all other xanthophylls in Arabidopsis leaves and functions independent of binding to PSII antennae. Plant Physiol. 145: 1506-1520.
84. Heintze, A., Görlach, J., Leuschner, C., Hoppe, P., Hagelstein, P., Schulze-Siebert, D., and Schultz, G. 1990. Plastidic isoprenoid synthesis during chloroplast development. Change from metabolic autonomy to a division-of-labor stage. Plant Physiol. 93: 1121-1127.
85. Hernandez, J.A., Olmos, E., Corpas, F.J., Sevilla, F., and del Rio, L.A. 1995. Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of pea plants. Plant Sci. 105: 151-167.
86. Hesse, H., Jank-Ladwig, R., and Strotmann, H. 1976. On the reconstitution of photophosphorylation in CF1- extracted chloroplasts. Z. Naturforsch. 31c: 445-451.
87. Hoai, N.T.T., Shim, I.S., Kobayashi, K., and Usui, K. 2003. Accumulation of some nitrogen compounds in response to salt stress and their relationships with salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Plant Growth Regul. 41: 159-164.
88. Holland, D., Ben-Haryyim, G., Faltin, Z., Camoin, L., Strosberg, A.D., and Eshdat, Y. 1993. Molecular characterization of salt-stress-associated protein in citrus: Protein and cDNA sequence homology to mammalian glutathione peroxidase. Plant Mol. Biol. 21: 923-927.
89. Homeyer, U., Litek, K., Huchzermeyer, B., and Schultz, G. 1989. Uptake of phenylalanine into isolated barley vacuoles is driven by both tonoplast adenosine triphosphatase and pyrophosphatase. Evidence for a hydrophobic L-amino acid carrier system. Plant Physiol. 89: 1388-1393.
90. Horton, P. 2000. Prospects for crop improvement through the genetic manipulation of photosynthesis: Morphological and biochemical aspects of light capture. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 475-485.
91. Horton, P. and Foyer, C. 1983. Relationship between protein phosphorylation and electron transport in the reconstituted chloroplast system. Biochem. J. 210: 517-521.
92. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V., and Walters, R.G. 1996. Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 665-684.
93. Hose, E., Clarkson, D.T., Steudle, E., Schreiber, L., and Hartung, W. 2001. The exodermis: A variable apoplastic barrier. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 2245-2264.
94. Huchzermeyer, B. 2000. Biochemical principles of salt tolerance. In: Lieth, H. (ed.), Sustainable Halophyte Utilization in the Mediterranean and Subtropical Dry Regions, pp. 130-133. University of Osnabrück Publication, Osnabrück, Germany.
95. Huchzermeyer, B. and Heins, T. 2000. Energy metabolism and salt stress. In: Lieth, H. and Moschenko, M. (eds.), INCO-DC Annual Report, pp. 48-73. University of Osnabrück Publication, Osnabrück, Germany.
96. Huchzermeyer, B. and Koyro, H.-W. 2005. Salt and drought stress effects on photosynthesis. Enzyme cohesion and high turn over metabolite shuttling, essential for functioning of pathways, is impaired by changes in cytosolic water potential. In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.), Handbook of Photosynthesis, 2nd edn., pp. 751-777. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
97. Huchzermeyer, B. and Löhr, A. 1984. Interrelation of photosynthetic electron transport, proton transport, and nucleotide binding. ICSU Short Rep. 2: 375-376.
98. Huchzermeyer, B. and Löhr, A. 1990. Diphenylether herbicides, a tool in elucidating the mechanism of photophosphorylation. Z. Naturforsch. 45c: 552-557.
99. Huchzermeyer, B. and Strotmann, H. 1977. Acid/base-induced exchange of adenine nucleotides on chloroplast coupling factor (CF1). Z. Naturforsch. 32c: 803-809.
100. Huchzermeyer, B. and Willms, I. 1985. Regulation of coupling factor activities by some component of chloroplast electron transport system. ICSU Short Rep. 3: 318-319.
101. Huchzermeyer, B., Löhr, A., and Willms, I. 1986. A direct interaction between photosystem I and the chloroplast coupling factor. Biochem. J. 234: 217-220.
102. Huchzermeyer, B., Hausmann, N., Paquet-Durant, F., and Koyro, H.-W. 2004. Biochemical and physiological mechanisms leading to salt tolerance. Trop. Ecol. 45: 141-150.
103. Imlay, J.A. and Linn, S. 1988. DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Science 240: 1302-1309.
104. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate change 2007. Synthesis report. www.ipcc. ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf
105. Isla, R., Royo, A., and Aragues, R. 1997. Field screening of barley cultivars to soil salinity using a sprinkler and a drip irrigation. Plant Soil 197: 105-117.
106. Iyengar, E.R.R. and Reddy, M.P. 1996. Photosynthesis in highly salt tolerant plants. In: Pesserakli, M. (ed.), Handbook of Photosynthesis, pp. 897-909. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
107. Janda, T., Szalai, G., Tari, I., and Páladi, E. 1999. Hydroponic treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of chilling injury in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Planta 208: 175-180.
108. Jansen, M.A.K., Mattoo, A.K., and Edelmann, M. 2001. D1-D2 protein degradation in the chloroplast. Eur. J. Biochem. 260: 527-532.
