Gross Direct and Embodied Carbon Sinks for Urban Inventories

Journal of Industrial Ecology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 302-316

  Mohareb, Eugene ^a   Kennedy, Christopher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Carbon sequestration; Climate change; Greenhouse gases (GHGs); Industrial ecology; Inventory; Sustainable city

Indexed keywords

A-CARBON; BIOMASS GROWTH; CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CARBON SINK; GREATER TORONTO AREA; HUMIFICATION; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGES; INVENTORY; LANDFILLING; NATURAL PROCESS; PERENNIAL CROPS; REGIONAL FORESTS; SUSTAINABLE CITIES; URBAN ENVIRONMENTS; URBAN REGIONS; URBAN TREES;

BIOMASS; CARBON; CARBON CAPTURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; ECOLOGY; FORESTRY; GREENHOUSE GASES; SOILS; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

URBAN GROWTH;

BIOMASS; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CARBON SINK; CONCRETE; CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; EMISSION INVENTORY; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; GREENHOUSE GAS; GROWTH; GROWTH RATE; GUIDELINE; HUMIFICATION; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE; INVENTORY; LANDFILL; LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS; LITERATURE REVIEW; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SUSTAINABILITY; URBAN AREA; URBAN DEVELOPMENT;

BIOMASS; CARBON; CHELATION; CONCRETE; ECOLOGY; FORESTRY; GREENHOUSE GASES; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOIL;

CANADA; ONTARIO [CANADA]; TORONTO;

