Lumbar Diskogenic Pain, Provocation Diskography, and Imaging Correlates

Radiologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 681-704

  Maus, Timothy P ^a   Aprill, Charles N ^b,c  

^a MAYO CLINIC COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Interventional Spine Specialists   (United States)

Author keywords

Annular fissure; Diskogenic pain; Diskography; High intensity zone (HIZ); Modic end plate change; Provocation diskography

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISKOGRAPHY; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTRADISCAL ELECTROTHERMAL THERAPY; LOW BACK PAIN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

CONTRAST MEDIA; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION; INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISPLACEMENT; LOW BACK PAIN; LUMBAR VERTEBRAE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PHYSICAL STIMULATION; PRESSURE; RADIOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL; SPINAL DISEASES; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84861492968     PISSN: 00338389     EISSN: 15578275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2012.04.013     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Mixter W.J., Barr J.S. Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal. N Engl J Med 1934, 211:210-215.
2. Morgan F.P., King T. Primary instability of lumbar vertebrae as a common cause of low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1957, 39(1):6-22.
3. Crock H.V. A reappraisal of intervertebral disc lesions. Med J Aust 1970, 1(20):983-989.
4. Crock H.V., Bedbrook G.M. Practice of spinal surgery. Internal Disc Disruption 1983, Springer-Verlag, Wein, New York, P. 35-56.
5. Carragee E.J., Tanner C.M., Khurana S., et al. The rate of false-positive lumbar discography in selected patients without low back symptoms. Spine 2000, 25(11):1373-1380. [discussion: 1381].
6. Lindblom K. Protrusions of the disks and nerve compression in the lumbar region. Acta Radiol 1944, 25:195-212.
7. Lindblom K. Diagnostic puncture of intervertebral disks in sciatica. Acta Orthop Scand 1948, 17(3-4):231-239.
8. Wise R.E., Weiford E.C. X-ray visualization of the intervertebral disc; report of a case. Cleve Clin Q 1951, 18(2):127-130.
9. Cloward R.B., Buzaid L.L. Discography; technique, indications and evaluation of the normal and abnormal intervertebral discs. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1952, 68(4):552-564.
10. Fernstrom U. A discographical study of ruptured lumbar intervertebral discs. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1960, 258:1-60.
11. Feinberg S.B. The place of diskography in radiology as based on 2,320 cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1964, 92:1275-1281.
12. Friedman J., Goldner M.Z. Discography in evaluation of lumbar disk lesions. Radiology 1955, 65(5):653-662.
13. Massie W.K., Stevens D.B. A critical evaluation of discography. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1967, 49:1243-1244.
14. Holt E.P. The question of lumbar discography. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1968, 50(4):720-726.
15. Walsh T.R., Weinstein J.N., Spratt K.F., et al. Lumbar discography in normal subjects. A controlled, prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990, 72(7):1081-1088.
16. Bogduk N. The innervation of the lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1983, 8(3):286-293.
17. Yoshizawa H., O'Brien J.P., Thomas-Smith W., et al. The neuropathology of intervertebral discs removed for low-back pain. J Pathol 1980, 132:95-104.
18. Weinstein J., Claverie W., Gibson S. The pain of discography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1988, 13(12):1344-1348.
19. Sachs B.L., Vanharanta H., Spivey M.A., et al. Dallas discogram description. A new classification of CT/discography in low-back disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1987, 12(3):287-294.
20. Vanharanta H., Sachs B.L., Spivey M.A., et al. The relationship of pain provocation to lumbar disc deterioration as seen by CT/discography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1987, 12(3):295-298.
21. Moneta G.B., Videman T., Kaivanto K., et al. Reported pain during lumbar discography as a function of anular ruptures and disc degeneration. A re-analysis of 833 discograms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994, 19(17):1968-1974.
22. Derby R., Howard M.W., Grant J.M., et al. The ability of pressure-controlled discography to predict surgical and nonsurgical outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999, 24(4):364-371. [discussion: 371-2].
23. Bogduk N. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum 1997, Churchill Livingston, New York. 3rd edition.
24. Peng B., Wu W., Hou S., et al. The pathogenesis of discogenic low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005, 87(1):62-67.
25. Cohen S.P., Larkin T.M., Barna S.A., et al. Lumbar discography: a comprehensive review of outcome studies, diagnostic accuracy, and principles. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005, 30(2):163-183.
26. Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic procedures 2004, International Spine Intervention Society, San Francisco (CA). N. Bogduk (Ed.).