109. Johnson, M.P., Pérez-Bueno, M., Zia, A., Horton, P., and Ruban, A.V. 2009. The zeaxanthin-independent and zeaxanthin-dependent qE components of nonphotochemical quenching involve common conformational changes within the photosystem II antenna in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 149: 1061-1075.
110. Kao, W.Y., Tsai, H.C., and Tsai, T.T. 2001. Effect of NaCl and nitrogen availability on growth and photosynthesis of seedlings of a mangrove species, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. J. Plant Physiol. 158: 841-846.
111. Kawasaki, S., Borchert, C., Deyholos, M., Wang, H., Brazille, S., Kawai, K., Galbraith, D., and Bohnert, H.J. Gene expression profiles during the initial phase of salt stress in rice. Plant Cell 13: 889-905.
112. Kebeish, R., Niessen, M., Thiruveedhi, K., Bari, R., Hirsch, H.-J., Rosenkranz, R., Stäbler, N., Schönfeld, B., Kreuzaler, F., and Peterhänsel, C. 2007. Chloroplastic photorespiratory bypass increases photosynthesis and biomass production in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat. Biotech. 25: 593-599.
113. Keiper, F.J., Chen, D.M., and De Filippis, L.F. 1998. Respiratory, photosynthetic and ultrastructural changes accompanying salt adaptation in culture of Eucalyptus microcorys. J. Plant Physiol. 152: 564-573.
114. Kennedy, B.F. and De Fillippis, L.F. 1999. Physiological and oxidative response to NaCl of the salt tolerant Grevillea ilicifolia and the salt sensitive Grevillea arenaria. J. Plant Physiol. 155: 746-754.
115. Keren, N., Berg, A., Van Kan, P.J.M., Levanon, H., and Ohad, I. 1997. Mechanism of photosystem II photoinactivation and D1 protein degradation at low light: The role of back electron flow. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1579-1584.
116. Kerpesi, I. and Galiba, G. 2000. Osmotic and salt stress induced alteration in soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seedlings. Crop Sci. 40: 482-487.
117. Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A., Showalter, A.M., and Dewald, H.D. 1998. NaCl-induced accumulation of glycinebetaine in four subtropical halophytes from Pakistan. Physiol. Plant. 102: 487-492.
118. Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A., and Showalter, A.M. 1999. Effects of salinity on growth, ion content, and osmotic relations in Halopyrum mocoronatum (L.) Stapf. J. Plant Nutr. 22: 191-204.
119. Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A., and Showalter, A.M. 2000. Effects of sodium chloride treatments on growth and ion accumulation of the halophyte Haloxylon recurvum. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anat. 31: 2763-2774.
120. Khatkar, D. and Kuhad, M.S. 2000. Short-term salinity induced changes in two wheat cultivars at different growth stages. Biol. Plant 43: 629-632.
121. Khavarinejad, R.A. and Mostofi, Y. 1998. Effects of NaCl on photosynthetic pigments, saccharides, and chloroplast ultra structure in leaves of tomato cultivars. Photosynthetica 35: 151-154.
122. Kinzel, H. 1982. Pflanzenökologie und Mineralstoffwechsel. Eugen Ulmer Publication, Stuttgart, Germany.
123. Klages, K., Boldingh, H., and Smith, G.S. 1999. Accumulation of myoinositol in Actinidia seedlings subjected to salt stress. Ann. Bot. 84: 521-527.
124. Kohler, A., Schwindling, S., and Conrath, U. 2002. Benzothiazole-induced priming for potentiated responses to pathogen infection, wounding, and infiltration of water into leaves requires the NPR1/NIM1 gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 128: 1046-1056.
125. Kovtun, Y., Chiu, W.L., Tena, G., and Sheen, J. 2000. Functional analysis of oxidative stress-activated mitogenactivated protein kinase cascade in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 2940-2945.
126. Koyro, H.-W. 2000. Untersuchungen zur Anpassung der Wildrübe (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) an Trockenstreß oder NaCl-Salinität. Habilitation, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
127. Koyro, H.-W. 2002. Ultrastructural effects of salinity in higher plants. In: Läuchli, A. and Lüttge, U. (eds.), Salinity: Environment-Plants-Molecules, pp. 139-157. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
128. Koyro, H.-W. and Huchzermeyer, B. 1997. The physiological response of Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima to sea water irrigation. In: Lieth, H., Hamdy, A., and Koyro, H.-W. (eds.), Water Management, Salinity and Pollution Control towards Sustainable Irrigation in the Mediterranean Region. Salinity Problems and Halophyte Use, pp. 29-50. Tecnomack, Bari, Italy.
129. Koyro, H.-W. and Huchzermeyer, B. 1999. Influence of high NaCl-salinity on growth, water and osmotic relations of the halophyte Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Development of a quick check. In: Progress in Biometeorology, vol. 13, pp. 87-101. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
130. Koyro, H.-W. and Huchzermeyer, B. 1999. Salt and drought stress effects on metabolic regulation in maize. In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, 2nd edn., pp. 843-878. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
131. Koyro, H.-W. and Huchzermeyer, B. 2004a. Ecophysiological needs of the potential biomass crop Spartina townsendii GROV. Trop. Ecol. 45: 123-139.
132. Koyro, H.-W. and Huchzermeyer, B. 2004b. Ecophysiological mechanisms leading to salinity tolerance- Screening of cashcrop halophytes. Recent Res. Dev. Plant Sci. 1: 187-207.
