Inter- and intraspecific variability of tolerance: Implications for bioassays and biomonitoring

Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 49-84

  Berthet, Brigitte ^a   Leung, Kenneth M Y ^b   Amiard Triquet, Claude ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMONITORING; INTRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY;

EID: 84861578310     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (135)

1. Albayrak, S., et al. 2006. Ecological quality status of coastal benthic ecosystems in the Sea of Marmara. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 52:790-99
2. Amiard, J. C., et al. 2006. Metallothioneins in aquatic invertebrates: Their role in metal detoxification and their use as biomarkers. Aquat. Toxicol. 76:160-202
3. Amiard, J. C., et al. 2009. Quantification of contaminants. In Environmental assessment of estuarine ecosystems. A case study, ed. C. Amiard-Triquet and P. S. Rainbow, 31-57. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
4. Amiard-Triquet, C., and P. S. Rainbow. 2009. Conclusions. In Environmental assessment of estuarine ecosystems. A case study, ed. C. Amiard-Triquet and P. S. Rainbow, 323-48. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
5. Baird, D. J. 1992. Predicting population response to pollutants: In praise of clones. A comment on Forbes and Depledge. Funct. Ecol. 6:616-17
6. Barata, C., et al. 2002. Among-and within-population variability in tolerance to cadmium stress in natural populations of Daphnia magna: Implications for ecological risk assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:1058-64
7. Bergayou, H., et al. 2009. Oxidative stress responses in bivalves (Scrobicularia plana, Cerastoderma edule) from the Oued Souss estuary (Morocco). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 72:765-69
8. Berthet, B. 2008. Les espèces sentinelles. In Les biomarqueurs dans l'évaluation de l'état écologique des milieux aquatiques, ed. J. C. Amiard and C. Amiard-Triquet, 121-48. Paris: Lavoisier
9. Berthet, B., et al. 2003. Accumulation and soluble binding of Cd, Cu and Zn in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor from coastal sites with different trace metal bioavailabilities. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45:468-78
10. Bessineton, C. 2009. Historical records of the Nereis diversicolor population in the Seine estuary. In Environmental assessment of estuarine ecosystems. A case study, ed. C. Amiard-Triquet and P. S. Rainbow, 183-97. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
11. Blanck, H., S. A. Wängberg, and S. Molander. 1988. Pollution-induced community tolerance-A new tool. In Function testing of aquatic biota for estimating hazards of chemicals, ed. J. J. Cairns and J. R. Pratt, 219-30. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials
12. Borja, A., J. Franco, and V. Pérez. 2000. A marine biotic index to establish the ecological quality of soft-bottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal environments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40:1100-14
13. Borja, A., I. Muxika, and J. Franco. 2003. The application of a marine biotic index to different impact sources affecting soft-bottom benthic communities along European coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46:835-45
14. Borja, A., et al. 2008. Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 56:1519-73
15. Bossuyt, B. T. A., and C. R. Janssen. 2003. Acclimation of Daphnia magna to environmentally realistic copper concentrations. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 136:253-64
16. Bouchet, V. M. P., et al. 2009. Influence of the mode of macrofauna-mediated bioturbation on the vertical distribution of living benthic foraminifera: First insight from axial tomodensitometry. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 371:20-33
17. Brown, R. J., et al. 2004. Differential sensitivity of three marine invertebrates to copper assessed using multiple biomarkers. Aquat. Toxicol. 66:267-78
18. Bryan, G. W., et al. 1985. A guide to the assessment of heavy metal contamination in estuaries using biological indicators. Occ. Publ. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 4
19. Bryan, G. W., et al. 1987. Copper, zinc, and organotin as long-term factors governing the distribution of organisms in the Fal Estuary in Southwest England. Estuaries 10:208-19
20. Burin, G. J., and D. R. Saunders. 1999. Addressing human variability in risk assessment-The robustness of the intraspecies uncertainty factor. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 30:209-16