EID: 84861792467     PISSN: 10881980     EISSN: 15309290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00445.x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. 1960. Soil Associations of Southern Ontario. Accessed 30 March 2010.
2. 2 emissions from power plants. Environmental Pollution 116(SUPPL. 1): S119-S126.
3. 2 as a chemical feedstock: Opportunities and challenges. Dalton Transactions 28: 2975-2992.
4. Banting, D., H. Doshi, J. Li, P. Missos, A. Au, B. A. Currie, and M. Verrati 2005. Report on the environmental benefits and costs of green roof technology for the City of Toronto. Accessed 22 December 2010.
5. Barlaz, M. A. 1998. Carbon storage during biodegradation of municipal solid waste components in laboratory-scale landfills. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12(2): 373-380.
6. Brunner, P.H. and H. Rechberger, 2002. Anthropogenic metabolism and environmental legacies. In Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Vol. 3, edited by T. Munn and I. Douglas. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 54-72.
7. Christmas Tree Farmers of Ontario. 2010. Real tree facts. Accessed 26 October 2010.
8. City of Toronto. 1991. SWEAP-Solid waste environmental assessment plan. Component 4: Solid waste management system inventory-Waste composition study. Toronto : Solid Waste Management Division, Metropolitan Toronto Department of Works.
9. Cláudia Dias, A., M. Louro, L. Arroja, and I. Capela 2009. Comparison of methods for estimating carbon in harvested wood products. Biomass and Bioenergy 33(2): 213-222.
10. 2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107(12): 5687-5692.
11. Dover, M. 2007. Anyone for char? Dark earth holds carbon storage hope. Inwood 77: 33.
12. Eastwood, M. 2010. Personal communication with M. Eastwood, Forestry Technician, Urban Forestry, Ecology Division. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 8 April 2010.
13. Environment Canada. 2009. Greenhouse gas reporting. Accessed 20 December 2009.
14. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2005. Trends in wood products, 1961-2003. Rome : UN Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-005377-0.
15. 2 by concrete carbonation. Environmental Science and Technology 44(8): 3181-3186.
16. Getter, K. L., D. B. Rowe, G. P. Robertson, B. M. Cregg, and J. A. Andresen 2009. Carbon sequestration potential of extensive green roofs. Environmental Science & Technology 43(19): 7564-7570.
17. Haselbach, L. M. and S. Ma 2008. Potential for carbon adsorption on concrete: Surface XPS analyses. Environmental Science and Technology 42(14): 5329-5334.
18. Hashimoto, S., M. Nose, T. Obara, and Y. Moriguchi 2002. Wood products: Potential carbon sequestration and impact on net carbon emissions of industrialized countries. Environmental Science and Policy 5(2):183-193.
19. Hashimoto, S., Y. Moriguchi, A. Saito, and T. Ono 2004. Six indicators of material cycles for describing society's metabolism: Application to wood resources in Japan. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 40(3):201-223.
20. Hillman, T. 2010. Greenhouse gas emission footprints and energy use benchmarks for eight U. S. cities. Environmental Science and Technology 44(6): 1902-1910.
21. Huang, Z. Y. and H. T. Bi 2006 "Regional energy integration to reduce GHG emissions and improve local air quality." Paper presented at the 2006 IEEE EIC Climate Change Technology Conference, 10-12 May 2006, Ottawa, ON, Canada
22. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2000. Land use, land-use change and forestry, edited by R. T. Watson, I. R. Noble, B. Bolin, N. H. Ravindranath, D. J. Verardo, and D. J. Dokken Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
23. IPCC ((Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2003. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry. Hayama: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Technical Support Unit.
24. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006. Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, edited by S. Eggelston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe Kanagawa, Japan : Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). ISBN 4-88788-032-4.
25. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Avery, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
26. Inhabitat. 2010. Lifecycle building in Austria will be world's tallest wooden building. Accessed 19 April 2011.
27. 2 from the atmosphere? Science 325(5948): 1654-1655.
28. Kennedy, C., J. Steinberger, B. Gasson, Y. Hansen, T. Hillman, M. Havránek, D. Pataki, A. Phdungsilp, A. Ramaswami, and G. V. Mendez 2010. Methodology for inventorying greenhouse gas emissions from global cities. Energy Policy 38(9): 4828-4837.
29. Kennedy, C. A., A. Ramaswami, S. Carney, and S. Dhakal 2009. Greenhouse gas emission baselines for global cities and metropolitan regions. Accessed 15 November 2010.
30. Kenney, W. A., C. Idziak, and C. Anderson 2001. The role of urban forests in greenhouse gas reduction. ON ENV (99) 4691. Ontario : Ontario Ministry of Environment.
31. Kirschbaum, M. U. F. 2000. Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming? Biogeochemistry 48(1): 21-51.
32. Lackner, K. S. and S. Brennan 2009. Envisioning carbon capture and storage: Expanded possibilities due to air capture, leakage insurance, and C-14 monitoring. Climatic Change 96(3): 357-378.
33. Lenzen, M., J. Murray, F. Sack, and T. Wiedmann 2007. Shared producer and consumer responsibility-Theory and practice. Ecological Economics 61(1): 27-42.
34. Lenzen, M. and G. M. Peters 2010. How city dwellers affect their resource hinterland. Journal of Industrial Ecology 14(1): 73-90.
35. Luyssaert, S., E. Schulze, A. Börner, A. Knohl D. Hessenmöller, B. E. Law, P. Ciais, and J. Grace 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455(7210): 213-215.
36. McKinsey & Co. 2009. Pathways to a low-carbon economy: Version 2 of the global greenhouse gas abatement cost curve. Accessed 19 November 2010.
37. McPherson, E. G. 1998. Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 24(4): 215-223.
38. Miner, R. and J. Perez-Garcia 2007. The carbon and greenhouse gas profile of the global forest products industry. Forest Product Journal 57(10): 80-90.
