Detailed design and transport properties of a helium droplet nozzle from 5 to 50 K

Cryogenics

Volumn 52, Issue 7-9, 2012, Pages 389-397

  Cleaver, Rebecca M ^a   Lindsay, C Michael ^a  

^a AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Helium droplet; Hydrodynamics; Multi phase flow; Nozzle; Skimmer; Supersonic expansion; Throughput

Indexed keywords

DETAILED DESIGN; DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; EFFUSIVE FLOW; HELIUM DROPLETS; HELIUM FLOW; JET ANGLE; LOW TEMPERATURES; NOZZLE TEMPERATURE; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE; PHYSICAL DESIGN; PRODUCTION RATES; SHADOWGRAPH TECHNIQUE; SKIMMER; SUB-CRITICAL; SUPER-CRITICAL; SUPERSONIC EXPANSIONS; THROUGHPUT MEASUREMENTS; TRANSPORT PERFORMANCE;

DESIGN; DROPS; HELIUM; HYDRODYNAMICS; MULTIPHASE FLOW; NOZZLE DESIGN; NOZZLES; THROUGHPUT; TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

SPRAY NOZZLES;

EID: 84861748332     PISSN: 00112275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2012.03.004     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Arp VD, McCarty RD, Friend DG. Thermophysical properties of helium-4 from 0.8 to 1500 K with pressures to 2000 MPa. Technical note 1334. Boulder, CO: National Institute of Standards and Technology; 1998.
2. M. Barranco, R. Guardiola, S. Hernández, R. Mayol, J. Navarro, and M. Pi Helium nanodroplets: an overview J Low Temp Phys 142 1-2 2006 1 81 (Pubitemid 43250433)
3. Bemish RJ, Inventor, Pfizer Inc, assignee. Helium droplet mass spectrometry (HDMS). United States patent US 6660,999; 2003 December 9.
4. Binns C, Blackman J, Trohidou K, Denisov S, Fiorani D, Tejada J, et al. NANOSPIN project: self-organized complex-spin magnetic nanostructructures. European Union Program 2005-2008. Contract number: NMP4-CT-2004-013545.
5. H. Buchenau, E.L. Knuth, J. Northby, J.P. Toennies, and C. Winkler Mass spectra and time-of-flight distributions of helium cluster beams J Chem Phys 92 11 1990 6875 6889
6. D.M. Brink, and S. Stringari Density of states and evaporation rate of helium clusters Z Phys D 15 3 1990 257 263
7. C. Callegari, K.K. Lehmann, R. Schmied, and G. Scoles Helium nanodroplet isolation rovibrational spectroscopy: methods and recent results J Chem Phys 115 22 2001 10090 10110 (Pubitemid 34061119)
8. R. Campargue Progress in overexpanded supersonic jets and skimmed molecular beams in free-jet zones of silence J Phys Chem 88 20 1984 4466 4474
9. J. Chaiken, J. Goodisman, O. Kornilov, and J.P. Toennies Application of scaling and kinetic equations to helium cluster size distributions: homogeneous nucleation of a nearly ideal gas J Chem Phys 125 7 2006 074305/1 074305/8
10. M.Y. Choi, G.E. Douberly, W.K. Lewis, C.M. Lindsay, J.M. Merritt, and P.L. Stiles Infrared laser spectroscopy of molecules and complexes in helium nanodroplets: solvent and solute structure and dynamics Int Rev Phys Chem 25 2006 15 76
11. G.E. Douberly, and R.E. Miller The growth of HF polymers in helium nanodroplets: probing the barriers to ring insertion J Phys Chem B 107 19 2003 4500 4507
12. Emery SB, Rider KB, Cleaver RM, Holt ED, Samuel JJ, Little BK, et al. Characterization and modeling of magnesium nanocluster deposition rates by superfluid helium droplet assembly. J Phys Chem A, in preparation.
13. Emery SB, Rider KB, Little BK, Lindsay CM. unpublished.
14. S. Grebenev, J.P. Toennies, and A.F. Vilesov Superfluidity within a small helium-4 cluster: the microscopic Andronikashvili experiment Science 279 1998 2083 2086 (Pubitemid 28196346)
15. R.E. Grisenti, and J.P. Toennies Cryogenic microjet source for orthotropic beams of ultralarge superfluid helium droplets Phys Rev Lett 90 23 2003 234501/1 2345014
