Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 697-706

  Pfeiffer, Ronald F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

autonomic; botulinum toxin; cardiovascular; enteric; gastrointestinal; Parkinson's disease; thermoregulatory; urinary

Indexed keywords

(3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE I 123; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; APOMORPHINE; ATROPINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CISAPRIDE; DOMPERIDONE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FLUDROCORTISONE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE; LACTULOSE; LAXATIVE; LEVODOPA; LUBIPROSTONE; MACROGOL; METOCLOPRAMIDE; MIDODRINE; MOSAPRIDE; NEOSTIGMINE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; PYRIDOSTIGMINE; SEROTONIN 4 AGONIST; SILDENAFIL; SORBITOL; TEGASEROD; TESTOSTERONE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY; ANUS SPHINCTER; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; BEHAVIOR; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; COMPRESSION GARMENT; CONSTIPATION; CRICOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE; DEFECATION DISORDER; DETRUSOR MUSCLE; DIETARY FIBER; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPHAGIA; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; ESOPHAGUS MYOTOMY; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; EXPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTH TRAINING; FLUID INTAKE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMAN; HYPERSALIVATION; INJECTION SITE; INTESTINE INNERVATION; INTESTINE TRANSIT TIME; INTRAPAROTID DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MEMORY DISORDER; MICTURITION DISORDER; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NAUSEA; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; OVERACTIVE BLADDER; PARKINSON DISEASE; PAROTID GLAND; PATIENT POSITIONING; PYLORUS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STOMACH EMPTYING; STOMACH PARESIS; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; THERMOREGULATION; TRAINING; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINE RETENTION; UROGENITAL SYSTEM; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; PARKINSON DISEASE; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, PHYSIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84861748095     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.17     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Li ST, Bruce S, Metman LV, Cannon RO 3rd. Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 133(5), 338-347 (2000
2. Goldstein DS, Sharabi Y, Karp BI et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation preceding motor signs in Parkinson disease. Clin. Auton. Res. 17(2), 118-121 (2007 (Pubitemid 46669418)
3. Mathias CJ, Mallipeddi R, Bleasdale-Barr K. Symptoms associated with orthostatic hypotension in pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. 246(10), 893-898 (1999 (Pubitemid 29512158)
4. Senard JM, Raï S, Lapeyre-Mestre M et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 63(5), 584-589 (1997 (Pubitemid 27489221)
5. Lipp A, Sandroni P, Ahlskog JE et al. Prospective differentiation of multiple system atrophy from Parkinson disease, with and without autonomic failure. Arch. Neurol. 66(6), 742-750 (2009
6. Allcock LM, Ullyart K, Kenny RA, Burn DJ. Frequency of orthostatic hypotension in a community based cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 75(10), 1470-1471 (2004 (Pubitemid 39279820)
7. Mathias CJ, Bannister R. Postprandial hypotension in autonomic disorders. In: Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. Mathias CJ, Bannister R (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 283-295 (2002
8. Cicconetti P, Morelli S, De Serra C et al. Left ventricular mass in dippers and nondippers with newly diagnosed hypertension. Angiology 54(6), 661-669 (2003 (Pubitemid 37463263)
9. Routledge F, McFetridge-Durdle J. Nondipping blood pressure patterns among individuals with essential hypertension: a review of the literature. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 6(1), 9-26 (2007 (Pubitemid 46282565)
10. Sommer S, Aral-Becher B, Jost W. Nondipping in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons. Dis. doi:10.4061/2011/897586 (2011) (Epub ahead of print