39. Minx, J. C., T. Wiedmann, R. Wood, G. P. Peters, M. Lenzen, A. Owen, K. Scott, J. Barrett, K. Hubacek, G. Baiocchi, A. Paul, E. Dawkins, J. Briggs, D. Guan, S. Suh, and F. Ackerman 2009. Input-output analysis and carbon footprinting: An overview of applications. Economic Systems Research 21(3): 187-216.
40. 2 emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy 25(3): 273-285.
41. 2 enrichment in greenhouses. Crop responses. Scientia Horticulturae 33(1-2) 1-25.
42. Nowak, D. J. and D. E. Crane 2002. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution 116(3): 381-389.
43. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. 2005. Growing greenhouse vegetables-Publication 371. Toronto, Ontario, Canada : Queen's Printer.
44. Packer, M. 2009. Algal capture of carbon dioxide: Biomass generation as a tool for greenhouse gas mitigation with reference to New Zealand energy strategy and policy. Energy Policy 37(9): 3428-3437.
45. 2 uptake of concrete in a 100 year perspective. Cement and Concrete Research 37(9): 1348-1356.
46. Pataki, D. E., R. J. Alig, A. S. Fung, N. E. Golubiewski, C. A. Kennedy, E. G. McPherson, D. J. Nowak, R. V. Pouyat, and P. R. Lankao 2006. Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 12(11): 2092-2102.
47. Peters, G. P. 2008. From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories. Ecological Economics 65(1): 13-23.
48. Pickett, A. 2008. Personal communication with A. Pickett, Urban Forestry. City of Toronto, Canada, 19 March 2008.
49. Post, W. M. and K. C. Kwon 2000. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: Processes and potential. Global Change Biology 6(3): 317-327.
50. Pouyat, R., P. Groffman, I. Yesilonis, and L. Hernandez 2002. Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems. Environmental Pollution 116: S107-S118.
51. Pouyat, R. V., I. D. Yesilonis, and N. E. Golubiewski 2009. A comparison of soil organic carbon stocks between residential turf grass and native soil. Urban Ecosystems 12(1): 45-62.
52. Pouyat, R. 2002. Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems. Environmental Pollution 116(SUPPL. 1): S107-S118.
53. Pouyat, R. V., I. D. Yesilonis, and D. J. Nowak 2006. Carbon storage by urban soils in the United States. Journal of Environmental Quality 35(4): 1566-1575.
54. Province of British Columbia. 2009. Residential mid-rise wood-frame code change. Accessed 5 August 2009.
55. Ramaswami, A., T. Hillman, B. Janson, M. Reiner, and G. Thomas 2008. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories. Environmental Science & Technology 42(17): 6455-6461.
56. Rees, W. E. 1997. Is 'sustainable city' an oxymoron? Local Environment 2(3): 303-310.
57. Robert, M. 2001. Soil carbon sequestration for improved land management. Rome : United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization.
58. Sahely, H. R., S. Dudding, and C. A. Kennedy 2003. Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto Area case study. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30(2): 468-483.
59. Saiz, S., C. Kennedy, B. Bass, and K. Pressnail 2006. Comparative life cycle assessment of standard and green roofs. Environmental Science and Technology 40(13): 4312-4316.
60. Schulz, N. B. 2010. Delving into the carbon footprints of Singapore-Comparing direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions of a small and open economic system. Energy Policy 38(9): 4848-4855.
61. 2 sequestration in Ontario, Canada. Part I: Storage evaluation of potential reservoirs. Energy Conversion and Management 45(17): 2645-2659.
62. 2 sequestration in Ontario, Canada. Part II: Cost estimation. Energy Conversion and Management 45(20): 3207-3217.
63. Singh, B., A. H. Strømman, and E. Hertwich 2011. Life cycle assessment of natural gas combined cycle power plant with post-combustion carbon capture, transport and storage. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 5(3): 457-466.
64. Statistics Canada. 2002. Census of agriculture, 2001. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : Statistics Canada.
65. Statistics Canada. 2007. Census of Agriculture, 2006-Community Profiles. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : Statistics Canada.
66. Statistics Canada. 2010. Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, housing starts, under construction and completions in centres 10, 000 and over, Canada, provinces, selected census metropolitan areas, monthly (Units). CANSIM Table 027-0001. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : Statistics Canada.
67. Stewardship Ontario. 2006. Stewardship Ontario's E & E fund-Waste audit program. Accessed 6 January 2010.
68. Toronto City Summit Alliance. 2008. Greening Greater Toronto. Accessed 22 December 2010.
69. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 2010. Urban Forest Effects Model (UFORE)-UFORE in action, Toronto, ON. Accessed 1 November 2010.
70. United Nations. 2008. World urbanization prospects. The 2007 revision-Executive summary. New York : United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Accessed 23 July 2009.
71. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. Solid waste management and greenhouse gases-A life-cycle assessment of emissions and sinks, 3rd ed. Accessed 11 October 2011.
72. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks-1990-2007. EPA 430-R-09-004. Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
73. VandenBygaart, A. J., E. G. Gregorich, D. A. Angers, and U. F. Stoklas 2004. Uncertainty analysis of soil organic carbon stock change in Canadian cropland from 1991 to 2001. Global Change Biology 10(6) 983-994.
74. Weber, C. L., H. S. Matthews, J. J. Corbett, and E. D. Williams 2007. Carbon emissions embodied in importation, transport and retail of electronics in the U.S.: A growing global issue. Paper presented at the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 7-10 May 2007, Orlando, FL.
75. Weber, C. L., G. P. Peters, D. Guan, and K. Hubacek 2008. The contribution of Chinese exports to climate change. Energy Policy 36(9): 3572-3577.
76. Wright, R. M. 2000. The evolving physical condition of the Greater Toronto Area: Space, form and change. Toronto, Ontario, Canada : University of Toronto.