The Decline in Intercountry Adoptions and New Practices of Global Surrogacy: Global Exploitation and Human Rights Concerns

Affilia - Journal of Women and Social Work

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 129-141

  Rotabi, Karen Smith ^a   Bromfield, Nicole Footen ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

Hague Convention; human trafficking; intercountry adoption; surrogacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861790052     PISSN: 08861099     EISSN: 15523020     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0886109912444102     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Advocates for Surrogacy. (n.d.). Introducing our Guatemala surrogacy program. Retrieved fromhttp://www.advocatesforsurrogacy.com/guantemala_program.php.
2. Ben-Asher N.The curing law: On the evolution of baby-making markets.Cardozo Law Review. 2009;30:1885-1924.
3. BromfieldN. (2010, June 11). Global surrogacy in India: Legal, ethical and human rights implications of a growing "industry."Reproductive Health Reality Check: Information and Analysis for Reproductive Health. Retrieved fromhttp://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2010/06/10/stateless-babies-legal-ethical-human-rights-issues-raised-growth-global-surrogacy-india.
4. Bunkers K. M.,Groza VIntercountry adoption: Policies, practices, and outcomes. Gibbons J. L.Rotabi K.S., ed. Surrey, England: Ashgate Press; 2012:.
5. Bunkers K. M.,Groza V.,Lauer D.International adoption and child protection in Guatemala: A case of the tail wagging the dog.International Social Work. 2009;52:649-660.
6. CarneyS. (2010, March-April). Cash on delivery: Gestational dormitories, routine c-sections, quintuple embryo implants. brave new world? Nope, surrogacy tourism. Mother Jones, 69-73. Retrieved fromhttp://motherjones.com/politics/2010/02/surrogacy-tourism-india-nayna-patel.
7. Casa Alianza, Myrna Mack Foundation, Survivors Foundation, the Social Movement for the Rights of Children and Adolescents, Human Rights Office of the Archbishop of Guatemala, & the Social Welfare Secretariat. (2007). Adoptions in Guatemala: Protection or business? [In Spanish]Retrieved fromhttp://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/gender/adoption/docs/InformedeAdopcionesFundacionMyrnaMack.pdf.
8. Corea G.The mother machine: Reproductive technologies from artificial insemination to artificial wombs. New York, NY: Harper & Row; 1986:.
9. Costantino R.Femicide, impunity, and citizenship: The old and new in the struggle for justice in Guatemala.Journal of Mujeres Activistas en Letras y Cambio Social. 2006;6:107-121.
10. Crolley-Simic J.,Vonk M. E.Racial socialization practices of white mothers of international transracial adoptees.Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work. 2008;17:301-318.
11. Dowling M.,Brown G.Globalization and intercountry adoption from China.Child and Family Social Work. 2009;:1-10.
12. Elster N. R.Baby markets: Money and the new politics of creating families. Goodwin M. B., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2010:226-236.
13. FieserE. (2009, November 20). Guatemala slowly confronts widespread rape of women. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved fromhttp://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/print/content/view/print/265674.
14. Freundlich M.Supply and demand: The forces shaping the future of infant adoption.Adoption Quarterly. 1998;2:13-46.
15. Freundlich M.Adoption and ethics. Freundlich M., ed. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America; 2000:37-66.
16. GambleN. (2009). Crossing the line: The legal and ethical problems of foreign surrogacy. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nataliegambleassociates.co.uk/assets/assets/RBO%20cross-border%20surrogacy%20Aug%2009.pdf.
17. Gil D. G.Confronting injustice and oppression. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1998:.
18. Goodwin M. B.Baby markets: Money and the new politics of creating families. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2010:.
19. GreenD. M. (2010). The paradox of self-determination for marginalized individuals. Social Work and Society, 8.Retrieved fromhttp://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/36/92.
20. Gresham K.,Nackerud L.,Risler E.Intercountry adoption from Guatemala and the United States: A comparative policy analysis.Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies. 2004;1:1-20.
21. Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA. (2009a). Fact sheet: Femicide and feminicide. Retrieved fromhttp://www.GHRC-USA.org/Publications/FemicideFactSheet2009.pdf.
22. Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA. (2009b). Guatemala's endangered species: Women support I-VAWA. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ghrc-usa.org/Publications/IVAWAGuatemalaFactSheet.pdf.
23. Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA. (2009c). Guatemala's femicide law: Progress against impunity?Retrieved fromhttp://www.GHRC-USA.org/Publications/Femicide_Law_ProgressAgainstImpunity.pdf.
24. Hall A.,Midgley J. O.Social policy for development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2004:.
25. HaworthA. (2009, July 1). Surrogate mothers: Womb for rent. Seattle P.I., Retrieved fromhttp://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Surrogate-Mothers-Womb-for-rent-1303111.php.
26. Herrmann K. J.,Kasper B.International adoption: The exploitation of women and children.Affilia. 1992;7:45-58.
27. Hollinger J. H.Intercountry adoption: Forecasts and forebodings.Adoption Quarterly. 2004;8:41-60.
28. Hollingsworth L. D.International adoption among families in the United States: Considerations of social justice.Social Work. 2003;48:209-217.