11. Parkinson J. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. Whittingham and Rowland, London, UK (1817
12. Eadie MJ, Tyrer JH. Alimentary disorder in parkinsonism. Australas. Ann. Med. 14, 13-22 (1965
13. Korczyn AD. Autonomic nervous system disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol. 53, 463-468 (1990
14. Edwards LL, Pfeiffer RF, Quigley EM, Hofman R, Balluff M. Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 6(2), 151-156 (1991
15. Pfeiffer RF. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2(2), 107-116 (2003 (Pubitemid 37443331)
16. Pfeiffer RF. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 17(1), 10-15 (2011
17. Jost WH. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 289(1-2), 69-73 (2010
18. Abbott RA, Cox M, Markus H, Tomkins A. Diet, body size and micronutrient status in Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46(12), 879-884 (1992 (Pubitemid 23023500)
19. Chen H, Zhang SM, Hernán MA, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Weight loss in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 53(5), 676-679 (2003 (Pubitemid 36529445)
20. Ragonese P, D'Amelio M, Callari G et al. Body mass index does not change before Parkinson's disease onset. Eur. J. Neurol. 15(9), 965-968 (2008
21. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 357(9253), 354-357 (2001 (Pubitemid 32128542)
22. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Imaging of brain dopamine pathways: implications for understanding obesity. J. Addict. Med. 3(1), 8-18 (2009
23. Evidente VG, Caviness JN, Adler CH, Gwinn-Hardy KA, Pratley RE. Serum leptin concentrations and satiety in Parkinson's disease patients with and without weight loss. Mov. Disord. 16(5), 924-927 (2001 (Pubitemid 36041196)
24. Lorefält B, Toss G, Granérus AK. Weight loss, body fat mass, and leptin in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 24(6), 885-890 (2009
25. Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G. Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 24(13), 1881-1892 (2009
26. Wang G, Wan Y, Cheng Q et al. Malnutrition and associated factors in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease: results from a pilot investigation. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 16(2), 119-123 (2010
27. Verbaan D, Marinus J, Visser M, Van Rooden SM, Stiggelbout AM, Van Hilten JJ. Patient-reported autonomic symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology 69(4), 333-341 (2007 (Pubitemid 47205659)
28. Müller B, Larsen JP, Wentzel-Larsen T, Skeie GO, Tysnes OB; Parkwest Study Group. Autonomic and sensory symptoms and signs in incident, untreated Parkinson's disease: frequent but mild. Mov. Disord. 26(1), 65-72 (2011
29. Arbouw ME, Movig KL, Koopmann M et al. Glycopyrrolate for sialorrhea in Parkinson disease: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Neurology 74(15), 1203-1207 (2010
30. Hyson HC, Johnson AM, Jog MS. Sublingual atropine for sialorrhea secondary to parkinsonism: a pilot study. Mov. Disord. 17(6), 1318-1320 (2002 (Pubitemid 36041348)
31. Nóbrega AC, Rodrigues B, Melo A. Does botulinum toxin injection in parotid glands interfere with the swallowing dynamics of Parkinson's disease patients? Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 111(5), 430-432 (2009
32. Pfeiffer RF. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. In: Parkinson's Disease. Ebadi M, Pfeiffer RF (Eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 259-273 (2005
33. Gross RD, Atwood CW Jr, Ross SB, Eichhorn KA, Olszewski JW, Doyle PJ. The coordination of breathing and swallowing in Parkinson's disease. Dysphagia 23(2), 136-145 (2008
34. Troche MS, Huebner I, Rosenbek JC, Okun MS, Sapienza CM. Respiratory- swallowing coordination and swallowing safety in patients with Parkinson's disease. Dysphagia 26(3), 218-224 (2011
35. Byrne KG, Pfeiffer R, Quigley EM. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. A report of clinical experience at a single center. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 19(1), 11-16 (1994 (Pubitemid 24222232)
36. Menezes C, Melo A. Does levodopa improve swallowing dysfunction in Parkinson's disease patients? J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 34(6), 673-676 (2009
37. Restivo DA, Palmeri A, Marchese-Ragona R. Botulinum toxin for cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(15), 1174-1175 (2002 (Pubitemid 34984614)
