An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea

International Geology Review

Volumn 54, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 1219-1228

  Williams, Jefferson B ^a   Schwab, Markus J ^b   Brauer, A ^b  

^a Supersonic Geophysical   (United States)

^b GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Crucifixion; Dead Sea; Earthquake; Holocene; New Testament; varves

Indexed keywords

CHRONOLOGY; EARTHQUAKE; HOLOCENE; SEISMICITY; VARVE;

DEAD SEA;

EID: 84861801572     PISSN: 00206814     EISSN: 19382839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00206814.2011.639996     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Agnon, A., Migowski, C., and Marco, S., 2006, Intraclast breccias in laminated sequences reviewed: Recorders of paleoearthquakes: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 401, p. 195-214.
2. Allen, J.R.L., 1986, Earthquake magnitude-frequency, epicentral distance, and soft-sediment deformation in sedimentary basins: Sedimentary Geology, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 67-75.
3. Ambraseys, N., 2009, Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A multidisciplinary study of seismicity up to 1900: Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press.
4. Ambraseys, N.N., Melville, C.P., and Adams, R.D., 1994, The seismicity of Egypt, Arabia, and the Red Sea: A historical review: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
5. Amiran, D.H.K., Arieh, E., and Turcotte, T., 1994, Earthquakes in Israel and adjacent areas: Macroseismic observations since 100 B.C.E.: Israel Exploration Journal, v. 44, p. 260-305.
6. Arieh, E., 1993, Preliminary safety analysis report, Appendix 2.5 A - A catalog of earthquake (sic?) in and around Israel (Report): The Israel Electric Corporation Ltd.
7. Arvanitakis, G.L., 1903, Essai sur le climat de Jerusalem: Bulletin de lnstitut Egyptien, v. 4, no. 4, p. 178-189.
8. Barkan, E., Luz, B., and Lazar, B., 2001, Dynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the Dead Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 3, p. 355-368.
9. Ben-Menahem, A., 1979, Earthquake catalogue for the Middle East, 92 BC - 1980 AD: Bolletino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, v. 21, p. 245-310.
10. Ben-Menahem, A., 1991, Four thousand years of seismicity along the Dead Sea rift: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B12, p. 20195-20216.
11. Brauer, A., and Casanova, J., 2001, Chronology and depositional processes of the laminated sediment record from Lac d'Annecy, French Alps: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 163-177. (Pubitemid 32235107)
12. Davenport, C.A., and Ringrose, P.S., 1987, Deformation of Scottish Quaternary sediment sequences by strong earthquake motions: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 29, no. 1, p. 299-314.
13. de Vaux, R., 1973, Archeology of the Dead Sea scrolls: London, Oxford University Press.
14. Doig, R., 1991, Effects of strong seismic shaking in lake sediments, and earthquake recurrence interval, Témiscaming, Quebec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, no 9, p. 1349-1352.
15. Enzel, Y., Kadan, G., and Eyal, Y., 2000, Holocene earthquakes inferred from a fan-delta sequence in the Dead Sea Graben: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 1, p. 34-48.
16. Finegan, J., 1998, Handbook of biblical chronology: Principles of time reckoning in the ancient world and problems of chronology in the Bible revised edition: Peabody, MA, Hendrickson Publishers.
17. Garfunkel, Z., 1981, Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift) in relation to plate kinematics: Tectonophysics, v. 80, no. 1-4, p. 81-108.
18. Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A., Traina, G., and Istituto nazionale di geofisica (Italy), 1994, Catalogue of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean area up to the 10th century: Rome, Istituto nazionale di geofisica.
19. Heifetz, E., Agnon, A., and Marco, S., 2005, Soft sediment deformation by Kelvin Helmholtz instability: A case from Dead Sea earthquakes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 236, no. 1-2, p. 497-504.
20. Heim, C., Nowaczyk, N.R., Negendank, J.F.W., Leroy, S.A.G., and Ben-Avraham, Z., 1997, Near East desertification: Evidence from the Dead Sea: Naturwissenschaften, v. 84, no. 9, p. 398-401.
21. Hempton, M.R., and Dewey, J.F., 1983, Earthquake-induced deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, East Anatolian Fault, southeast Turkey: Tectonophysics, v. 98, no. 3-4, p. T7-T14.