133. Koyro, H.-W. and Huchzermeyer, B. 2005. Recent developments in stress tolerance breeding in maize. In: Ashraf, M. and Harris, P.J.C. (eds.), Abiotic Stresses: Plant Resistance through Breeding and Molecular Approaches, Chap. 15, pp. 545-576. Food Products Press, the Haworth Press Inc., New York.
134. Koyro H.-W. and Lieth, L. 1998. In: Lieth, H. (ed.), Salinity Conversion Table, 2nd enlarged edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Osnabrück, Germany. ISSN 09336-3114.
135. Koyro, H.-W. and Stelzer, R. 1988. Ion concentrations in the cytoplasm and vacuoles of rhizodermal cells from NaCl treated Sorghum, Spartina and Puccinellia plants. J. Plant Physiol. 133: 441-446.
136. Koyro, H.-W., Wegmann, L., Lehmann, H., and Lieth, H. 1997. Physiological mechanisms and morphological adaptation of Laguncularia racemosa to high salinity. In Lieth, H., Hamdy, A., and Koyro, H.-W. (eds.), Water Management, Salinity and Pollution Control towards Sustainable Irrigation in the Mediterranean Region: Salinity Problems and Halophyte Use, pp. 51-78. Tecnomack Publication, Bari, Italy.
137. Koyro, H.-W., Wegmann, L., Lehmann, H., and Lieth, H. 1999. Adaptation of the mangrove Laguncularia racemosa to high NaCl salinity. In: Lieth, H., Moschenko, M., Lohmann, M., Koyro, H.-W., and Hamdy, A. (eds.), Progress in Biometeorology, vol. 13, pp. 41-62. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
138. Koyro, H.-W., Geißler, N., Hussin, S., and Huchzermeyer, B. 2009. Survival at extreme locations: Life strategies of halophytes; salinity and water stress. In: Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M., and Athar, H.R. (eds.), Improving Crop Efficiency. Task for Vegetation Science 44, p. 245, Springer, the Dordrecht, Germany, ISBN: 978-1-4020-9064-6.
139. Kozaki A. and Takeba, G. 1996. Photorespiration protects C3 plants from photooxidation. Nature 384: 557-560.
140. Kuhn, M. and Böger, P. 1990. Studies on the light-induced loss of the D1 protein in Photosystem-II membrane fragments. Photosynth. Res. 23: 291-296.
141. Kumar, R.G., Shah, K., and Dubey, R.S. 2000. Salinity induced behavioral changes in malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in rice seedlings of differing salt tolerance. Plant Sci. 156: 23-34.
142. Kurban, H., Saneoka, H., Nehira, K., Adilla, R., Premachandra, G.S., and Fujita, K. 1999. Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis and mineral composition in leguminous plant Alhagi pseudoalhagi (Bieb.). Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 45: 851-862.
143. Läuchli, A. 1999. Potassium interactions in crop plants. In: Oosterhuis, D.M. and Berkowitz, G.A. (eds.), Frontiers in Potassium Nutrition. New Perspectives on the Effects of Potassium on Physiology of Plants, pp. 71-76. Marcel Dekker, New York.
144. Laible, P.D., Zipfel, W., and Owens, T.G. 1994. Excited state dynamics in chlorophyll-based antennae: The role of transfer equilibrium. Biophys. J. 66: 844-860.
145. Lam, E. and Malkin, R. 1989. Lateral distribution and diffusion of plastocyanin in chloroplast thylakoids. J. Cell Biol. 108: 1397-1405.
146. Larcher, W. 2003. Physiological Plant Ecology, 4th edn. Springer-Verlag Telos, New York.
147. Laszlo, J.A., Baker, G.M., and Dilley, R.A. 1984. Nonequilibration of membrane-associated protons with the internal aqueous space in dark-maintained chloroplast thylakoids. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 1: 37-51.
148. Lawlor, D.W. 2002. Limitation to photosynthesis in water-stressed leaves: Stomata vs. metabolism and the role of ATP. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 89: 871-885.
149. Lawlor, D.W. and Fock, H. 1978. Photosynthesis, respiration and carbon assimilation in water-stressed maize at two oxygen concentrations. J. Exp. Bot. 29: 579-593.
150. Lea, P.J. and Miflin, B.J. 1974. An alternative route for nitrogen assimilation in plants. Nature 251: 680-685.
151. Lee, D.H., Kim, Y.S., and Lee, C.B. 2001. The inductive responses of the antioxidant enzymes by salt stress in the rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Plant Physiol. 158: 737-745.
152. Lee, G., Carrow, R.N., and Duncan, R.R. 2004. Photosynthetic responses to salinity stress of halophytic seashore paspalum ecotypes. Plant Sci. 166: 1417-1425.
153. Leigh, R. 1997. The solute composition of the vacuoles. Adv. Bot. Res. 25: 253-295.
154. Li, X.P., Björlmann, O., Shih, C., Grossmann, A.R., Rosenquist, M., Jansson, S., and Niyogi, K.K. 2000. A pigment binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Nature 403: 391-395.
155. Li, X.P., Gilmore, A.M., Caffari, S., Bassi, R., Golan, T., Kramer, D, and Niyogi, K.K. 2004. Regulation of light harvesting involves intrathylakoid lumen pH sensing by the PsbS protein. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 22866-22874.
