Sodium Nitrate Deposits and Efflorescences

Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 391-408

  Goudie, Andrew S ^a   Heslop, Elaine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chemical crust; Hyper arid; Rational explanation; Sodium nitrate deposits; Spatial extent and thickness

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861517295     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470712917.ch12     Document Type: Chapter

References (67)

1. Abele, G. (1983) Flacenhafte Hanggestaltung und Hangzerschneidung im chilen-ish-peruanischen trockengebeit. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementband 48, 197-201.
2. Alpers, G.N. & Brimhall, G.H. (1988) Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile: evidence from supergene mineralisation at La Escondida. Bulletin Geological Society of America 100, 1640-1646.
3. Alonso, R.N., Jordan, T.E., Tubbutt, K.T. & Vandorvoort, D.S. (1999) Giant evaporite belts of the Neogene Central Andes. Geology 19, 401-404.
4. Arias, J. (2003) On the origin of saltpetre, northern Chile coast. Abstract, XVI INQUA Congress, Reno, Nevada, paper 6-9, 24 July.
5. Arnold, A. & Zehnder, K. (1988) Decay of stone materials in salts in humid atmosphere. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Nicolas Copernicus University, Torun, pp. 138-1468.
6. Bendix, J. Bendix, A. & Richter, M. (2000) El Niño 1997/1998 in Nordperu: Anzeichen eines Ökosystem-Wandels? Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 144, 20-31.
7. Betancourt, J.L. Latorre, C., Recho, J.A., Quade, J. & Rylander, K.A. (2000) A 22,000-year record of monsoonal precipitation from northern Chile's Atacama Desert. Science 289, 1542-1546.
8. 16O isotope ratios. Fall Meeting, Supplement of Abstracts. Eos (Transactions of the American Geophysical Union) 83(47), 1 pp.
9. Böhlke, J.K., Ericksen, G.E. & Revesz, K. (1997) Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and Southern California, USA. Chemical Geology 136, 135-152.
10. Cereceda, P. & Schemenauer, R.S. (1991) The occurrence of fog in Chile. Journal of Applied Meteorology 30, 1097-1105.
11. Cereceda, P., Osses, P., Larrain, H., Farías, M. Lagos, M., Pinto, R. & Schemenauer, R.S. (2002) Advective, orographic and radiation fog in the Tarapacá region, Chile. Atmospheric Research 64, 261-271.
12. Chong, G.D. (1994) The nitrate deposits of Chile. In: Reutter, K.-J., Scheuber, E. & Wigger, P.J. (Eds) Tectonics of the southern Central Andes. Berlin: Springer, pp. 303-316.
13. Claridge, G.G.C. & Campbell, I.B. (1968) Origin of nitrate deposits. Nature 217, 428-430.
14. Clarke, J.D.A. (2006) Antiquity of aridity in the Chilean Atacama Desert. Geomorphology 73, 101-114.
15. Colleo, S., Arce, E. & Andia, A. (2002) Mineralogy, chemistry and fluid inclusions in the nitrate ore deposits of Maria Elena, II Region, Chile. Boletin de la Sociedad Chilena de Quimica 47, 181-190.
16. Cooke, R.U. (1994) Salt weathering and the urban water table in deserts. In: Robinson, D.A. & Williams, R.B.G. (Eds) Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 193-205.
17. Cooke, R.U. & Smalley, I.J. (1968) Salt weathering in deserts. Nature 220, 1226-1227.
18. Darwin, C. (1890) Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, South American Geology. London: Ward Lock.
19. Dean, J.A. & Lange, N.A. (1992) Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th edn. London: McGraw-Hill.
20. Diaz, G.G., Mendoza, M., Garcia-Veigac, J., Pueyo, J.J. & Turner, P. (1999) Evolution and geochemical signatures in a Neogene forearc evaporitic basin: the Salar Grande (Central Andes of Chile). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 151, 39-54.
21. Eckardt, F.D. & Schemenauer, R.S. (1998) Fog water chemistry in the Namib Desert, Namibia. Atmospheric Environment 32, 2595-2599.
22. Ericksen, G.E. (1981) Geology and origin of the Chilean nitrate deposits. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1188, 1-37.
23. Ericksen, G.E. (1983) The Chilean nitrate deposits. American Scientist 71, 366-374.
24. Ericksen, G.E. (1994) Discussion of a petrographic study of the Chilean nitrates. Geological Magazine 131, 849-852.
25. 3, and associated saline minerals in the Chilean nitrate deposits. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 800-B, B43-B49.
26. Ericksen, G.E., Hosterman, J.W. & St. Amand, P. (1988) Chemistry, mineralogy, and origin of the clay-hill nitrate deposits, Amagosa River valley, Death valley region, California, U.S.A.. Chemical Geology 67, 85-102.
27. Forbes, D. (1981) On the geology of Bolivia and southern Peru. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 17, 7-62.
28. Forti, P. & Buzio, A. (1990) La nitratite della Grotta de las Manos (Argentina). Revista Italiana di Mineralogia e Palaeontologia 63, 3-9.
29. Gaupp, R., Kòltt, A. & Worner, G. (1999) Palaeoclimatic implications of Mio-Pliocene sedimentation in the high-altitude intra-arc Lauca Basin of northern Chile. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 151, 79100.
30. Gautier, A. (1894) Sur un gisement de phosphates de chaux et d'alumine contenant des espèces rares ou nouvelles et sur la genèse des phosphates et nitres naturels. Annales de Mines Serie 9 5, 5-53.
31. Goudie, A.S. (1972) On the definition of calcrete deposits. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 16, 464-468.