21. Cain, D. J., S. N. Luoma, and W. G. Wallace. 2004. Linking metal bioaccumulation of aquatic insects to their distribution patterns in a mining-impacted river. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23:1463-73
22. Calabrese, E. J. 1985. Uncertainty factor and interindividual variation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 5:190-96
23. Cao, G. C., and Z. J. Han. 2006. Tebufenozide resistance selected in Plutella xylostella and its cross-resistance and fitness cost. Pest Manage. Sci. 62:746-51
24. Carman, K. R., J. W. Fleeger, and S. M. Pomarico. 2000. Does historical exposure to hydrocarbon contamination alter the response of benthic communities to diesel contamination? Mar. Environ. Res. 49:255-78
25. Chapman, P. M. 2002. Integrating toxicology and ecology: Putting the "eco" into ecotoxicology. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44:7-15
26. Chapman, P. M., M. A. Farrel, and R. O. Brinkhurst. 1982. Effects of species interactions on the survival and respiration of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, tubificidae) exposed to various pollutants and environmental factors. Water Res. 16:1405-08
27. Chapman, P. M., and F. Wang. 2001. Assessing sediments contamination in estuaries. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20:3-22
28. Ching, E. W. K., et al. 2001. DNA adduct formation and DNA strand breaks in green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene: Dose and time dependent relationships. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42:603-10
29. Choueri, R. B., et al. 2009. Integrated sediment quality assessment in Paranagua Estuarine System, Southern Brazil. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 72:1824-31
30. Coe, T. S., et al. 2009. Genetic variation in strains of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and implications for ecotoxicology studies. Ecotoxicology 18:144-50
31. Coelho, J. P., et al. 2008. The role of two sediment-dwelling invertebrates on the mercury transfer from sediments to the estuarine trophic web. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 78:505-12
32. Conti, M. E., and G. Cecchetti. 2001. Biological monitoring: Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment-a review. Environ. Pollut. 114:471-92
33. Cosper, E. M., et al. 1987. Induced resistance to polychlorinated biphenyls confers crossresistance and altered environmental fitness in a marine diatom. Mar. Environ. Res. 23:207-22
34. Dahllof, I., et al. 2001. The effect of TBT on the structure of a marine sediment community-A boxcosm study. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42:689-95
35. Dauvin, J. C. 2007. Paradox of estuarine quality: Benthic indicators and indices, consensus or debate for the future. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 55:271-81
36. Dauvin, J. C. 2008. Effects of heavy metal contamination on the macrobenthic fauna in estuaries: The case of the Seine estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 57:160-69
37. Dauvin, J. C., et al. 2009. Benthic indicators and index approaches in the three main estuaries along the French Atlantic coast (Seine, Loire and Gironde). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 30:228-40
38. de Kock, W. C., and K. J. M. Kramer. 1994. Active biomonitoring (ABM) by translocation of bivalve molluscs. In Biomonitoring of coastal waters and estuaries, ed. K. J. M. Kramer, 51-84. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
39. De Martinez Gaspar Martins, C., and A. Bianchini. 2009. Metallothionein-like proteins in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus: Effect of water salinity and ions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 152:366-71
40. Diaz, R. J., M. Solan, and R. M. Valente. 2004. A review of approaches for classifying benthic habitats and evaluating habitat quality. J. Environ. Manage. 73:165-81
41. Duan, Y., S. I. Guttman, and J. T. Oris. 1996. Genetic differentiation among laboratory populations of Hyalella azteca: Implications for toxicology. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:691-95
42. Durou, C., et al. 2007. Biomonitoring in a clean and a multi-contaminated estuary based on biomarkers and chemical analyses in the endobenthic worm Nereis diversicolor. Environ. Pollut. 148:445-58
43. Eilers, S., et al. 2009. Effects of multiple stressors on energy metabolism in oysters. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 153:S172