156. Lieth, H. 1999. Development of crops and other useful plants from halophytes. In: Lieth, H., Moschenko, M., Lohmann, M., Koyro, H.-W., and Hamdy, A. (eds.), Halophytes Uses in Different Climates, Ecological and Ecophysiological Studies, pp. 1-18. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
157. Lieth, U. and Menzel, U. 1999. Halophyte database Vers. 2. In: Lieth, H., Moschenko, M., Lohmann, M., Koyro, H.-W., and Hamdy, A. (eds.), Halophytes Uses in Different Climates, Ecological and Ecophysiological Studies, pp. 159-258. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
158. Lillo, C. 2004. Light regulation of nitrate uptake, assimilation and metabolism. Plant Ecophysiol. 3: 149-184.
159. Löhr, A. and Huchzermeyer, B. 1985. Regulation of photosynthetic efficiency by some component of chloroplast electron transport chain. ICSU Short Rep. 3: 332-333.
160. Löhr, A., Willms, I., and Huchzermeyer, B. 1985. A regulatory effect of the electron transport chain on the ATP synthase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 236: 832-840.
161. Lu, C.M. and Zhang, J.H. 1999. Effects of salt stress on PSII function and photoinhibition in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. J. Plant Physiol. 155: 740-745.
162. Lu, C., Qiu, N., Lu, Q., Wang, B., and Kuang, T. 2002. Does salt stress lead to increased susceptibility of photosystem II to photoinhibition and changes in photosynthetic pigment composition in the halophyte Suaeda salsa grown outdoors?. Plant Sci. 163: 1063-1068.
163. Lunn, J.E. 2007. Compartmentation in plant metabolism. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 35-47.
164. Lutts, S., Majerus, V., and Kinet, J.M. 1999. NaCl effects on proline metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 105: 450-458.
165. Lynch, J., Thiel, G., and Läuchli, A. 1988. Effects of salinity on the extensibility and Ca availability in the expanding region of growing barley leaves. Bot. Acta 101: 355-361.
166. Ma, F., Chen, X.-B., Sang, M., Wang, P., Zhang, J.-P., Li, L.-B., and Kuang, T.-Y. 2009. Singlet oxygen formation and chlorophyll a triplet excited state deactivation in cytochrome b6f complex from Bryopsis corticulans. Photosynth. Res. 100: 19-28.
167. Malkin, S. and Braun, G. 1993. The degree of functional separation between the two photosystems in isolated thylakoid membranes deduced from inhibition studies of the imbalance in photoactivities. Photosynth. Res. 36: 89-94.
168. Mansour, M.M.F. 2000. Nitrogen containing compounds and adaptation of plants to salinity stress. Biol. Plant. 43: 491-500.
169. Marcum, K.B. 1999. Salinity tolerance mechanisms of grasses in the subfamily Chloridoideae. Crop Sci. 39: 1153-1160.
170. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, London, U.K.
171. Matsubara, S., Gilmore, A.M., and Osmond, C.B. 2001. Diurnal and acclimatory responses of violaxanthin and lutein epoxide in the Australian Mistletoe Amyema miquelii. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 793-800.
172. Matt, P., Geiger, M., Walch-Liu, P., Engels, C., Krapp, A., and Stitt, M. 2001. Elevated carbon dioxide increases nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase activity when tobacco is growing on nitrate, but increases ammonium uptake and inhibits nitrate reductase activity when tobacco is growing on ammoniumnitrate. Plant Cell Environ. 24: 1119-1137.
173. Mattioni, C., Lacerenze, N.G., Troccoli, A., DeLeonardis, A.M., and Di Fonzo, N. 1997. Water and salt stressinduced alterations in proline metabolism of Triticum durum seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 101: 787-792.
174. Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A. 2001. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
175. Mishra, G., Zhang, W., Deng, F., Zhao, J., and Wang, X. 2006. A bifurcating pathway directs abscisic acid effects on stomatal closure and opening in Arabidopsis. Science 312: 264-266.
176. Mitchell, P. 1967. Proton current flow in mitochondrial systems. Nature 214: 1327-1328.
177. Mitsuya, S., Kawasaki, M., Taniguchi, M., and Miyake, H. 2003. Relationship between salinity-induced damages and aging in rice leaf tissues. Plant Prod. Sci. 6: 213-218.
178. Mittler, R., Vanderauwere, S., Gollery, M., and van Breusegem, F. 2004. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Sci. 9: 490-498.
179. Mittova, V., Tal, M., Volokita, M., and Guy, M. 2002. Salt stress induces up-regulation of an efficient chloroplast antioxidant system in the salt-tolerant wild tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii but not in the cultivated species. Physiol. Plant. 115: 393-400.
180. Mittova, V., Tal, M., Volokita, M., and Guy, M. 2003. Up-regulation of the leaf mitochondrial and peroxisomal antioxidative systems in response to salt-induced oxidative stress in the wild salt-tolerant tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 845-856.
181. Moench, M. 2002. Water and the potential for social instability: Livelihoods, migration and the building of society. Nat. Resour. Forum 26: 195-204.
182. Munns, R. 1993. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: Some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ. 16: 15-24.
183. Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 239-250.
184. Munns, R. 2005. Genes and salt tolerance: Bringing them together. New Phytol. 167: 645-663.
185. Munns, R., Gardner, P.A., Tonnet, M.L., and Rawson, H.M. 1989. Growth and development in NaCl-treated plants. II Do Na+ or Cl- concentrations in dividing or expanding tissues determine growth in barley. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15: 529-540.