38. Born LJ, Harned RH, Rikkers LF, Pfeiffer RF, Quigley EM. Cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: role in dysphagia and response to myotomy. Mov. Disord. 11(1), 53-58 (1996 (Pubitemid 26008563)
39. Troche MS, Okun MS, Rosenbek JC et al. Aspiration and swallowing in Parkinson disease and rehabilitation with EMST: a randomized trial. Neurology 75(21), 1912-1919 (2010
40. Tanaka Y, Kato T, Nishida H et al. Is there a delayed gastric emptying of patients with early-stage, untreated Parkinson's disease? An analysis using the 13C-acetate breath test. J. Neurol. 258(3), 421-426 (2011
41. Goetze O, Nikodem AB, Wiezcorek J et al. Predictors of gastric emptying in Parkinson's disease. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 18(5), 369-375 (2006
42. Soykan I, Sarosiek I, Shifflett J, Wooten GF, McCallum RW. Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 12(6), 952-957 (1997 (Pubitemid 27496773)
43. Gil RA, Hwynn N, Fabian T, Joseph S, Fernandez HH. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of gastroparesis in Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 17(4), 285-287 (2011
44. Siddiqui MF, Rast S, Lynn MJ, Auchus AP, Pfeiffer RF. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive symptom survey. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 8(4), 277-284 (2002 (Pubitemid 34142207)
45. Kaye J, Gage H, Kimber A, Storey L, Trend P. Excess burden of constipation in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Mov. Disord. 21(8), 1270-1273 (2006 (Pubitemid 44336628)
46. Ueki A, Otsuka M. Life style risks of Parkinson's disease: association between decreased water intake and constipation. J. Neurol. 251(Suppl. 7), vII18-vII23 (2004
47. Jost WH, Schimrigk K. Constipation in Parkinson's disease. Klin. Wochenschr. 69(20), 906-909 (1991
48. Ashraf W, Pfeiffer RF, Park F, Lof J, Quigley EM. Constipation in Parkinson's disease: objective assessment and response to psyllium. Mov. Disord. 12(6), 946-951 (1997 (Pubitemid 27496772)
49. Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR et al. Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 57(3), 456-462 (2001 (Pubitemid 32757593)
50. Abbott RD, Ross GW, Petrovitch H et al. Bowel movement frequency in late-life and incidental Lewy bodies. Mov. Disord. 22(11), 1581-1586 (2007 (Pubitemid 47477919)
51. Savica R, Carlin JM, Grossardt BR et al. Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology 73(21), 1752-1758 (2009
52. Liu Z, Sakakibara R, Odaka T et al. Mosapride citrate, a novel 5-HT4 agonist and partial 5-HT3 antagonist, ameliorates constipation in parkinsonian patients. Mov. Disord. 20(6), 680-686 (2005 (Pubitemid 41051779)
53. Chiu CM, Wang CP, Sung WH, Huang SF, Chiang SC, Tsai PY. Functional magnetic stimulation in constipation associated with Parkinson's disease. J. Rehabil. Med. 41(13), 1085-1089 (2009
54. Bassotti G, Maggio D, Battaglia E et al. Manometric investigation of anorectal function in early and late stage Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 68(6), 768-770 (2000 (Pubitemid 30265280)
55. Sakakibara R, Odaka T, Uchiyama T et al. Colonic transit time and rectoanal videomanometry in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 74(2), 268-272 (2003 (Pubitemid 36160697)
56. Sakakibara R, Kishi M, Ogawa E et al. Bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons. Dis. doi:10.4061/2011/924605 (2011) (Epub ahead of print
57. Edwards LL, Quigley EM, Harned RK, Hofman R, Pfeiffer RF. Defecatory function in Parkinson's disease: response to apomorphine. Ann. Neurol. 33(5), 490-493 (1993 (Pubitemid 23143032)
58. Tateno F, Sakakibara R, Yokoi Y et al. Levodopa ameliorated anorectal constipation in de novo Parkinson's disease: the QL-GAT study. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 17(9), 662-666 (2011
59. Albanese A, Brisinda G, Bentivoglio AR, Maria G. Treatment of outlet obstruction constipation in Parkinson's disease with botulinum neurotoxin A. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98(6), 1439-1440 (2003 (Pubitemid 36741549)
60. Zesiewicz TA, SulliVan KL, Arnulf I et al.; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 74(11), 924-931 (2010
61. Winge K, Fowler CJ. Bladder dysfunction in parkinsonism: mechanisms, prevalence, symptoms, and management. Mov. Disord. 21(6), 737-745 (2006 (Pubitemid 44028290)