27. DePalma M.J., Ketchum J.M., Saullo T. What is the source of chronic low back pain and does age play a role?. Pain Med 2011, 12(2):224-233.
28. Depalma M.J., Ketchum J.M., Saullo T.R. Multivariable analyses of the relationships between age, gender, and body mass index and the source of chronic low back pain. Pain Med 2012, 13(4):498-506.
29. Schwarzer A.C., Aprill C.N., Derby R., et al. The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995, 20(17):1878-1881.
30. Manchikanti L., Singh V., Pampati V., et al. Evaluation of the relative contributions of various structures in chronic low back pain. Pain Physician 2001, 4(4):308-316.
31. Schwarzer A.C., Aprill C.N., Derby R., et al. Clinical features of patients with pain stemming from the lumbar zygapophysial joints. Is the lumbar facet syndrome a clinical entity?. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994, 19(10):1132-1137.
32. Schwarzer A., Wang S.C., Bogduk N., et al. Prevalence and clinical features of lumbar z joint pain: a study in an Australian population w/chronic low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:100-106.
33. Maigne J.Y., Aivaliklis A., Fabrice P. Results of sacroiliac joint double block and value of sacroiliac pain provocation tests in 54 patients with low back pain. Spine 1996, 21(16):1889-1892.
34. Schwarzer A.C., Aprill C.N., Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine 1995, 20:31-37.
35. Carragee E.J., Tanner C.M., Yang B., et al. False-positive findings on lumbar discography. Reliability of sub- jective concordance assessment during provocative disc injection. Spine 1999, 24:2542-2547.
36. Carragee E.J., Chen Y., Tanner C.M., et al. Provocative discography in patients after limited lumbar discectomy: a controlled, randomized study of pain response in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Spine 2000, 25:3065-3071.
37. Carragee E.J., Alamin T.F., Miller J., et al. Provocative discography in volunteer subjects with mild persistent low back pain. Spine J 2002, 2:25-34.
38. Carragee E.J., Alamin T.F., Carragee J.M. Low-pressure positive discography in subjects asymptomatic of signifi- cant low back pain illness. Spine 2006, 31:505-509.
39. Wolfer L.R., Derby R., Lee J.E., et al. Systematic review of lumbar provocation discography in asymptomatic subjects with a meta-analysis of false-positive rates. Pain Physician 2008, 11(4):513-538.
40. Ibrahim T., Tleyjeh I.M., Gabbar O. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of chronic low back pain: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Int Orthop 2008, 32(1):107-113.
41. Chou R., Baisden J., Carragee E.J., et al. Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009, 34(10):1094-1109.
42. Derby R., Baker R., Wolfer L. Analgesic discography in diagnosis. Management and treatment of discogenic pain 2012, Elsevier, Philadelphia. T. Deer (Ed.).
43. Korecki C., Costi J., Iatridis J. Needle puncture injury affects intervertebral disc mechanics and biology in an organ culture model. Spine 2008, 33(3):235-241.
44. Carragee E., Don A., Hurwitz E., et al. Does discography cause accelerated progression of degenerative changes in the lumbar disc: a ten-year matched cohort study. Spine 2009, 34(21):2338-2345.
45. Fardon D.F., Milette P.C. Nomenclature and classification of the lumbar disc pathology: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, American Society of Spine Radiology, and American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine 2001, 26:E93-E113.
46. Nathan H. Osteophytes of the vertebral column: an anatomic study of their development according to age, race, and sex with consideration as to their etiology and significance. J Bone Joint Surg 1962, 44:243-268.
47. Hancock M., Maher C., Latimer, et al. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc. SIJ, or facet joint as the source of low back pain. Eur Spine J 2007, 16:1539-1550.
48. Bogduk N. Point of view: predictive signs of discogenic lumbar pain on magnetic resonance imaging with discography correlation. Spine 1998, 23(11):1259-1260.
49. Guyer R., Ohhnmeiss D. Lumbar discography. Spine J 2003, 3(Suppl 3):11S-27S.
50. Manchikanti L., Glaser S., Wolfer L., et al. Systematic review of lumbar discography as a diagnostic test for chronic low back pain. Pain Physician 2009, 12(3):541-559.
51. Chou R., Loeser J., Owens D., et al. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: evidence based clinical practice guidelines from the American Pain Society. Spine 2009, 34(10):1066-1077.
52. Ito M., Incorvaia K., Yu S., et al. Predictive signs of discogenic lumbar pain on magnetic resonance imaging with discography correlation. Spine 1998, 23:1252-1258.
53. Lim C., Jee W., Son B., et al. Discogenic lumbar pain: association with MRI imaging and CT discography. Eur J Radiol 2005, 54(3):431-437.
54. O'Neill C., Kurganshy M., Kaiser J., et al. Accuracy of MRI for diagnosis of discogenic pain. Pain Physician 2008, 11:311-326.
55. Kang C., Kim Y., Lee S., et al. Can magnetic resonance imaging accurately predict concordant pain provocation during provocative disc injection?. Skeletal Radiol 2009, 38:877-885.
56. Osti O., Fraser R. MRI and discography of annular tears and intervertebral disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992, 74(3):431-435.