186. Munns, R., Husain, S., Rivelli, A.R., James, R.A., Condon, A.G., Lindsay, M.P., Lagudah, E.S., Schachtman, D.P., and Hare, R.A. 2002. Avenues for increasing salt tolerance of crops, and the role of physiologically based selection traits. Plant Soil 247: 93-105.
187. Murillo-Amador, B., Jones, H.G., Kaya, C., Aquilar, R.L., Garcia-Hermández, J.L., Toyo-Diéguez, E., àvilla-Serrano, N.Y., and Rueda-Puente, E. 2006. Effects of foliar application of calcium nitrate on growth and physiological attributes of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) grown under salt stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 58: 188-196.
188. Muthukumarasamy, M., Gupta, S.D., and R. Pannerselvam. 2000. Enhancement of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities by triadimefon in NaCl stressed Raphanus sativus L. Biol. Plant. 43: 317-320.
189. Narasimhan, M.L., Binzel, M.L., Perez-Prat, E., Chen, Z., Nelson, D.E., Singh, N.K., Bressan, R.A., and Hasegawa, P.M. 1991. NaCl regulation of tonoplast ATPase 70-kilodalton subunit mRNA in tobacco cells. Plant Physiol. 97: 562-568.
190. Neves-Piestun, B.G. and Bernstein, N. 2001. Salinity-induced inhibition of leaf elongation in maize is not mediated by changes in cell wall acidification capacity. Plant Physiol. 125: 419-1428.
191. Niessen, M., Thiruveedhi, K., Rosenkranz, R., Kebeish, R., Hirsch, H.-J., Kreuzaler, F., and Peterhänsel, C. 2007. Mitochondrial glycolate oxidation contributes to photorespiration in higher plants. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2709-2715.
192. Niu, X., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M., and Pardo, J.M. 1995. Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environments. Plant Physiol. 109: 735-742.
193. North, G.B. and Nobel, P.S. 1991. Changes in hydraulic conductivity and anatomy caused by drying and rewetting roots of Agave desertii, Agavaceae. Am. J. Bot. 78: 906-915.
194. Nublat, A., Desplans, J., Cassea, F., and Berthomieua, P. 2001. sas1, an Arabidopsis mutant overaccumulating sodium in the shoot, shows deficiency in the control of the root radial transport of sodium. Plant Cell 13: 125-137.
195. Ohta, H. 2002. Introduction of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene from Atriplex gmelini confers salt tolerance to rice. FEBS Lett. 532: 279-282.
196. Oksanen, E., Riikonen, J., Kaakinen, S., Holopainen, T., and Vapaavuori, E. 2005. Structural characteristics and chemical composition of birch (Betula pendula) leaves are modified by increasing CO2 and ozone. Glob. Change Biol. 11: 732-748.
197. Orthen, B., Popp, M., and Smirnoff, N. 1994. Hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of cyclitols. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. Sect. B 102: 269-272.
198. Pahlich, E., Kerres, R., and Jäger, H.-J. 1983. Influence of water stress on the vacuole/extravacuole distribution of proline in protoplasts of Nicotiana rustica. Plant Physiol. 72: 590-591.
199. Paramonova, N.V., Shevyakova, N.I., and Kuznetsov, V.V. 2004. Ultrastructure of chloroplasts and their storage inclusions in the primary leaves of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum affected by putrescine and NaCl. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 51: 86-96.
200. Parida, A.K. and Das, A.B. 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 60: 324-349.
201. Parida, A., Das, A.B., and Das, P. 2002. NaCl stress causes changes in photosynthetic pigments, proteins and other metabolic components in the leaves of a true mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora, in hydroponic cultures. J. Plant Biol. 45: 28-36.
202. Park, S., Li, J., Pittman, J.K., Berkowitz, G.A., Yang, H., Undurraga, S., Morris, J., Hirschi, K.D., and Gaxiola, R.A. Up-regulation of a H+-pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) as a strategy to engineer drought-resistant crop plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 18830-18835.
203. Pasternak, D. 1990. Fodder production with saline water. The institute for applied research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Project report BGUN-ARI-35-90. Beer-Sheva/Israel, p.173.
204. Paul, J.S. and Volcani, B.E. 1976. A mitochondrial glycolate: Cytochrome c reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Planta 129: 59-61.
205. Petrouleas, V., Deligiannakis, Y., and Diner, B.A. 1994. Binding of carboxylate anions at the non-heme Fe(II) of PSII. II. Competition with bicarbonate and effects on the QA/QB electron transfer rate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1188: 271-277.
206. Pilon-Smith, E.A.H., Ebskamp, M.J.M., Paul, M.J., Jeuken, M.J.W., Weisbeek, P.J., and Smeekens, S.C.M.Improved performance of transgenic fructan-accumulating tobacco under drought stress. Plant Physiol. 107: 125-130.
207. Pitschke, A. and Hirt, H. 2009. Disentangling the complexity of mitogen-activated protein kinases and reactive oxygen species signaling. Plant Physiol. 149: 606-615.
208. Popp, M., Larther, F., and Weigel, P. 1985. Osmotic adaptation in Australian mangroves. Vegetatio 61: 247-254.
209. Pursiheimo, S., Mulo, P., Rintamäki, E., and Aro, E.-M. 2001. Coregulation of light-harvesting complex II phosphorylation and lhcb mRNA accumulation in winter rye. Plant J. 26: 317-327.