62. O'SulliVan SS, Williams DR, Gallagher DA, Massey LA, Silveira-Moriyama L, Lees AJ. Nonmotor symptoms as presenting complaints in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study. Mov. Disord. 23(1), 101-106 (2008 (Pubitemid 351281225)
63. Singer C. Urological dysfunction. In: Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction. Pfeiffer RF, Bodis Wollner I (Eds). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA, 139-148 (2005
64. Singer C. Urinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. In: Parkinson's Disease. Ebadi M, Pfeiffer RF (Eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 275-286 (2005
65. Appell RA. Pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder: an evidence-based approach to selecting an antimuscarinic agent. Drugs 66(10), 1361-1370 (2006
66. Staskin DR, Rosenberg MT, Sand PK, Zinner NR, Dmochowski RR. Trospium chloride once-daily extended release is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome: an integrated analysis of two randomised, Phase III trials. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 63(12), 1715-1723 (2009
67. Blackett H, Walker R, Wood B. Urinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a review. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 15(2), 81-87 (2009
68. Giannantoni A, Rossi A, Mearini E, Del Zingaro M, Porena M, Berardelli A. Botulinum toxin A for overactive bladder and detrusor muscle overactivity in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. J. Urol. 182(4), 1453-1457 (2009
69. Kulaksizoglu H, Parman Y. Use of botulinim toxin-A for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in patients with Parkinsons's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 16(8), 531-534 (2010
70. Giannantoni A, Conte A, Proietti S et al. Botulinum toxin type A in patients with Parkinson's disease and refractory overactive bladder. J. Urol. 186(3), 960-964 (2011
71. Pavlakis AJ, Siroky MB, Goldstein I, Krane RJ. Neurourologic findings in Parkinson's disease. J. Urol. 129(1), 80-83 (1983 (Pubitemid 13148057)
72. Galloway NT. Urethral sphincter abnormalities in Parkinsonism. Br. J. Urol. 55(6), 691-693 (1983 (Pubitemid 14208659)
73. Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Uchiyama T, Yamanishi T. Videourodynamic and sphincter motor unit potential analyses in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 71(5), 600-606 (2001 (Pubitemid 33010573)
74. Stocchi F, Carbone A, Inghilleri M et al. Urodynamic and neurophysiological evaluation in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 62(5), 507-511 (1997 (Pubitemid 27237061)
75. Bronner G. Sexual problems in Parkinson's disease: the multidimensional nature of the problem and of the intervention. J. Neurol. Sci. 310(1-2), 139-143 (2011
76. Koller WC, Vetere-Overfield B, Williamson A, Busenbark K, Nash J, Parrish D. Sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 13(5), 461-463 (1990 (Pubitemid 20285580)
77. Sakakibara R, Shinotoh H, Uchiyama T et al. Questionnaire-based assessment of pelvic organ dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Auton. Neurosci. 92(1-2), 76-85 (2001 (Pubitemid 32757250)
78. Waters C, Smolowitz J. Impaired sexual function. In: Parkinson's Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction. Pfeiffer RF, Bodis-Wollner I (Eds). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA, 127-137 (2005
79. Singer C, Weiner WJ, Sanchez-Ramos J, Ackerman M. Sexual function in patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 54(10), 942 (1991
80. Brown RG, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N, Marsden CD. Sexual function in patients with Parkinson's disease and their partners. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 53(6), 480-486 (1990 (Pubitemid 20189582)
81. Bronner G, Royter V, Korczyn AD, Giladi N. Sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J. Sex Marital Ther. 30(2), 95-105 (2004 (Pubitemid 38228858)
82. Welsh M, Hung L, Waters CH. Sexuality in women with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 12(6), 923-927 (1997 (Pubitemid 27496769)
83. Zesiewicz TA, Helal M, Hauser RA. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 15(2), 305-308 (2000 (Pubitemid 30166738)