32. Goudie, A.S. (1974) Further experimental investigation of rock weathering by salt and other mechanical processes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementband 21, 1-12.
33. Goudie, A.S. (1993) Salt weathering simulation using a single-immersion technique. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18, 369-376.
34. Goudie, A.S., Wright, E. & Viles, H.A. (2002) The roles of salt (sodium nitrate) and fog in weathering: a laboratory simulation of conditions in the northern Atacama Desert, Chile. Catena 48, 255-266.
35. Hartley, A.J. & Chong, G. (2002) Late Pliocene age for the Atacama Desert: Implications for the Desertification of western South America. Geology 31, 43-46.
36. Hartley, A.J. & May, G. (1998) Miocene gypcretes from the Calama Basin, northern Chile. Sedimentology 45, 351-364.
37. Heslop, E.E.M. (2003) Clast breakdown in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile: An integrated field and laboratory approach. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Oxford.
38. Hill, C.A. (1977) Niter and soda-niter in a lava tube, Socorro County, New Mexico. Cave Research Fund Annual Report 19, 15.
39. Hill, C.A. (1981) Minerology of cave nitrates. National Speleological Society Bulletin 43, 127-132.
40. Hill, C.A. & Eller, P.G. (1977) Soda niter in earth cracks of Wupatki National Monument. National Speleological Society Bulletin 39, 113-116.
41. Hill, C. & Forti, P. (1997) Cave minerals of the World, 2nd edn. Huntsville, AL: National Speleological Society.
42. Holmgren, C.A. Betancourt, J.L., Rylander, K.A., Roque, J., Tovar, O., Zeballos, H., Linares, E. & Quade, J. (2001) Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru. Quaternary Research 56, 242-251.
43. Johannesson, J.K. & Gibson, G.W. (1962) Nitrate and iodate in Antarctica salt deposits. Nature 194, 567-568.
44. Keys, J.R. & Williams, K. (1981) Origin of crystalline, cold desert salts in the McMurdo Region, Antarctica. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 2299-2309.
45. Kirchner, G. (1996) Cavernous weathering in the Basin and Range area, Southwestern USA and northern Mexico. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementband 106, 73-97.
46. Laue, S., Bläuer Böhm, C. & Jeannette, D. (1996) Salt weathering and porosity. Proceedings 8th International Conference on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. Berlin: Ernst und Sohn, pp. 513-533.
47. Magilligan, F.J. & Goldstein, P.S. (2001) El Niño floods and culture change: a late Holocene flood history for the Rio Moquegua, southern Peru. Geology 29, 431-434.
48. Malone, P.G., Poole, T.S., Wakeley, L.D. & Burkes, J. P. (1997) Salt related expansion reactions in Portland-cement-based wasteforms. Journal of Hazardous Materials 52, 237-246.
49. Matsuoka, N. (1995) Rock weathering processes and landform development in the Sor Rondane Mountains, Antarctica. Geomorphology 12, 323-339.
50. May, G., Hartley, A., Stuart, F.M. & Chong, G. (1999) Tectonic signatures in arid continental basins: an example from the Upper Miocene-Pleistocene Calama Basin, Andean Forearc, northern Chile. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 151, 55-77.
51. 17O. Abstract, 11th Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Hot Springs, VA, 20-24 May.
52. 17O nitrate reference material. Analytical Chemistry 74, 4989-4993.
53. Middleton, N.J. (2001) Going to Extremes. London: Channel 4 Books.
54. 2O, a new saline mineral. American Mineralogist 55, 1518-1533.
55. Mueller, G. (1968) Genetic histories of nitrate deposits from Antarctica and Chile. Nature 219, 1131-1134.
56. Newton, W. (1869) The origin of nitrate in Chili. Geological Magazine NS, Decade 4(3), 339-342.
57. Pantony, D.A., (1961) Sodium nitrate. In: Mellor, J.W. (Ed.) Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. ii, Supplement ii, The Alkali Metals, Part I. London: Longman, pp. 1206-1258.
58. Penrose, R.A.F. (1910) The nitrate deposits of Chile. Journal of Geology 18, 1-32.
59. Pueyo, J.J., Chong, G. & Vega, M. (1998) Mineralogia y evolucion de las salmueras madres en el yacimento de nitratos Pedro de Valdivia, Antofagasta, Chile. Revista Geologica de Chile 25, 3-15.
60. Rech, J.A., Quade, J. & Hart, W.S. (2003) Isotopic evidence for the source of Ca and S in soil gypsum, anhydrite and calcite in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 576-586.
61. Saez, A., Cabrera, L., Jensen, A. & Chong, G. (1991) Late Neogene lacustrine record and palaeogeography in the Quillagua-Llamara basin, Central Andean fore-arc (northern Chile). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 151, 5-37.
62. Schemenauer, R.S. & Cereceda, P. (1992) The quality of fog water collected for domestic and agricultural use in Chile. Journal of Applied Meteorology 31, 275-290.
63. Searl, A. (1994) Discussion of a petrographic study of the Chilean nitrates. Geological Magazine 131, 849-852.
64. Searl, A. & Rankin, S. (1993) A preliminary petrographic study of the Chilean nitrates. Geological Magazine 130, 319-333.
65. Tereschenko, O. & Malyutin S. (1985) Hygroscopicity of sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre). Journal of Applied Chemistry (USSR) 85, 810-813.
66. Tricart, J. & Cailleux, A. (1969) Le Modélé des regions sèches. Paris: Sedes.
67. Zehnder, K. & Arnold, A. (1989) Crystal Growth in Salt Efflorescence. Journal of Crystal Growth 97, 513-521.