29. JaniN. (2010). Theoretical analysis of human trafficking: A South Asian perspective. Journal of Global Social Work Practice. Retrieved fromhttp://www.globalsocialwork.org/vol3no1/Jani.html.
30. Landes E. M.,Posner R. A.The economics of the baby shortage.Journal of Legal Studies. 1978;7 (2): 323-348.
31. Markens S.Surrogate motherhood and the politics of reproduction. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2007:.
32. Marre D.,Briggs L.International adoption: Global inequalities and the circulation of children. Marre D.Briggs L., ed. New York: New York University Press; 2009:1-15.
33. National Association of Social Workers. (1999). Code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved fromhttp://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/Code/code.asp.
34. Nobelprize.org. (2010, November). The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (press release). Retrieved fromhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html.
35. Nussbaum M. C.Sex and social justice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000:.
36. Pande A.Not an "angel," not a "whore": Surrogates as "dirty" workers in India.Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2009;16:141-173.
37. Pastor R.The Honduran baby market.Sojourner: The Women's Forum. 1989, May;:19.
38. Perez O.Democratic legitimacy and public insecurity: Crime and democracy in El Salvador and Guatemala.Political Science Quarterly. 2003;118:627-644.
39. Guatemala: Never again!. Guatemala City: Archdiocese; 1999:.
40. Riben M.The stork market: America's multi-billion dollar unregulated adoption industry. Dayton, NJ: Advocate; 2007:.
41. Risley A.Sex trafficking: The "other" crisis in Mexico?.The Latin Americanist. 2010;54:99-117.
42. Roby J. L.From rhetoric to best practice: Children's rights in intercountry adoption.Children's Legal Rights Journal. 2007;27:48-71.
43. Roby J. L.,Ife J.Human rights, politics, and intercountry adoption: An examination of two sending countries.International Social Work. 2009;52:661-671.
44. Rotabi K. S.New intercountry adoption requirements.Immigration Law Today. 2008, January-February;27 (1): 12-15.
45. Rotabi K. S.El uso de la fuerza, el fraude y la coerción en algunas adopciones en Guatemala: Los casos graves de secuestros que cuestionan el principio del "interés superior del menor" [Force, fraud, and coercion in some Guatemalan adoptions: High-profile abduction cases challenge the "best interests of the child"].Scripta Nova. in press;:.
46. RotabiK. S.BunkersK. M. (2008, November). Intercountry adoption reform based on the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption: An update on Guatemala in 2008. Social Work and Society News Magazine. Retrieved fromhttp://www.socmag.net/?tag=adoption.
47. RotabiK. S.BunkersK. M. (2011). In the era of reform: A review of social work literature on intercountry adoption. Sage Open. Retrieved fromhttp://sgo.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/11/14/2158244011428160.full#aff-1.
48. Rotabi K. S.,Gibbons J. L.Does the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption adequately protect orphaned and vulnerable children and the families who gave birth to them?.Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2012;21:67-76.
49. RotabiK. S.HeineT. M. (2010). Commentary on Russian child adoption incidents: Implications for global policy and practice. Journal of Global Social Work Practice. Retrieved fromhttp://www.globalsocialwork.org/vol3no2/Rotabi.html.
50. Sanford V.The silencing of Maya women from Mama Maquin to Rigoberta Menchu.Social Justice. 2000;21:128-151.
51. Sanford V.From genocide to femicide: Impunity and human rights in twenty-first century Guatemala.Journal of Human Rights. 2008;7:104-122.
52. Selman P.The rise and fall of intercountry adoption in the 21st century.International Social Work. 2009;52:575-594.
53. Selman PIntercountry adoption: Policies, practices, and outcomes. Gibbons J. L.Rotabi K. S., ed. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate; in press:.
54. Singer P.One world: The ethics of globalization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2002:.
55. Smolin D. M.Child laundering: How the intercountry adoption system legitimizes and incentivizes the practices of buying, trafficking, kidnapping, and stealing children.Wayne Law Review. 2006;52:113-200.
56. Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (1993). 1993:.
57. Report of the special rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography: Report on the mission to Guatemala of Ms Ofelia Calcetas-Santos. New York, NY: United Nations; 2000:.
58. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2010). Report of the United Nations high commissioner for human rights on the activities of her office in Guatemala. Retrieved fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c225b,459b8a1e2,49c768892,0.html.
59. U.S. Department of State, Office of Children's Issues (n.d.). Guatemala country information. Retrieved fromhttp://www.adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=guatemala.
60. U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2005). Foreign affairs: Agencies have improved the intercountry adoption process, but further enhancements are needed(GAO-06-133). Retrieved fromhttp://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06133.pdf.
61. van den Akker O.Psychological aspects of surrogate motherhood.Human Reproduction Update. 2007;13:53-62.
62. van WormerK. (2005). Concepts for contemporary social work: Globalization, oppression, social exclusion, human rights, etc. Social Work and Society, 3, 1-10. Retrieved fromhttp://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/207/468.