84. Hussain IF, Brady CM, Swinn MJ, Mathias CJ, Fowler CJ. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 71(3), 371-374 (2001 (Pubitemid 32772536)
85. Okun MS, McDonald WM, DeLong MR. Refractory nonmotor symptoms in male patients with Parkinson disease due to testosterone deficiency: a common unrecognized comorbidity. Arch. Neurol. 59(5), 807-811 (2002 (Pubitemid 34517764)
86. Langston JW, Forno LS. The hypothalamus in Parkinson disease. Ann. Neurol. 3(2), 129-133 (1978
87. den Hartog Jager WA, Bethlem J. The distribution of Lewy bodies in the central and autonomic nervous systems in idiopathic paralysis agitans. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 23, 283-290 (1960
88. Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H. Neuropathology of autonomic nervous system in Parkinson's disease. Eur. Neurol. 38(Suppl. 2), 2-7 (1997 (Pubitemid 27453771)
89. Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI et al.; Arizona Parkinson's Disease Consortium. Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol. 119(6), 689-702 (2010
90. Turkka JT, Myllylä VV. Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Eur. Neurol. 26(1), 1-7 (1987 (Pubitemid 17212876)
91. De Marinis M, Stocchi F, Testa SR, De Pandis F, Agnoli A. Alterations of thermoregulation in Parkinson's disease. Funct. Neurol. 6(3), 279-283 (1991
92. Sage JI, Mark MH. Drenching sweats as an off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: treatment and relation to plasma levodopa profile. Ann. Neurol. 37(1), 120-122 (1995
93. Van Hilten BJ, Roos RA. The continuum of hyperthermic syndromes with impaired dopaminergic activity. Arch. Intern. Med. 152(8), 1727-1730 (1992
94. Reutens DC, Harrison WB, Goldswain PR. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicating levodopa withdrawal. Med. J. Aust. 155(1), 53-54 (1991
95. Pfeiffer RF, Sucha EL. "On-off "-induced lethal hyperthermia. Mov. Disord. 4(4), 338-341 (1989
96. Sanghera MK, Ward C, Stewart RM, Mewes K, Simpson RK, Lai EC. Alleviation of drenching sweats following subthalamic deep brain stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease - a case report. J. Neurol. Sci. 285(1-2), 246-249 (2009
97. Leonardi M, Raggi A, Pagani M et al. Relationships between disability, quality of life and prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18(1), 35-39 (2012
98. Li H, Zhang M, Chen L et al. Nonmotor symptoms are independently associated with impaired health-related quality of life in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 25(16), 2740-2746 (2010
99. Carter JH, Stewart BJ, Lyons KS, Archbold PG. Do motor and nonmotor symptoms in PD patients predict caregiver strain and depression? Mov. Disord. 23(9), 1211-1216 (2008
100. Gallagher DA, Lees AJ, Schrag A. What are the most important nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and are we missing them? Mov. Disord. 25(15), 2493-2500 (2010
101. Lebouvier T, Neunlist M, Bruley des Varannes S et al. Colonic biopsies to assess the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease and its relationship with symptoms. PLoS ONE 5(9), e12728 (2010
102. Lebouvier T, Tasselli M, Paillusson S, Pouclet H, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. Biopsable neural tissues: toward new biomarkers for Parkinson's disease? Front. Psychiatry 1, 128 (2010
103. Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Mutlu E et al. Alpha-synuclein in colonic submucosal in early untreated Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. doi:10.1002/ mds.23898 (2011) (Epub ahead of print
104. Braak H, de Vos RA, Bohl J, Del Tredici K. Gastric alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology. Neurosci. Lett. 396(1), 67-72 (2006 (Pubitemid 43233790)
105. Olanow CW, Prusiner SB. Is Parkinson's disease a prion disorder? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(31), 12571-12572 (2009
106. Jang H, Boltz D, Sturm-Ramirez K et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(33), 14063-14068 (2009
107. Henry J, Smeyne RJ, Jang H, Miller B, Okun MS. Parkinsonism and neurological manifestations of influenza throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 16(9), 566-571 (2010
108. Drolet RE, Cannon JR, Montero L, Greenamyre JT. Chronic rotenone exposure reproduces Parkinson's disease gastrointestinal neuropathology. Neurobiol. Dis. 36(1), 96-102 (2009)