44. Fisher, N. S. 1977. On the differential sensitivity of estuarine and open-sea diatoms to exotic chemical stress. Am. Nat. 111:871-95
45. Fisher, N. S., et al. 1973. Geographic differences in phytoplankton sensitivity to PCBs. Nature 241:548-49
46. Funes, V., et al. 2006. Ecotoxicological effects of metal pollution in two mollusc species from the Spanish South Atlantic littoral. Environ. Pollut. 139:214-23
47. Gaetke, L. M., and C. K. Chow. 2003. Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology 189:147-63
48. Galloway, T. S., et al. 2004. Ecosystem management bioindicators: The ECOMAN project-A multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management. Mar. Environ. Res. 58:233-37
49. Geffard, A., et al. 2002b. Relationships between metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein levels in larvae of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to contaminated estuarine sediment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 233:131-42
50. Geffard, A., et al. 2004. Comparative study of metal handling strategies in bivalves Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas: A multidisciplinary approach. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 84:641-50
51. Geffard, A., et al. 2007. Bioaccumulation of metals in sediment elutriates and their effects on growth, condition index, and metallothionein contents in oyster larvae. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53:57-65
52. Geffard, A., J. C. Amiard, and C. Amiard-Triquet. 2002a. Use of metallothionein in gills of oysters Crassostrea gigas as a biomarker: Seasonal and intersite fluctuations. Biomarkers 7:123-37
53. Geffard, A., C. Amiard-Triquet, and J. C. Amiard. 2005. Do seasonal changes interfere with metallothionein induction by metals in mussels Mytilus edulis? Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 61:209-20
54. Géret, F., and R. P. Cosson. 2002. Induction of specific isoforms of metallothionein in mussel tissues after exposure to cadmium or mercury. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42:36-42
55. Gillet, P., et al. 2008. Response of Nereis diversicolor population (Polychaeta, Nereidida) to the pollution impact-Authie and Seine estuaries (France). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 76:201-10
56. Gómez Gesteira, J. L., and J. C. Dauvin. 2000. Amphipods are good ioindicators of the impact of oil spills on soft-bottom macrobenthic communities. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40:1017-27
57. Grall, J., and M. Glémarec. 1997. Using biotic indices to estimate macrobenthic community perturbations in the Bay of Brest. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 44(Suppl. A):43-53
58. Grant, A., J. G. Hateley, and N. V. Jones. 1989. Mapping the ecological impact of heavy metals in the estuarine polychaete Nereis diversicolor using inherited metal tolerance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 20:235-38
59. Gustafsson, M., et al. 2000. Benthic foraminiferal tolerance to tri-n-butyltin (TBT) pollution in an experimental mesocosm. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40:1072-75
60. Han, B. C., et al. 1994. Copper intake and health threat by consuming seafood from coppercontaminated coastal environments in Taiwan. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:775-80
61. Hateley, J. G., A. Grant, and N. V. Jones. 1989. Heavy metal tolerance in estuarine populations of Nereis diversicolor. In Reproduction, genetics and distribution of marine organisms, ed. J. S. Ryland and P. A. Tyler, 379-85. Proceedings of 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark
62. Heugens, E. H. W., et al. 2001. A review of the effects of multiple stressors on aquatic organisms and analysis of uncertainty factors for use in risk assessment. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 31:247-84
63. Heugens, E. H. W., et al. 2006. Population growth of Daphnia magna under multiple stress conditions: Joint effects of temperature, food, and cadmium. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25:1399-407
64. His, E., R. Beiras, and M. N. L. Seaman. 1999. The assessment of marine pollution-Bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae. Adv. Mar. Biol. 37:1-178
65. Hjorth, M., I. Dahllöf, and V. E. Forbes. 2006. Effects on the function of three trophic levels in marine plankton communities under stress from the antifouling compound zinc pyrithione. Aquat. Toxicol. 77:105-15