22. Humphreys, C.J., and Waddington, W.G., 1983, Dating the crucifixion: Nature, v. 306, no. 22/29, p. 743-746.
23. Josephus, F., 1930, Jewish antiquities: Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
24. Josephus, F., Williamson, G.A., and Smallwood, E.M., 1981, The Jewish war. Revised edition: London, Penguin.
25. Kagan, E., Stein, M., Agnon, A., and Neumann, F., 2011, Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, no. B4, p. B04311.
26. Karcz, I., and Lom, P., 1987, Bibliographic reliability of catalogues of historic earthquakes in and around Israel: The Laboratory.
27. Karcz, I., 2004, Implications of some early Jewish sources for estimates of earthquake hazard in the Holy Land: Annals of Geophysics, v. 47, p. 759-792.
28. Ken-Tor, R., Agnon, A., Enzel, Y., and Stein,M., 2001a, High resolution geological record of historic earthquakes in the Dead Sea Basin: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. B2, p. 2221-2234.
29. Ken-Tor, R., Stein, M., Enzel, Y., Agnon, A., Marco, S., and Negendank, J., 2001b, Precision of calibrated radiocarbon ages of historic earthquakes in the Dead Sea Basin: Radiocarbon, v. 43, no. 3, p. 1371-1382. (Pubitemid 34218718)
30. Leroy, S.A.G., Marco, S., Bookman, R., and Miller, C.S., 2010, Impact of earthquakes on agriculture during the Roman- Byzantine period from pollen records of the Dead Sea laminated sediment: Quaternary Research, v. 73, no. 2, p. 191-200.
31. Malalas, I., Jeffreys, E., Jeffreys, M., Scott, R., Coke, B., and Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986, The chronicle of John Malalas, Melbourne, Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Dept. of Modern Greek, University of Sydney.
32. Marco, S., and Agnon, A., 1995, Prehistoric earthquake deformations near Masada, Dead Sea graben: Geology, v. 23, no. 8, p. 695-698. (Pubitemid 26455960)
33. Marco, S., Stein, M., Agnon, A., and Ron, H., 1996, Long-term earthquake clustering: A 50,000-year paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea Graben: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, no. B3, p. 6179-6191.
34. Migowski, C., 2001, Untersuchungen laminierter holozäner Sedimente aus dem Toten Meer: Rekonstruktionen von Paläoklima und -seismizität: Potsdam, Germany, GeoForschungsZentrum.
35. Migowski, C., Agnon, A., Bookman, R., Negendank, J.F.W., and Stein, M., 2004, Recurrence pattern of Holocene earthquakes along the Dead Sea transform revealed by varve-counting and radiocarbon dating of lacustrine sediments: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 222, no. 1, p. 301-314.
36. Migowski, C., Stein, M., Prasad, S., Negendank, J.F.W., and Agnon, A., 2006, Holocene climate variability and cultural evolution in the Near East from the Dead Sea sedimentary record: Quaternary Research, v. 66, no. 3, p. 421-431.
37. Rahmani, L.Y., 1964, Jason's Tomb: Jerusalem, Hebrew Services. Reches, Z., and Hoexter, D.F., 1981, Holocene seismic and tectonic activity in the Dead Sea area: Tectonophysics, v. 95, p. 75-89.
38. Salamon, A., Hofstetter, A., Garfunkel, Z., and Ron, H., 2003, Seismotectonics of the Sinai subplate - the eastern Mediterranean region: Geophysical Journal International, v. 155, no. 1, p. 149-173. (Pubitemid 37293464)
39. Sims, J.D., 1973, Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman Lake, San Fernando, California: Science, v. 182, no. 4108, p. 161-163.
40. Sims, J.D., 1975, Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments: Tectonophysics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 141-152.
41. Stein, M., Starinsky, A., Katz, A., Goldstein, S.L., Machlus, M., and Schramm, A., 1997, Strontium isotopic, chemical, and sedimentological evidence for the evolution of Lake Lisan and the Dead Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, no. 18, p. 3975-3992.
42. Tacitus, C., Church, A.J., Brodribb, W.J., and Hadas, M., 1942, The complete works of Tacitus: The annals. The history. The life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola. Germany and its tribes. A dialogue on oratory: New York, The Modern Library.
43. Turcotte, T., and Arieh, E., 1993, Catalog of earthquakes in and around Israel. Revision 1: Tel Aviv, Israel Electric Corporation Ltd.
44. Vucetic, M., and Dobry, R., 1991, Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, v. 117, no. 1, p. 89-107.
45. Williams, J.B., 2004, Estimation of earthquake source parameters from soft sediment deformation layers present in Dead Sea muds, Unpublished report: Long Beach, California State University.
46. Willis, B., 1928, Earthquakes in the Holy Land: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 18, no. 2, p. 73-103.