16. 6 attached to He clusters Phys Rev Lett 69 1992 933 936
17. 3He droplets J Mol Spectrosc 185 1 1997 204 206 (Pubitemid 127433333)
18. J. Harms, J.P. Toennies, and E.L. Knuth Droplets formed in helium free-jet expansions from states near the critical point J Chem Phys 106 8 1997 3348 3357 (Pubitemid 127590480)
19. 6 in liquid helium clusters: a molecular probe of cluster temperature Phys Rev Lett 75 1995 1566 1569
20. Knuth EL, Schilling B, Toennies JP. On scaling parameters for predicting cluster sizes in free jets. In: Proceedings of the 19th international symposium on rarefied gas dynamics; 1995. p. 270-6.
21. E.L. Knuth, and U. Henne Average size and size distribution of large droplets produced in a free-jet expansion of a liquid J Chem Phys 110 5 1999 2664 2668 (Pubitemid 129615119)
22. 2 molecules in helium droplets J Phys Chem A 114 27 2010 7292 7300
23. 4He nanodroplet Mol Phys 98 2000 1991 1993
24. 4He Chem Phys Lett 206 1993 381 387
25. M. Lewerenz, B. Schilling, and J.P. Toennies Successive capture and coagulation of atoms and molecules to small clusters in large liquid helium clusters J Chem Phys 102 1995 8191 8207
26. Lewis WK. Private communication; 2011.
27. W.K. Lewis, B.E. Applegate, J. Sztáray, B. Sztáray, T. Baer, and R.J. Bemish Electron impact ionization in helium nanodroplets: controlling fragmentation by active cooling of molecular ions JACS 126 36 2004 11283 11292 (Pubitemid 39223199)
28. V.N. Lokhman, and G.N. Makarov The possibility of selection of molecules embedded in superfluid helium droplets Chem Phys Lett 398 2004 453 458
29. V.N. Lokhman, and G.N. Makarov Selecting molecules embedded in nanodroplets (clusters) of superfluid helium J Exp Theo Phys 100 3 2005 505 515 (Pubitemid 40538013)
30. E. Lugovoj, J.P. Toennies, and A. Vilesov Manipulating and enhancing chemical reactions in helium droplets J Chem Phys 112 2000 8217 8220
31. G.N. Makarov On the possibility of selecting molecules embedded in superfluid helium nanodroplets (clusters) Phys Uspekhi 49 11 2006 1131 1150 (Pubitemid 46502570)
32. E.D. Marquardt, J.P. Le, and R. Radebaugh Cryogenic material properties database Proceedings of the 11th international cryocooler conference 2000 Kluwer Academic/Plenum
33. 4 reaction J Chem Phys 124 8 2006 084301/1 084301/12
34. D.R. Miller Free jet sources G. Scoles, Atomic and molecular beam methods vol. 1 1988 Oxford University Press New York 14 53
35. K. Nauta, and R.E. Miller Nonequilibrium self-assembly of long chains of polar molecules in superfluid helium Science 283 5409 1999 1895 1897
36. K. Nauta, and R.E. Miller Formation of cyclic water hexamer in liquid helium: the smallest piece of ice Science 287 5451 2000 293 295 (Pubitemid 30046753)
37. NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook.
38. 4He clusters Phys Rev Lett 64 1990 1899 1902
39. G.S. Settles Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques: visualizing phenomena in transparent media 1st ed. 2001 Springer-Verlag New York
40. R.J. Silby, R.A. Alberty, and M.G. Bawendi Physical chemistry 4th ed. 2005 John Wiley and Sons New York
41. F. Stienkemeier, F. Meier, A. Hägele, H.O. Lutz, E. Schreiber, and C.P. Schulz Coherence and relaxation in potassium-doped helium droplets studied by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy Phys Rev Lett 83 1999 2320 2323 (Pubitemid 129689857)
42. F. Stienkemeier, and K.K. Lehmann Spectroscopy and dynamics in helium nanodroplets J Phys B 39 2006 R127 R166
43. J.P. Toennies, and A.F. Vilesov Superfluid helium droplets: a uniquely cold nanomatrix for molecules and molecular complexes Angew Chem Int Ed 43 2004 2622 2648 (Pubitemid 39268865)