57. Horton C., Daftari T. Which disc visualized by magnetic resonance imaging is actually a source of pain?. Spine 1992, 17(Suppl 6):S164-S171.
58. Weishaupt D., Zanetti M., Hodler J., et al. Painful lumbar disk derangement: relevance of endplate abnormalities at MR imaging. Radiology 2001, 218:420-427.
59. Lei D., Rege A., Koti M., et al. Painful disc lesion: can modern biplanar magnetic resonance imaging replace discography. J Spinal Disord Tech 2008, 21:430-435.
60. Modic M., Steinberg P., Ross J., et al. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology 1988, 166(1 pt 1):193-199.
61. Ohtori S., Inoue G., Ito K., et al. Tumor necrosis factor-immunoreactive cells and PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers in vertebral endplates of patients with discogenic low back pain and Modic type 1 or type 2 changes on MRI. Spine 2006, 31(9):1026-1031.
62. Toyone T., Takahashi K., Kitahara H., et al. Vertebral bone-marrow changes in degenerative lumbar disc disease: an MRI study of 74 patients with low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994, 76:757-764.
63. Albert H.B., Manniche C. Modic changes following lumbar disc herniation. Eur Spine J 2007, 16(7):977-982.
64. Buttermann G.R., Heithoff K.B., Ogilvie J.W., et al. Vertebral body MRI related to lumbar fusion results. Eur Spine J 1997, 6:115-120.
65. Lang P., Chafetz N., Genant H.K., et al. Lumbar spinal fusion: assessment of functional stability with magnetic resonance imaging. Spine 1990, 15:581-588.
66. Chataigner H., Onimus M., Polette A. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1998, 84:583-589. [in French].
67. Esposito P., Pinheiro-Franco J.L., Froelich S., et al. Predictive value of MRI vertebral end-plate signal changes (Modic) on outcome of surgically treated degenerative disc disease: results of a cohort study including 60 patients. Neurochirurgie 2006, 52:315-322.
68. Braithwaite I.J., White J., Saifuddin A., et al. Vertebral end-plate (Modic) changes on lumbar spine MRI: correlation with pain reproduction at lumbar discography. Eur Spine J 1998, 7:363-368.
69. Kokkonen S., Kurunlahti M., Tervonen O., et al. Endplate degeneration observed on magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine. Spine 2002, 27(20):2274-2278.
70. Aprill C., Bogduk N. High-intensity zone: a diagnostic sign of painful lumbar disc on magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Radiol 1992, 65(773):361-369.
71. Schellhas K., Pollei S., Gundry C., et al. Lumbar disc high-intensity zone. correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and discography. Spine 1996, 21(1):79-86.
72. Ricketson R., Simmons J., Hauser W. The prolapsed intervertebral disc: the high intensity zone with discography correlation. Spine 1996, 21(23):2758-2762.
73. Saifuddin A., Braithwaite I., White J., et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the demonstration of annular tears. Spine 1998, 23(4):453-457.
74. Smith B., Hurwitz E., Solsberg D., et al. Interobserver reliability of detecting lumbar intervertebral disc high-intensity zone on magnetic resonance imaging and association of high-intensity zone with pain and annular disruption. Spine 1998, 23(19):2074-2080.
75. Carragee E., Paragioudakis S., Khurana S. Lumbar high-intensity zone and discography in subjects without low back problems. Spine 2000, 25(23):2987-2992.
76. Peng B., Hou S., Wu W. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of a high-intensity zone (HIZ) of lumbar intervertebral disc on MRI imaging in the patient with discogenic low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006, 15(5):583-587.
77. Watanabe A., Benneker L., Boesch C., et al. Classification of intervertebral disk degeneration with axial T2 mapping. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007, 189:936-942.
78. Johannessen W., Auerbach J., Wheaton A., et al. Assessment of human disc degeneration and proteoglycan content using T1ρ-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Spine 2006, 31(11):1253-1257.
79. Wang C., McArdle E., Fenty M., et al. Validation of sodium magnetic resonance imaging of intervertebral disc. Spine 2010, 35(5):505-510.
80. Matsumoto M., Fujimura Y., Suzuki N., et al. MRI of cervical intervertebral discs in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998, 80:19-24.
81. Okada E., Matsumoto M., Fujiwara H., et al. Disc degeneration of cervical spine on MRI in patients with lumbar disc herniation: comparison study with asymptomatic volunteers. Eur Spine J 2011, 20(4):585-591.
82. Parfenchuck T.A., Janssen M.E. A correlation of cervical magnetic resonance imaging and discography/computed tomographic discograms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994, 19(24):2819-2825.
83. Schellhas K.P., Smith M.D., Gundry C.R., et al. Cervical discogenic pain. Prospective correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and discography in asymptomatic subjects and pain sufferers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996, 21(3):300-311.
84. Zheng Y., Liew S.M., Simmons E.D. Value of magnetic resonance imaging and discography in determining the level of cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004, 29(19):2140-2145. [discussion: 2146].