210. Rajesh, A., Arumugam, R., and Venkatesalu, V. 1998. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Ceriops roxburgiana under NaCl stress. Photosynthetica 35: 285-287.
211. Rees, D., Noctor, G.D., and Horton, P. 1990. The effect of high-energy-state excitation quenching on maximum and dark level chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Photosynth. Res. 25: 199-211.
212. Rentel, M.C. and Knight, M.R. 2004. Oxidative stress-induced calcium signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 135: 1471-1479.
213. Rhodes, D. and Hanson, A.D. 1993. Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulphonium compounds in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44: 357-384.
214. Richter, M.L., Hein, R., and Huchzermeyer, B. 2000. Important subunit interactions in chloroplast ATP synthase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1458: 326-342.
215. Riesmeier, J.W., Flügge, U.-I., Schulz, B., Heineke, D., Heldt, H.-W., Willmitzer, L., and Frommer, W.B. 1993. Antisense repression of the chloroplast triose phosphate translocator affects carbon partitioning in transgenic potato plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6160-6164.
216. Romanello, G.A., Chuchra-Zbytniuk, K.L., Vandermer, J.L., and Touchette, B.W. 2008. Morphological adjustments promote drought avoidance in the wetland plant Acorus americanus. Aquat. Bot. 89: 390-396.
217. Romanowska, E. and Albertsson, P.-Å. 1994. Isolation and characterization of the cytochrome bf complex from whole thylakoids, grana, and stroma lamellae vesicles from spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 35: 557-568.
218. Romeroranda, R., Soria, T., and Cuartero, J. 2001. Tomato plant-water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions. Plant Sci. 160: 265-272.
219. Roxas, V.P., Lodhi, S.A., Garrett, D.K., Mahan, J.R., and Allen, R.D. 2000. Stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco seedlings that over-express glutathione S-transferase/glutathione peroxidase. Plant Cell Physiol. 41: 1229-1234.
220. Ruban, A.V., Young, A.J., and Horton, P. 1993. Induction of non-photochemical energy dissipation and absorbance changes in leaves. Evidence for changes in the state of the light-harvesting system of photosystem II in vivo. Plant Physiol. 102: 741-750.
221. Ryals, J.A., Neuenschwander, U.H., Willits, M.G., Molina, A., Steiner, H.-Y., and Hunt, M.D. 1996. Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 8: 1809-1819.
222. Saneoka, H., Shiota, K., Kurban, H., Chaudhary, M.I., Premachandra, G.S., and Fujita, K. 1999. Effect of salinity on growth and solute accumulation in two wheat lines differing in salt tolerance. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 45: 873-880.
223. Schimper, A.F.W. 1891. Pflanzengeographie auf physiologischer Grundlage. Fischer Publication, Jena, Germany.
224. Schmidt, A. and Jäger, K. 1992. Open questions about sulfur metabolism in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 43: 325-349.
225. Schmidt, C.L. and Malkin, R. 1993. Low molecular weight subunits associated with the cytochrome b6f complexes from spinach and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth. Res. 38: 73-81.
226. Schreiber, U. 1997. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic energy conversion: Simple introductory experiments with the Teaching-PAM chlorophyll fluorometer. H. Walz GmbH., Effeltrich, Germany.
227. Schreiber, U., Gademann, R., Bird, P., Ralph, P.J., Larkum, A.W.D., and Kühl, M. 2002. Apparent light requirement for activation of photosynthesis upon rehydration of desiccated beachrock microbial mats. J. Phycol. 38: 125-134.
228. Schultz, G., Huchzermeyer, Y., Reupke, B., and Bickel, H. 1976. On the intra cellular site of biosynthesis of alpha tocopherol in Hordeum-Vulgare. Phytochemistry (Oxford) 15: 1383-1386.
229. Sehmer, L., Alaoui-Sosse, B., and Dizengremel, P. 1995. Effect of salt stress on growth and on the detoxifying pathway of pedunculate oak seedlings (Quercus robur L.). J. Plant Physiol. 147: 144-151.
230. Senaratna, T., Touchell, D., Bunn, E., and Dixon, K. 2000. Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regul. 30: 157-161.
231. Sheen, J. 2002. Phosphorelay and transcription control in cytokinin signal transduction. Science 296: 1650-1652.
232. Sheen, J., Zhou, L., and Jang, J.-C. 1999. Sugars as signaling molecules. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2: 410-418.
233. Shikanai, T., Takeda, T., Yamauchi, H., Sano, S., and Tomizawa, K.I. 1998. Inhibition of ascorbate peroxidase under oxidative stress in tobacco having bacterial catalase in chloroplasts. FEBS Lett. 428: 47-51.
234. Singh, S.K., Sharma, H.C., Goswami, A.M., Datta, S.P., and Singh, S.P. 2000. In vitro growth and leaf composition of grapevine cultivars as affected by sodium chloride. Biol. Plant. 43: 283-286.
235. Skopelitis, D.S., Paranychiakis, N.V., Paschalidis, K.A., Pliakonis, E.D., Delis, I.D., Yakoumakis, D.I., Kouvarakis, A., Papadakis, A.K., Stephanou, E.G., and Roubelakis-Angelakis, K.A. 2006. Abiotic stress generates ROS that signal expression of anionic glutamates dehydrogenase to form glutamate for proline synthesis in tobacco and grapevine. Plant Cell 18: 2767-2781.