66. Hoffman, E. R., and S. W. Fisher. 1994. Comparison of a field and laboratory-derived population of Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae): Biochemical and fitness evidence for population divergence. J. Econ. Entomol. 87:318-25
67. Hughes, R. N. 1969. A study of feeding in Scrobicularia plana. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 49:805-23
68. Hummel, H., et al.1996. Sensitivity to stress of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica from areas between the Netherlands and its southern limits (Gironde). Neth. J. Sea Res. 35: 315-321
69. Ivanina, A. V., C. Taylor, and I. M. Sokolova. 2009. Effects of elevated temperature and cadmium exposure on stress protein response in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Aquat. Toxicol. 91:245-54
70. Jenny, M. J., et al. 2006. Regulation of metallothionein genes in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Ontogeny and differential expression in response to different stressors. Gene 379:156-65
71. Kalman, J., et al. 2009. Assessment of the health status of populations of the ragworm Nereis diversicolor using biomarkers at different levels of biological organisation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 393:55-67
72. Kammenga, J. E., and A. G. Riksen. 1996. Comparing differences in species sensitivity to toxicants: Phenotypic plasticity versus concentration-response relationships. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:1649-53
73. Kashian, D. R., et al. 2007. The cost of tolerance: Sensitivity of stream benthic communities to UV-B and metals. Ecol. Appl. 17:366-75
74. Keilty, T. J., D. S. White, and P. F. Landrum. 1988. Sublethal responses to endrin in sediment by Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Tubificidae), and in mixed-culture with Stylodrilus heringianus (Lumbriculidae). Aquat. Toxicol. 13:227-49
75. Lam, P. K. S., and J. S. Gray. 2001. Predicting effects of toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42:169-73
76. Langston, W. J., M. J. Bebianno, and G. R. Burt. 1998. Metal handling strategies in molluscs. In Metal metabolism in aquatic environments, ed. W. J. Langston and M. J. Bebianno, 219-83. London: Chapman & Hall
77. Lannig, G., A. S. Cherkasov, and I. M. Sokolova. 2006. Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on mitochondrial and whole-organism bioenergetics of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Mar. Environ. Res. 62:S79-82
78. Lapkina, L. N., and N. R. Arkhipova. 2000. Comparative analysis of tolerance to pesticides in annelids. Russ. J. Ecol. 5:336-40
79. Legras, S., et al. 2000. Changes in metallothionein concentrations in response to variation in natural factors (salinity, sex, weight) and metal concentration in crabs from a metal-rich estuary. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 246:259-79
80. Lemoine, S., et al. 2000. Metallothionein isoforms in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Complementary DNA characterization and quantification of expression in different organs after exposure to cadmium, zinc, and copper. Mar. Biotechnol. 2:195-203
81. Lenormand, T., et al. 1999. Tracking the evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Nature 400:861-64
82. Lotts, J. W., and A. J. Stewart. 1995. Minnows can acclimate to total residual chlorine. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:1365-74
83. Luoma, S. N., and P. S. Rainbow. 2008. Metal contamination in aquatic environments. Science and lateral management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
84. May, R. M. 1985. Evolution of pesticide resistance. Nature 315:12-13
85. McDonald, D. A., et al. 1992. The coastal resource coordinator's bioassessment manual. Report HAZMAT 93-1. Seattle, WA: NOAA
86. McGeer, J. C., et al. 2007. Influence of acclimation and cross-acclimation of metals on acute Cd toxicity and Cd uptake and distribution in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 84:190-97
87. Medina, M. H., J. A. Correa, and C. Barata. 2007. Micro-evolution due to pollution: Possible consequences for ecosystem responses to toxic stress. Chemosphere 67:2105-14
88. Moreira, S. M., et al. 2005. A short-term in situ toxicity assay with Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta) for estuarine sediments based on post-exposure feeding. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24:2010-18
89. Moreira, S. M., et al. 2006. Effects of estuarine sediment contamination on feeding and on key physiological functions of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor: Laboratory and in situ assays. Aquat. Toxicol. 78:186-201
