Imaging of Spine Infection

Radiologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 777-798

  Diehn, Felix E ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidural abscess; Facetitis; Granulomatous; Pyogenic; Pyogenic spondylodiscitis; Pyomyositis; Spine infection

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ABSCESS DRAINAGE; BONE INFECTION; BRUCELLAR SPONDYLITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; FACET JOINT INFECTION; FUNGAL SPONDYLITIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INFECTION RISK; INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DEGENERATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYOMYOSITIS; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPINAL CORD INFECTION; SPINE DISEASE; SPINE RADIOGRAPHY; SPINE SURGERY; SPONDYLITIS; SUBDURAL EMPYEMA; TUBERCULOUS SPONDYLITIS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISCITIS; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; GADOLINIUM; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SPINE; SPONDYLITIS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; TUBERCULOSIS, SPINAL;

EID: 84861489442     PISSN: 00338389     EISSN: 15578275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2012.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. DeSanto J., Ross J.S. Spine infection/inflammation. Radiol Clin North Am 2011, 49(1):105-127.
2. Lury K., Smith J.K., Castillo M. Imaging of spinal infections. Semin Roentgenol 2006, 41(4):363-379.
3. Tali E.T., Gultekin S. Spinal infections. Eur Radiol 2005, 15(3):599-607.
4. Hooten W.M., Mizerak A., Carns P.E., et al. Discitis after lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection: a case report and analysis of the case report literature. Pain Med 2006, 7(1):46-51.
5. Mylona E., Samarkos M., Kakalou E., et al. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a systematic review of clinical characteristics. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009, 39(1):10-17.
6. Yoon S.H., Chung S.K., Kim K.J., et al. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: identification of microorganism and laboratory markers used to predict clinical outcome. Eur Spine J 2010, 19(4):575-582.
7. Cottle L., Riordan T. Infectious spondylodiscitis. J Infect 2008, 56(6):401-412.
8. James S.L., Davies A.M. Imaging of infectious spinal disorders in children and adults. Eur J Radiol 2006, 58(1):27-40.
9. Gouliouris T., Aliyu S.H., Brown N.M. Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65(Suppl 3):iii11-iii24.
10. Longo M., Granata F., Ricciardi K., et al. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fat suppression in adult-onset septic spondylodiscitis. Eur Radiol 2003, 13(3):626-637.
11. Dagirmanjian A., Schils J., McHenry M., et al. MR imaging of vertebral osteomyelitis revisited. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996, 167(6):1539-1543.
12. Ledermann H.P., Schweitzer M.E., Morrison W.B., et al. MR imaging findings in spinal infections: rules or myths?. Radiology 2003, 228(2):506-514.
13. Hong S.H., Choi J.Y., Lee J.W., et al. MR imaging assessment of the spine: infection or an imitation?. Radiographics 2009, 29(2):599-612.
14. Hsu C.Y., Yu C.W., Wu M.Z., et al. Unusual manifestations of vertebral osteomyelitis: intraosseous lesions mimicking metastases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008, 29(6):1104-1110.
15. Gillams A.R., Chaddha B., Carter A.P. MR appearances of the temporal evolution and resolution of infectious spondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996, 166(4):903-907.
16. Euba G., Narvaez J.A., Nolla J.M., et al. Long-term clinical and radiological magnetic resonance imaging outcome of abscess-associated spontaneous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis under conservative management. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008, 38(1):28-40.
17. Kowalski T.J., Layton K.F., Berbari E.F., et al. Follow-up MR imaging in patients with pyogenic spine infections: lack of correlation with clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28(4):693-699.
18. Carragee E.J. The clinical use of magnetic resonance imaging in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997, 22(7):780-785.
19. Veillard E., Guggenbuhl P., Morcet N., et al. Prompt regression of paravertebral and epidural abscesses in patients with pyogenic discitis. Sixteen cases evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Joint Bone Spine 2000, 67(3):219-227.
20. Zarrouk V., Feydy A., Salles F., et al. Imaging does not predict the clinical outcome of bacterial vertebral osteomyelitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007, 46(2):292-295.
21. Numaguchi Y., Rigamonti D., Rothman M.I., et al. Spinal epidural abscess: evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiographics 1993, 13(3):545-559. [discussion: 59-60].
22. Ross J.S., Zepp R., Modic M.T. The postoperative lumbar spine: enhanced MR evaluation of the intervertebral disk. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996, 17(2):323-331.
23. Van Goethem J.W., Parizel P.M., van den Hauwe L., et al. The value of MRI in the diagnosis of postoperative spondylodiscitis. Neuroradiology 2000, 42(8):580-585.
24. Zhang Y.H., Zhao C.Q., Jiang L.S., et al. Modic changes: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J 2008, 17(10):1289-1299.