236. Smirnoff, N. and Cumbes, Q.J. 1989. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry 28: 1057-1060.
237. Soussi, M., Lluch, C., and Ocana, A. 1998. Effects of salt stress on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 49: 1329-1337.
238. Spychalla, J.P. and Desborough, S.L. 1990. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and alpha-tocopherol content of stored potato tubers. Plant Physiol. 94: 1214-1218.
239. Staehelin, L.A. 1975. Chloroplast membrane structure. Intramembrane particles of different sizes make contact in stacked membrane regions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 408: 1-11.
240. Strasser, R.J., Tsimilli-Michael, M., and Srivaslava, A. 2004. Analysis of the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. In: Papageorgiou, G.C. and Govindjee (eds.), Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A Signature of Photosynthesis, Chap. 12, pp. 1-42. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
241. Streenivasulu, N., Grimm, B., Wobus, U., and Weschke, W. 2000. Differential response of antioxidant compounds to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of fox-tail millet (Setaria italica). Physiol. Plant. 109: 435-442.
242. Strotmann, H., Bickel, S., and Huchzermeyer, B. 1976. Energy-dependent release of adenine nucleotides tightly bound to chloroplast coupling factor CF1. FEBS Lett. 61: 194-198.
243. Süss, K.-H., Arkona, C., Manteuffel, R., and Adler, K. 1993. Calvin cycle multienzyme complexes are bound to chloroplast thylakoid membranes of higher plants in situ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5514-5518.
244. Sulpice, R., Tsukaya, H., Nonaka, H., Mustardy, L., Chen, T.H.H., and Murata, N. 2003. Enhanced formation of flowers in salt-stressed Arabidopsis after genetic engineering of the synthesis of glycine betaine. Plant J. 36: 165-176.
245. Sun, W.Q., Li, X.P., and Ong, B.L. 1999. Preferential accumulation of D-pinitol in Acrostichum aureum gametophytes in response to salt stress. Physiol. Plant. 105: 51-57.
246. Syvertsen, J.P., Boman, B., and Tucker, D.P.H. 1989. Salinity in Florida citrus production. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102: 61-64.
247. Taiz, L. 1992. The plant vacuole. J. Exp. Biol. 172: 113-122.
248. Takahashi, S., Bauwe, H., and Badger, M. 2007. Impairment of the photorespiratory pathway accelerates photoinhibition of photosystem II by suppression of repair but not acceleration of damage processes in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 144: 487-494.
249. Tester, M. and Davenport, R. 2003. Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Ann. Bot. 91: 503-527.
250. Touchette, B.W., Smith, G.A., Rhodes, K.L., and Poole, M. 2009. Tolerance and avoidance: Two contrasting physiological responses to salt stress in mature marsh halophytes Juncus roemerianus Scheele and Spartina alterniflora Loisel. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 380(1-2): 106-112.
251. Trebst, A. and Soll-Bracht, E. 1996. Cycloheximids retards high light driven D1 protein degradation in Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii. Plant Sci. 115: 191-197.
252. Tuberosa, R., Salvi, S., Sanguinetti, M.C., Landi, P., Maccaferri, M., and Conti, S. 2002. Mapping QTLs regulating morpho-physiological traits and yield: Case studies, shortcomings and perspectives in droughtstressed maize. Ann. Bot. 89: 941-963.
253. Ungar, I. 1991. Ecophysiology of Vascular Halophytes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
254. van Breusegem, F. and Dat, J.F. 2006. Reactive oxygen species in plant cell death. Plant Physiol. 141: 384-390.
255. van Breusegem, F., Bailey-Serves, J., and Miller, R. 2008. Unraveling the tapestry of networks involving reactive oxygen species in plants. Plant Physiol. 147: 978-984.
256. Van Camp, W., Capiau, K., Van Montagu, M., Inze, D., and Slooten, L. 1996. Enhancement of oxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants overproducing Fe-superoxide dismutase in chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 112: 1703-1714.
257. Verma, S. and Mishra, S.N. 2005. Putrescine alleviation of growth in salt stressed Brassica juncea by inducing antioxidative defense system. J. Plant Physiol. 162: 669-677.
258. Vernon, D.M., Taraczynski, M.C., Jensen, R.G., and Bohnert, H.J. 1993. Cyclitol production in transgenic tobacco. Plant J. 4: 199-205.
259. Verslues, P.E., Batelli, G., Grillo, S., Sgius, F., Kim, Y.S., Zhu, J., Agarwal, M., Katiyar-Agarwal, S., and Zhu, J.K. 2007. Interaction of SOS2 with nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 and catalyse reveals a point of connection between salt stress and H2O2 signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Cell Biol. 27: 7771-7780.
260. Wang, Y. and Nil, N. 2000. Changes in chlorophyll, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, glycine betaine content, photosynthesis and transpiration in Amaranthus tricolor leaves during salt stress. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 75: 623-627.
261. Wang, R., Okamoto, M., Xing, X., and Crawford, N.M. 2003a. Microarray analysis of the nitrate response in Arabidopsis roots and shoots reveals over 1,000 rapidly responding genes and new linkages to glucose, trehalose-6-phosphate, iron, and sulfate metabolism. Plant Physiol. 132: 556-567.