90. Mouneyrac, C., et al. 2001. Comparison of metallothionein concentration and tissue distribution of trace metals in crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) from a metal-rich estuary, in and out of the reproductive season. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 129:193-209
91. Mouneyrac, C., et al. 2003. Physico-chemical forms of storage and the tolerance of the estuarine worm Nereis diversicolor chronically exposed to trace metals in the environment. Mar. Biol. 143:731-44
92. Mouneyrac, C., et al. 2008. Biological indices, energy reserves, steroid hormones and sexual maturity in the infaunal bivalve Scrobicularia plana from three sites differing by their level of contamination. Gen. Comp. Endocr. 157:133-41
93. Mouneyrac, C., et al. 2009a. Linking energy metabolism, reproduction, abundance and structure of Nereis diversicolor populations. In Environmental assessment of estuarine ecosystems. A case study, ed. C. Amiard-Triquet and P. S. Rainbow, 159-81. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
94. Mouneyrac, C., et al. 2009b. Influence of anthropogenic stress on fitness and behaviour of a key-species of estuarine ecosystems, the ragworm Nereis diversicolor. Environ. Pollut. 158:121-28
95. Nacci, D., et al. 2009. Evolution of tolerance to PCBs and susceptibility to a bacterial pathogen (Vibrio harveyi) in Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from New Bedford Harbor (MA, USA) Environ. Pollut. 157:857-64
96. Niemeijer, D., and R. S. de Groot. 2008. A conceptual framework for selecting environmental indicator sets. Ecol. Indic. 8:14-25
97. Nendza, M. 2002. Inventory of marine biotest methods for the evaluation of dredged material and sediments. Chemosphere 48:865-83
98. Newman, M. C., and M. A. Unger. 2003. Fundamentals of ecotoxicology. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers
99. Ng, T. Y. T., et al. 2008. Decoupling of cadmium biokinetics and metallothionein turnover in a marine polychaete after metal exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 89:47-54
100. Norwood, W. P., U. Borgmann, and D. G. Dixon. 2007. Interactive effects of metals in mixtures on bioaccumulation in the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Aquat. Toxicol. 84:255-67
101. Nowak, C., et al. 2007. Consequences of inbreeding and reduced genetic variation on tolerance to cadmium stress in the midge Chironomus riparius. Aquat. Toxicol. 85:278-84
102. OECD. 1998. Daphnia magna reproduction test. In OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals. Vol. 211. Paris: OECD
103. Olivier, M., et al. 1995. Behavioural responses of Nereis diversicolor (O.F. Müller) and Nereis virens (Sars) (Polychaeta) to food stimuli-Use of specific organic matter (algae and halophytes). Can. J. Zool. 73:2307-17
104. Olla, B. L., A. J. Bedja, and W. H. Pearson. 1983. Effects of oiled sediment on the burrowing behaviour of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Mar. Environ. Res. 9:183-93
105. Olla, B. L., et al. 1984. Sublethal effects of oiled sediment on the sand worm, Nereis (Neanthes) virens: Induced changes in burrowing and emergence. Mar. Environ. Res. 13:121-39
106. Pearson, W. H., et al. 1981. Effects of oiled sediment on predation on the littleneck clam, Protothaca staminea, by the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 13:445-54
107. Pérez, E., J. Blasco, and M. Solé. 2004. Biomarker responses to pollution in two invertebrate species: Scrobicularia plana and Nereis diversicolor from the Cádiz bay (SW Spain). Mar. Environ. Res. 58:275-79
108. Prato, S., et al. 2009. Application of biotic and taxonomic distinctness indices in assessing the ecological quality status of two coastal lakes: Caprolace and Fogliano lakes (Central Italy). Ecol. Indic. 9:568-83
109. Puente, A., et al. 2008. Ecological assessment of soft bottom benthic communities in northern Spanish estuaries. Ecol. Indic. 8:373-88
110. Rainbow, P. S. 2002. Trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates: Why and so what? Environ. Pollut. 120:497-507
111. RNO. 2006. Surveillance de la qualité du milieu marin. Paris: Ministère de l'Environnement and Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer)
112. Roméo, M., L. Poirier, and B. Berthet. 2009. Biomarkers based upon biochemical responses. In Environmental assessment of estuarine ecosystems. A case study, ed. C. Amiard-Triquet and P. S. Rainbow, 59-81. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