25. Lacout A., Lebreton C., Mompoint D., et al. CT and MRI of spinal neuroarthropathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 193(6):W505-W514.
26. Wagner S.C., Schweitzer M.E., Morrison W.B., et al. Can imaging findings help differentiate spinal neuropathic arthropathy from disk space infection? Initial experience. Radiology 2000, 214(3):693-699.
27. Sobottke R., Seifert H., Fatkenheuer G., et al. Current diagnosis and treatment of spondylodiscitis. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2008, 105(10):181-187.
28. Reihsaus E., Waldbaur H., Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev 2000, 23(4):175-204. [discussion: 5].
29. Tompkins M., Panuncialman I., Lucas P., et al. Spinal epidural abscess. J Emerg Med 2010, 39(3):384-390.
30. Wang V.Y., Chou D., Chin C. Spine and spinal cord emergencies: vascular and infectious causes. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2010, 20(4):639-650.
31. Sandhu F.S., Dillon W.P. Spinal epidural abscess: evaluation with contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991, 12(6):1087-1093.
32. Kim D.H., Rosenblum J.K., Panghaal V.S., et al. Differentiating neoplastic from nonneoplastic processes in the anterior extradural space. Radiology 2011, 260(3):825-830.
33. Eastwood J.D., Vollmer R.T., Provenzale J.M. Diffusion-weighted imaging in a patient with vertebral and epidural abscesses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002, 23(3):496-498.
34. Parkinson J.F., Sekhon L.H. Spinal epidural abscess: appearance on magnetic resonance imaging as a guide to surgical management. Report of five cases. Neurosurg Focus 2004, 17(6):E12.
35. Soehle M., Wallenfang T. Spinal epidural abscesses: clinical manifestations, prognostic factors, and outcomes. Neurosurgery 2002, 51(1):79-85. [discussion: 6-7].
36. Vural M., Arslantas A., Adapinar B., et al. Spinal subdural Staphylococcus aureus abscess: case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurol Scand 2005, 112(5):343-346.
37. Kulkarni A.G., Chu G., Fehlings M.G. Pyogenic intradural abscess: a case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007, 32(12):E354-E357.
38. Saigal G., Donovan Post M.J., Kozic D. Thoracic intradural Aspergillus abscess formation following epidural steroid injection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004, 25(4):642-644.
39. Narvaez J., Nolla J.M., Narvaez J.A., et al. Spontaneous pyogenic facet joint infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006, 35(5):272-283.
40. Muffoletto A.J., Ketonen L.M., Mader J.T., et al. Hematogenous pyogenic facet joint infection. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001, 26(14):1570-1576.
41. Doita M., Nabeshima Y., Nishida K., et al. Septic arthritis of lumbar facet joints without predisposing infection. J Spinal Disord Tech 2007, 20(4):290-295.
42. Weingarten T.N., Hooten W.M., Huntoon M.A. Septic facet joint arthritis after a corticosteroid facet injection. Pain Med 2006, 7(1):52-56.
43. Hoelzer B.C., Weingarten T.N., Hooten W.M., et al. Paraspinal abscess complicated by endocarditis following a facet joint injection. Eur J Pain 2008, 12(3):261-265.
44. Okada F., Takayama H., Doita M., et al. Lumbar facet joint infection associated with epidural and paraspinal abscess: a case report with review of the literature. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005, 18(5):458-461.
45. Michel-Batot C., Dintinger H., Blum A., et al. A particular form of septic arthritis: septic arthritis of facet joint. Joint Bone Spine 2008, 75(1):78-83.
46. Doita M., Nishida K., Miyamoto H., et al. Septic arthritis of bilateral lumbar facet joints: report of a case with MRI findings in the early stage. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003, 28(10):E198-E202.
47. Theodorou S.J., Theodorou D.J., Resnick D. MR imaging findings of pyogenic bacterial myositis (pyomyositis) in patients with local muscle trauma: illustrative cases. Emerg Radiol 2007, 14(2):89-96.
48. Marshman L.A., Bhatia C.K., Krishna M., et al. Primary erector spinae pyomyositis causing an epidural abscess: case report and literature review. Spine J 2008, 8(3):548-551.
49. Trusen A., Beissert M., Schultz G., et al. Ultrasound and MRI features of pyomyositis in children. Eur Radiol 2003, 13(5):1050-1055.
50. Hassan F.O., Shannak A. Primary pyomyositis of the paraspinal muscles: a case report and literature review. Eur Spine J 2008, 17(Suppl 2):S239-S242.
51. Medappil N., Adiga P. A 31-year-old female with fever and back pain. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2011, 4(3):385-388.
52. Bowen D.K., Mitchell L.A., Burnett M.W., et al. Spinal epidural abscess due to tropical pyomyositis in immunocompetent adolescents. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2010, 6(1):33-37.
53. Skaf G.S., Kanafani Z.A., Araj G.F., et al. Non-pyogenic infections of the spine. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 36(2):99-105.