262. Wang, X.W., Vinocur, B., and Altman, A. 2003. Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: Towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta 218: 1-14.
263. Wang, H., Liu, Y., Bruffett, K., Lee, J., Hause, G., Walker, J.C., and Zhang, S. 2008. Haplo-isuffiency of MPK3 in MPK6 mutant background uncovers a novel function of these two MAPKs in Arabidopsis ovule development. Plant Cell 20: 602-613.
264. Wang, S., Assmann, S.M., and Fedoroff, N.V. 2008b. Characterization of the Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G protein. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 13913-13922.
265. Warne, T.R., Hickok, L.G., Sams, C.E., and Vogelien, D.L. 1999. Sodium/potassium selectivity and pleiotropy in stl2, a highly salt-tolerant mutation of Ceratopteris richardii. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 1027-1034.
266. Weber, E. and D'Antonio, C.M. 1999. Germination and growth responses of hybridizing Carpobrotus species (Aizoaceae) from coastal California to soil salinity. Am. J. Bot. 86: 1257-1263.
267. Wilken, M. and Huchzermeyer, B. 1999. Suppression of mycelia formation by NO produced endogenously in Candida tropicalis. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78: 209-213.
268. Wilkens, H., Chamnogopol, S., Davey, M., Schraudner, M., and Langebartels, C. 1997. Catalase is a sink for H2O2 and is indispensable for stress defense in C3 plants. EMBO J. 16: 4806-4816.
269. Wingler, A., Lea, P.J., Quick, P., and Leegood, R.C. 2000. Photorespiration: Metabolic pathways and their role in stress protection. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 355: 1517-1529.
270. Winter, U., Kirst, G.O., Grabowski, V., Heinemann, U., Plettner, I., and Wiese, S. 1999. Salinity tolerance in Nitellopsis obtusa. Aust. J. Bot. 47: 337-346.
271. Wise, R.R. and Naylor, A.W. 1987. Chilling-enhanced photooxidation: Evidence for the role of singlet oxygen and endogenous antioxidants. Plant Physiol. 83: 278-282.
272. Wyn Jones, R.G. and Pollard, A. 1983. Proteins, enzymes and inorganic ions. In: Läuchli, A. and Bieleski, R.L. (eds.), Inorganic Plant Nutrition. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology 15b, pp. 528-555. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
273. Wyn Jones, R.G. and Gorham, J. 2002. Intra- and inter-cellular compartmentation of ions. In: Läuchli, A. and Lüttge, U. (eds.), Salinity: Environment-Plants-Molecules, pp. 159-180. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
274. Wyn Jones, R.G., Brady, C.J., and Speirs, J. 1979. Ionic and osmotic relations in plant cells. In: Laidman, D.L. and Wyn Jones, R.G. (eds.), Recent Advances in the Biochemistry of Cereals. Academic Press, New York.
275. Yamada, M., Kawasaki, M., Sugiyama, T., Miyake, H., and Taniguchi, M. 2009. Differential positioning of C4 mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts: Aggregative movement of C4 mesophyll chloroplasts in response to environmental stresses. Plant Cell Physiol. Advanced Access 50(10): 1736-1749.
276. Yamane, K., Kawasaki, M., Taniguchi, M., and Miyake, H. 2003. Differential effect of NaCl and polyethylene glycol on the ultrastructure of choloroplasts in rice seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology 160: 573-575.
277. Yancey, P., Clark, M.E., Had, S.C., Bowlus, R.D., and Somero, G.N. 1982. Living with the water stress: Evolution of osmolyte system. Science 217: 1214-1222.
278. Yeo, A.R. 1983. Salinity resistance: Physiologies and prices. Physiol. Plant. 58: 1399-3054.
279. Yeo, A. 1998. Molecular biology of salt tolerance in the context of whole-plant physiology. J. Exp. Bot. 49: 915-929.
280. Yue, B., Xue, W., Xiong, L., Yu, X., Luo, L., Cui, K., Jin, D., Xing, Y., and Zhang, Q. 2006. Genetic basis of drought resistance at reproductive stage in rice: Separation of drought tolerance from drought avoidance. Genetics 172: 1213-1228.
281. Zelitch, I. 1973. Alternate pathways of glycolate synthesis in tobacco and maize and its relation to rates of photorespiration. Plant Physiol. 51: 299-305.
282. Zelitch, I., Schultes, N.P., Peterson, R.B., Brown, P., and Brutnell, T.P. 2009. High glycolate oxidase activity is required for survival of maize in normal air. Plant Physiol. 149: 195-204.
283. Zhang, W.-H. and Liu, Y.-L. 2002. Relationship between tonoplast H+-ATPase activity, ion uptake and calcium in barley roots under NaCl stress. Acta Bot. Sin. 44: 667-672.
284. Zhifang, G. and Loescher, W.H. 2003. Expression of a celery mannose 6-phosphate reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances salt tolerance and induces biosynthesis of both mannitol and a glucosyl-mannitol dimer. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 275-283.
285. Zuther, E., Koehl, K., and Kopka, J. 2007. Comparative metabolome analysis of the salz response in breeding cultivars of rice. In: Jenks, M.A., Hasegawa, P.M., and Jain, S.M. (eds.), Advances in Molecular Breeding toward Drought and Salt Tolerant Crops, pp. 285-315. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.