113. Rubal, M., L. M. Guilhermino, and M. H. Medina. 2009. Individual, population and community level effects of subtle anthropogenic contamination in estuarine meiobenthos. Environ. Pollut. 157:2751-58
114. Ruus, A., et al. 2005. Experimental results on bioaccumulation of metals and organic contaminants from marine sediments. Aquat. Toxicol. 72:273-92
115. Scaps, P., and O. Borot. 2000. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor: Effects of temperature and salinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 125C:377-83
116. Semlitsch, R. D., C. M. Bridges, and A. M. Welch. 2000. Genetic variation and a fitness tradeoff in the tolerance of gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles to the insecticide carbaryl. Oecologia 125:179-85
117. Simboura, N., and A. Zenetos. 2002. Benthic indicators to use in ecological quality classification of Mediterranean soft bottom marine ecosystems, including a new biotic index. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 3:77-111
118. Slobodkin, L. B., and H. L. Sanders. 1969. On the contribution of environmental predictability to species diversity. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 22:82-95
119. Smolders, R., L. Bervoets, and R. Blust. 2004. In situ and laboratory bioassays to evaluate the impact of effluent discharges on receiving aquatic ecosystems. Environ. Pollut. 132:231-43
120. Sokolowski, A., et al. 2004. Abnormal features of Macoma balthica (Bivalvia) in the Baltic Sea: Alerting symptoms of environmental adversity? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49:17-22
121. Solé, M., J. Kopecka-Pilarczyk, and J. Blasco. 2009. Pollution biomarkers in two estuarine invertebrates, Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana, from a marsh ecosystem in SW Spain. Environ. Int. 35:523-31
122. Spurgeon, D. J., et al. 2000. Relative sensitivity of life-cycle and biomarker responses in four earthworm species exposed to zinc. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19:1800-08
123. Stohler, R. A., J. Curtis, and D. J. Minchella. 2004. A comparison of microsatellite polymorphism and heterozygosity among field and laboratory populations of Schistosoma mansoni. Int. J. Parasitol. 34:595-601
124. Sun, F. H., and Q. X. Zhou. 2008. Oxidative stress biomarkers of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor exposed to cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 70:106-14
125. Takamura, N., F. Kasai, and M. M. Watanabe. 1989. Effects of Cu, Cd and Zn on photosynthesis of freshwater benthic algae. J. Appl. Phycol. 1:39-52
126. Tanguy, A., et al. 2002. Polymorphism of metallothionein genes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas as a biomarker of response to metal exposure. Biomarkers 7:439-50
127. Tanguy, A., et al. 2003. Metallothionein genes in the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis: A potential ecological tool for environmental monitoring? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 257:87-97
128. Teixeira, H., et al. 2009. Quality assessment of benthic macroinvertebrates under the scope of WFD using BAT, the benthic assessment tool. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58:1477-86
129. TGD. 2003. Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation (EC) no 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. EUR 20418 EN/2. European Commission, Joint Research Centre
130. Truchet, M., R. Martoja, and B. Berthet. 1990. Conséquences histologiques de la pollution métallique d'un estuaire sur deux mollusques, Littorina littorea L. et Scrobicularia plana Da Costa. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 311:261-68
131. van der Oost, R., J. Beyer, and N. P. E. Vermeulen. 2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 13:57-149
132. van der Oost, R., C. Porte-Visa, and N. W. van den Brink. 2005. Biomarkers in environmental assessment. In Ecotoxicological testing of marine and freshwater ecosystems: Emerging techniques, trends and strategies, ed. P. J. den Besten and M. Munawar, 87-152. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
133. Vermeire, T., et al. 1999. Assessment factors for human health risk assessment: A discussion paper. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 29:439-90
134. Whalon, M. E. 2008. Introduction. In Global pesticide resistance in arthropods, ed. M. E. Whalon, D. Mota-Sanchez, and R. M. Hollingworth, 1-4. Wallingford, UK: CABI
135. Wirgin, I., and J. R. Waldman. 2004. Resistance to contaminants in North American fish populations. Mutation Res. 552:73-100