54. Moon M.S. Tuberculosis of the spine. Controversies and a new challenge. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997, 22(15):1791-1797.
55. Pande K.C., Babhulkar S.S. Atypical spinal tuberculosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002, (398):67-74.
56. Almeida A. Tuberculosis of the spine and spinal cord. Eur J Radiol 2005, 55(2):193-201.
57. De Backer A.I., Mortele K.J., Vanschoubroeck I.J., et al. Tuberculosis of the spine: CT and MR imaging features. JBR-BTR 2005, 88(2):92-97.
58. Smith A.S., Weinstein M.A., Mizushima A., et al. MR imaging characteristics of tuberculous spondylitis vs vertebral osteomyelitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989, 153(2):399-405.
59. Pertuiset E., Beaudreuil J., Liote F., et al. Spinal tuberculosis in adults. A study of 103 cases in a developed country, 1980-1994. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999, 78(5):309-320.
60. Sharif H.S., Morgan J.L., al Shahed M.S., et al. Role of CT and MR imaging in the management of tuberculous spondylitis. Radiol Clin North Am 1995, 33(4):787-804.
61. da Rocha A.J., Maia A.C., Ferreira N.P., et al. Granulomatous diseases of the central nervous system. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 16(2):155-187.
62. Whiteman M.L. Neuroimaging of central nervous system tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1997, 7(2):199-214.
63. Polley P., Dunn R. Noncontiguous spinal tuberculosis: incidence and management. Eur Spine J 2009, 18(8):1096-1101.
64. Moorthy S., Prabhu N.K. Spectrum of MR imaging findings in spinal tuberculosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002, 179(4):979-983.
65. Turunc T., Demiroglu Y.Z., Uncu H., et al. A comparative analysis of tuberculous, brucellar and pyogenic spontaneous spondylodiscitis patients. J Infect 2007, 55(2):158-163.
66. Jung N.Y., Jee W.H., Ha K.Y., et al. Discrimination of tuberculous spondylitis from pyogenic spondylitis on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004, 182(6):1405-1410.
67. Al-Sous M.W., Bohlega S., Al-Kawi M.Z., et al. Neurobrucellosis: clinical and neuroimaging correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004, 25(3):395-401.
68. Sharif H.S., Clark D.C., Aabed M.Y., et al. Granulomatous spinal infections: MR imaging. Radiology 1990, 177(1):101-107.
69. Sharif H.S., Aideyan O.A., Clark D.C., et al. Brucellar and tuberculous spondylitis: comparative imaging features. Radiology 1989, 171(2):419-425.
70. Bozgeyik Z., Ozdemir H., Demirdag K., et al. Clinical and MRI findings of brucellar spondylodiscitis. Eur J Radiol 2008, 67(1):153-158.
71. Williams R.L., Fukui M.B., Meltzer C.C., et al. Fungal spinal osteomyelitis in the immunocompromised patient: MR findings in three cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999, 20(3):381-385.
72. Kwon J.W., Hong S.H., Choi S.H., et al. MRI findings of Aspergillus spondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011, 197(5):W919-W923.
73. Layton K.F., Thielen K.R., Wald J.T. A modified vertebroplasty approach for spine biopsies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27(3):596-597.
74. Sehn J.K., Gilula L.A. Percutaneous needle biopsy in diagnosis and identification of causative organisms in cases of suspected vertebral osteomyelitis. Eur J Radiol 2012, 81(5):940-946.
75. Chew F.S., Kline M.J. Diagnostic yield of CT-guided percutaneous aspiration procedures in suspected spontaneous infectious diskitis. Radiology 2001, 218(1):211-214.
76. Enoch D.A., Cargill J.S., Laing R., et al. Value of CT-guided biopsy in the diagnosis of septic discitis. J Clin Pathol 2008, 61(6):750-753.
77. Rankine J.J., Barron D.A., Robinson P., et al. Therapeutic impact of percutaneous spinal biopsy in spinal infection. Postgrad Med J 2004, 80(948):607-609.
78. Yang S.C., Fu T.S., Chen L.H., et al. Identifying pathogens of spondylodiscitis: percutaneous endoscopy or CT-guided biopsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008, 466(12):3086-3092.
79. White L.M., Schweitzer M.E., Deely D.M., et al. Study of osteomyelitis: utility of combined histologic and microbiologic evaluation of percutaneous biopsy samples. Radiology 1995, 197(3):840-842.
80. Lucio E., Adesokan A., Hadjipavlou A.G., et al. Pyogenic spondylodiskitis: a radiologic/pathologic and culture correlation study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000, 124(5):712-716.
81. Cherasse A., Martin D., Tavernier C., et al. Are blood cultures performed after disco-vertebral biopsy useful in patients with pyogenic infective spondylitis?. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003, 42(7):913.